Pasteuriza̧ão de turfa brasileira para o cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis

Agaricus brasiliensis is a Brazilian basidiomycete which has been cultivated and consumed around the world as a therapeutic food. Casing layer is one of the most important steps on A. brasiliensis cultivation and European peat is the most used casing layer on Agaricus bisporus cultivation. Besides the importance of it on mushroom cultivation the peat import could be a risk of exotic organism introduction. Alternative as Brazilian peat is barely used for mushroom growers in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate Brazilian peat with and without pasteurization as casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum prepared by composted traditional method. After mycelium colonization of the substratum a pasteurized or non pasteurized Brazilian peat (casing layer) was added. It was concluded that pasteurization of the casing layer increases in 30% yield after 65 days of cultivation. There is no difference of yield for pasteurized and non pasteurized casing layer until 30 days of cultivation. An increase of flies is observed in non pasteurized casing layer. The production flush is easily perceived with pasteurized casing layer but not with non pasteurized casing layer.

Valor preditivo do potencial de implantação embrionário pela análise do perfil químico de meios de cultivo por espectrometria de massas (ESI-Q-ToF)

Objective: This case-control study analyzed mass spectrometry fingerprinting patterns of culture media samples used for embryo culture to predict embryo implantation. Methods: The culture medium harvested after embryo transfer of 22 embryos from 13 patients was used for the experiments. After embryo transfer, the remaining culture media were collected and samples were split in positive (n=8) and negative (n=14) implantation groups according to implantation outcomes (100% or 0% of implantation). Samples were individually diluted and injected directly to the Electrospray ionization (ESI) MS coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-flight MS (Q-ToF-MS).Ions relative intensities of each spectrum were considered. Data analysis was conducted in MatLab 7.0 version using Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis toolbox. Results: There were 3027 observed ions at 100% and 0% implantation groups by ESI-Q-ToF-MS. The statistical model could categorize the samples in two clusters, based on their positive and negative implantation outcomes. Less intense ions present in the mass spectra with statistical significance have contributed to the major differences to group distinction. Conclusions: Positive and negative implantation embryos showed a specific biochemical pattern present in culture media, which could be detected as a fast, simple and non-invasive way. This biochemical profile could help the selection of the most viable embryo, improving single embryo transfer and thus eliminating the risk and undesirable outcomes of multiple pregnancies. © Todos os direitos reservados a SBRA - Sociedade Brasileira de Reprodução Assistida.

Utilização de meios alternativos e diferentes tipos de recipientes no cultivo de Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Reinsch) Korshikov (Chlorophyceae) em laboratório

A laboratory culture of Ankistrodesmus gracilis algae was evaluated by studying the biology of the species and its chemical composition in a traditional medium (CHU 12) and in two alternative culture media, NPK (20-5-20) and macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) + NPK, in three different types of recipients (fiberglass, carboy and plastic bag). First peak in the growth curve of Ankistrodesmus gracilis occurred on the ninth day in macrophyte + NPK medium (74.16 x 10 5 cells mL -1) in a fiberglass recipient. However, highest density (p < 0.01) was reported in medium CHU 12 (122.87 x 10 5 cells mL -1) in a plastic bag on the twelfth day. Cell density was over 70 x 10 5 cells mL -1 starting on the twelfth day. Growth rate of A. gracilis was similar (p > 0.05) in culture media in the three recipients. Protein and fiber were similar (p > 0.05) in the treatments, but lipids were higher (p < 0.05) in NPK. Nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus and orthophosphate contents were over 1 mg L -1 in NPK (p < 0.01). Results show that alternative media, such as NPK and macrophyte + NPK, are possible for large-scale culture of A. gracilis cultured in three types of recipients. Costs are low, occupying less space when cultured in plastic bags and in the laboratory.

Valores bioquímicos séricos de tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) en cultivo intensivo

The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum biochemical parameters of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Thai Chitralada lineage, raised under an intensive pisciculture system and captured by the cast net technique. Blood samples from 40 individuals were obtained by caudal venopuncture. Mean body weight was 453 ± 52 g. The serum biochemical parameters evaluated were total protein, albumin, globulins, acid uric, creatinine, urea, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, Ca/P ratio, alkaline phosphatase, and magnesium. In general, the data showed similar parameters in comparison to those established for scale fish, exception of the acid uric.

