993 resultados para Brasil - Comércio - China
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Entendemos ser a educação ambiental um instrumento de mudança de atitudes e de formação de cidadãos críticos. O Projeto Educadores Ambientais no Sertão das Gerais tem como finalidade formar educadores ambientais multiplicadores em escolas municipais da microrregião de Montes Claros, mais especificamente em escolas municipais de Varzelândia, Patis, Juramento e Mirabela/MG. O primeiro município atendido pelo projeto é Varzelândia onde foi realizado um diagnóstico sobre o município com o intuito de analisar os problemas ambientais que assolam a comunidade local. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho é relatar os resultados desse trabalho realizado durante os seis meses de realização dos trabalhos. Utilizamos uma metodologia baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas com diretores, supervisores e professores das escolas envolvidas, além de trabalhos de campo. Pudemos perceber que Varzelândia se destaca pela grande quantidade de sítios arqueológicos e presença de arte rupestre que representam potencial turístico para o desenvolvimento do município, mas, até o momento não foram promovidos estudos, medidas de conservação e utilização do potencial turístico da região. O comércio está em franco crescimento e a agropecuária é à base de sua atividade econômica do município. Essa atividade foi desenvolvida com base nos preceitos da modernização da agricultura nortemineira o que significa grandes impactos sócio-ambientais como a concentração de renda e impactos negativos sobre o solo e água.
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O Acordo do Clima é um marco nas negociações internacionais deste século. É fato que o aquecimento global ameaça o bem-estar humano e a economia mundial, e o desafio de estabilizar a concentração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, limitando o aumento de temperatura a menos de 2 graus Celsius até 2100, é uma responsabilidade comum, mas as ações devem ter caráter diferenciado dependendo da contribuição histórica e capacidade de cada nação. Para isso será necessária uma mudança de paradigma em relação ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, sobretudo a transição da matriz energética baseada nos combustíveis fósseis, em direção a uma economia com predominância de fontes renováveis e de baixa emissão de carbono. O processo de negociação do acordo climático foi longo. Em 1992, o Brasil sediou a primeira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente e o Desenvolvimento, vinte anos depois da Primeira Conferência Mundial sobre o Homem e o Meio Ambiente (Estocolmo, 1972) que pela primeira vez chamou atenção da comunidade internacional sobre a necessidade de um pacto global para reverter as ameaças à saúde do planeta e das futuras gerações. A Eco-92 celebrou uma série de tratados relacionados à temática ambiental, dentre eles a Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima, que abriu caminho para o Protocolo de Quioto. Pela primeira vez, se propõe um calendário pelo qual países-membros tem a obrigação3 de reduzir a emissão de GEE em, pelo menos, 5% em relação aos níveis de 1990 no período entre 2008 e 2012. O Protocolo traz a opção dos países do Anexo I compensarem suas emissões através do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), considerando como medida de redução projetos implementados nos países em desenvolvimento (PED). Sua ratificação só ocorreu em 2005 com a entrada da Rússia, mas ainda sem a participação dos Estados Unidos e China, responsáveis pelas maiores fontes de emissões planetárias. O Brasil teve um papel de liderança nas negociações da Convenção do Clima, principalmente a partir de 2009, quando apresenta a UNFCCC a sua Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (PNMC, Lei no 12.187/2009) e posteriormente o Plano Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (Decreto 7390/2010). Estes marcos regulatórios definiram a estratégia brasileira de redução voluntária de emissões de GEE (36,1 à 38,9% em relação às emissões projetadas até 2020) e os planos de ação setoriais para atingir tais metas. Apesar de todos os desafios sociais e econômicos, os resultados alcançados pelo Brasil no período de vigência do Protocolo de Quioto representam um dos maiores esforços de um único país até hoje, tendo reduzido suas emissões em mais de 41%, em 2012, com relação aos níveis de 2005. A região amazônica teve papel decisivo, com redução de 85% do desmatamento, enquanto todos os demais setores da economia tiveram aumento de emissões. No Acordo de Paris, o Brasil sinaliza um compromisso ainda mais audacioso de redução de emissões absolutas, e de zerar o desmatamento ilegal em 2030 (iNDC, 2015). Este artigo pretende fazer um retrospecto da construção da proposta do mecanismo de redução de emissões por desmatamento e degradação (REDD) no Brasil e na Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, e discutir o papel das florestas tropicais no combate ao aquecimento global do ponto de vista da relevância da região amazônica para o alcance das metas brasileiras, e o contexto de discussão e implementação de REDD+ nos estados. Finalmente refletir sobre os desafios futuros da recém lançada Estratégia Nacional de REDD+ (ENREDD+) frente ao baixo retorno histórico recebido pelas populações amazônidas quando analisamos o seu legado na conservação deste imenso patrimônio da humanidade. E a visão traçada pelo Brasil na sua Pretendida Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada (iNDCs), como parte do novo Acordo do Clima, onde o papel das florestas torna-se secundário em relação ao agronegócio.