Consumo hídrico da rúcula em cultivo hidropônico NFT utilizando Rejeitos de dessalinizador em Ibimirim-PE

O consumo de águas salinas pelas plantas na maioria dos casos afetam o rendimento das culturas em suas diversas fases prejudicando desenvolvimento e produção. O trabalho avaliou o consumo hídrico da rúcula (Eruca sativa) em sistema hidropônico NFT com águas salinas. Foram analisados seis níveis crescentes de salinidade da água (CEa), quais sejam: 0,2; 1,2; 2,2; 3,2; 4,2 e 5,2 (dS m-1) utilizaram-se duas fontes de sais: águas salobras (AS) e NaCl. Foi determinado o volume evapotranspirado por planta (VETc) no sistema durante o cultivo. O consumo hídrico nos primeiros dias após transplantio foi de 250 mL dia-1 aproximadamente para ambas as testemunhas e decresceram com o aumento da salinidade, a eficiência de utilização da água foi reduzida revelando uma resposta linear decrescente em função da salinidade ocorrendo uma resposta negativa das plantas que apresentaram uma redução na quantidade de folhas de 3,34%.

Influência de diferentes sistemas de cultivo nos atributos físicos e no carbono orgânico do solo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diferenças regionais do cultivo de café no Brasil

Brazil is one of the major coffee producers in the world, because of this, the goal of this study was to assess the regional differences of coffee cultivation for the reference crops 2001/2002 and 2002/03 by means of a life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to generate detailed production inventory data as well as quantify the potential environmental impacts of this crop. All information considered in this study (use of water, fossil based energy, fertilizers, pesticides and correctives) was taken from data collected from the producing farms. Four Brazilian coffee producer regions located at the Southeastern region were evaluated: Sul de Minas Gerais and Cerrado Mineiro in Minas Gerais State, and Mogiana and Alta Paulista regions in São Paulo State. The data refer to a production of 25.2 million kg of green coffee. Depending on the considered region, the production of 1,000 kg of green coffee requires, on average, approx. 9,300 to 13,000 kg of total energy, 70 to 130 kg of diesel, 6,500 to 12,700 kg of process water, 270 to 340 kg of fertilizers (NPK), 2.0 to 13.0 kg of pesticides, 230 to 600 kg of correctives, and yield around 1,600 to 1,900 kg/ha. Despite 20% of the coffee growers showing a good environmental performance, i.e. consumption of pesticides, fertilizers and correctives lower than the regional averages, this study has also identified some farms that can probably reduce the amount of some inputs and enhance their environmental performance.

Cultivo del algodón y la soya en el Paraguay y sus derivaciones sociales

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Expansión del cultivo de la caña de azúcar y de la ganadería en el Nordeste del Brasil: políticas públicas y sus derivaciones económicas y sociales

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Índice de acidez del aceite de pez en la nutrición de alevines de pacú Piaractus mesopotamicus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil acidity on the growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles. Two hundred juveniles with 10.53±0.65 g of weight and 8.74±0.13 cm of total length, were distributed in a totally randomized design in 20, 0.15 m3 meshmade tanks placed in a 25 m3 holding tank. Extruded commercial diets sprayed with soybean oil (control) with acidity index of 0.24 and fish oil with acidity index of 1.48, 6.40 and 9.85 were used. The fish were fed four times a day until apparent satiety. Productive performance, centesimal composition and blood biochemistry were analysed. At the end of the feeding period none of the analyzed parameters was affected by the use of acidified fish oil. Therefore, fish oil may be supplied to the pacu juveniles regardless of their pH.

Necessidade Hídrica E Coeficiente de Cultivo do Pimentão Fertirrigado

This study aimed to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of fertigated sweet pepper, measured over time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after the transplant). The experiment was conducted on a battery of 40 drainage lysimeters, arranged in a 8 x 5 matrix, in the period October/2009 to January/2010, located in the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) Campus in Recife, in a completely randomized factorial scheme 5 x 2, with four replications, being five irrigation depths (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of ETc) and two levels of potassium (80 and 120 kg K2O ha-1) where the experimental plot was composed of three plants in each lysimeter. The Mauchly Sphericity Test indicated multivariate variance analysis for the studied variables ETc (mm d-1) and Kc, the variables presented adjustment under quadratic effect of variation on observation times, when the irrigation depths were fixed, and descending linear adjustments under the variation of irrigation depths effect, when the times of observation were fixed in each potassium dose.

Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes no cultivo de crisântemo

The study of growth and uptake of nutrients is important to determine the times of increased demand in order to schedule the fertigation. The present research was developed with the objective of evaluating the effects of different levels of electrical conductivity on growth and accumulation of nutrients in chrysanthemum plants under greenhouse conditions. The electrical conductivity levels on the applied solution were 1.42, 1.65, 1.89, 2.13 and 2.36 dS m-1 (bud vegetative stage); 1.71, 1.97, 2.28, 2.57 and 2.85 dS m-1 (bud stage). The dry mass of the aerial portion of the plant and the contents of macronutrients and micronutrients were determined every 14 days. The nutrient accumulation in chrysanthemum plant showed similar trend as compared to dry matter accumulation. The nutrients presented the following order of absorption: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S (1425, 892, 184, 150, 110 and 59 mg plant-1) and Fe>Zn>B>Mn>Cu (2254, 2219, 1725, 1287, 210 μg plant-1). The content of most nutrients increased with increase in electrical conductivity of the solution, without salt effect up to EC of 2.85 dS m-1.

Absorção de nitrogênio pelo algodoeiro herbáceo em dois sistemas de cultivo

The study of nutrient uptake is of fundamental importance to plant nutrition, as well as tell the time (growth stage) being absorbed by the culture, also signals to the levels of fertilizer to be used. Aiming to establish the uptake of nitrogen for cultivation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. latifolium Hutch.) led to an experiment in a Alfissol under randomized block design with two treatments, sowing conventional tillage and after tillage on the straw of previous crop (millet), with five replicates. Samples were taken according to the phenology and plants development. The dry matter accumulation in cotton is linear and increasing until the period of large boll, being more intense with the appearance of flowers and boll, or 50 to 100 days after emergence. The nitrogen content is higher in newly emerged plants, having peaks at the beginning of the appearance of squares and flowers, and from the appearance of small boll, the nitrogen content in the plant decreases linearly. The extraction of nitrogen is bigger from the appearance of flowers (55-60 days after emergence).

Caracterização dos agregados em solos sob cultivo no Cerrado, MS

Impacts on the environment and soil biological activity result in changes in the processes of formation of biogenic and fisiogenic aggregates. Aiming to evaluate the influence on physical and biological genesis of aggregates of Cerrado soils and determine the main environmental factors that determine the characteristics of households in the area of production under integrated crop-livestock (ICL), was developed this study in Farm Cabeceira, Maracaju-MS, in areas of ICL. The areas evaluated were: Savana, pasture/maize, corn/cotton and cotton/soybeans being evaluated during the dry (May/2009) and rainy (March 2010) season. To identify the pathways of aggregation were used morphological patterns, and established three clusters: fisiogenic, biogenic and intermediates. The aggregates were analyzed for exchangeable cations, carbon and aggregate stability, soil was analyzed for the exchangeable cations, particle size fractionation of soil organic matter, oxidizable fractions of total organic carbon, particle size analysis and soil macrofauna. In all areas studied, in the dry season, the highest values were quantified aggregate intermediates, while in the rainy season, in general, no differences were observed aggregates formed by different routes in areas except cotton/soybeans. The aggregates showed positive correlation with biogenic carbon and were found in lesser amounts compared to fisiogenic and intermediates. The different types of aggregates formed, besides having different characteristics morphological also differ as to chemical characteristics.

Formas de fósforo no solo após o cultivo de braquiária e tremoço branco

Phosphorus is one of the major factor that limits agricultural productivity in most tropical soils. The objective of this study was to assess P transformations and availability in a soil cropped to brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). The study was carried out in a greenhouse at Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Brachiaria and white lupin were grown in pots with soil fertilized with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80mg dm-3 P. The plants were grown for 60 days, when they were harvested and the soil was sampled. Dry matter yields of both species were increased with P rates. Soil bioactive P is increased with P fertilization, but is not affected by the plant species. White lupin is more effective in taking up the organic soil P, but Brachiaria was more effective in reducing the soil maximum P adsorption capacity.