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Apresenta a evolução histórica do comércio de drogas no Brasil e no mundo
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This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.
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This article analyses the emergence and development of social policies for children and adolescents attendance that are in line with the development process of the Brazilian social protection system, focusing on some of the main representations attributed to childhood, according to the historical and political periods. It seeks to present the notion of childhood instituted under the constitution of the Brazilian welfare state, in such a way as to place it within the broader context of the historical and political transformations that involved the emergence and consolidation of the social policies directed towards children and adolescents in Brazil in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st.
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The purpose of this article is to develop some ideas that may contribute to the debate about the secondary education in Brazil, giving emphasis to the conditions existing in the educational institutions, the ongoing educational policies and the challenges posed by the social, economic and political reality of the country. It is also discussed the political, social and economic importance of the expansion and the compulsory character of secondary education as well as the school's culture dimension, in its relationship to the so-called knowledge society. Finally, the role of secondary education for the youth and the new demands it poses for teachers are presented, among some others aspects.
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This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.
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Chemical research in Brazil has grown significantly in the past 20 years, largely thanks to the Brazilian S&T Development Program of the federal government (PADCT). However, the newly achieved levels of highly qualified manpower and research infra-structure require new research organization frameworks to make science, technology and innovation really useful and meaningful for the citizens. The current requirements for creating viable networks of academic and industry researchers are presented and discussed as well as some structural and procedural bottlenecks that have to be eliminated, to achieve maximum high-quality science, technology and relevant innovation output.
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Chemometric activities in Brazil are described according to three phases: before the existence of microcomputers in the 1970s, through the initial stages of microcomputer use in the 1980s and during the years of extensive microcomputer applications of the ´90s and into this century. Pioneering activities in both the university and industry are emphasized. Active research areas in chemometrics are cited including experimental design, pattern recognition and classification, curve resolution for complex systems and multivariate calibration. New trends in chemometrics, especially higher order methods for treating data, are emphasized.
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Quimica Nova and the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society are two examples of successful initiatives taken by the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ - Sociedade Brasileira de Química), and may serve as models for the scientific societies of developing countries. Pillars of the SBQ, these two periodicals are undeniable demonstrations that idealism, utopia and dignity are the essential ingredients for transforming dreams into reality. Few believed that the Brazilian chemical community would one day have, as it does today, two scientific research periodicals indexed in the principal international data banks.
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The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tietê River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.
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The composition and biological activities of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the seasonal effect on the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis (EEP) type 6 and type 12, collected during 6 months in terms of antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by MIC and MBC on S. mutans Ingbritt 1600 and the profile of chemical composition by UV-visible spectrophotometry, HPLC-RF and GC-MS. The results demonstrated that the season in which propolis is collected influences its chemical composition, resulting in modifications in its antibacterial activity.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical structures of tree community in regeneration in a fragment of a secondary riparian forest at approximately 30 years of age and to identify the most abundant species in each fragment of the forest to determine the sucessional stage. An area of 800 m² was subdivided into 16 samples of 10 x 5 m and all individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were sampled and identified for the following analyzes: horizontal parameters (DR, FR, DoR, IVC and IVI), vertical parameters (PSR and RNR) and mixed parameters, from of value of increased importance index (IVIa). The survey measured 689 individuals, belonging to 38 families, 74 genus and 109 species. The total density was 8,614 individuals/ha. The index of Shannon´s diversity was 3.99 and the index of Pielou´s equability was 0.85. Tibouchina pulchra, Psychotria suterella and Endlicheria paniculata obtained high values of IVIa. Guarea macrophylla, Gomidesia anacardiaefolia, Xylopia langsdorffiana and Endlicheria paniculata achieved high values of RNT, indicating adequate natural regeneration in the plot. The initial secondary and umbrophylous species showed the highest ecological importance in this fragment of the forest, with the highest values of sociologic position and importance index. Furthermore, the presence of late secondary species in all layers suggest that the studied fragment is in intermediate succession degree.
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We estimated the prevalence of chronic diseases and other health problems reported by adolescents in relation to social and demographic variables and nutritional status. This cross-sectional population-based survey analyzed data from the Health Survey in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2008. We used descriptive statistics and associations between variables with the chisquare test. Prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents was 19.17%, with asthma showing the highest prevalence (7.59%), followed by heart disease (1.96%), hypertension (1.07%), and diabetes 0.21%. Prevalence rates were 61.53% for health problems, 40.39% for allergy, and 24.83% for frequent headache or migraine. After multivariate analysis using Poisson regression, the factors associated with chronic disease were age 15 to 19 years (PR = 1.38), not attending school (PR = 1.46), having children (PR = 1.84), and obesity (PR = 1.54). Female gender (PR = 1.12) was statistically associated with health problems. The study illustrates that adolescence is a life stage in which chronic disease and health problems can occur.
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A floristic study of the family Apocynaceae im Poços de Caldas was carried out, since the family is well represented in the region and many species have phytochermical and ornamental value. The family is represented by 17 species distributed in 8 genera: Aspidosperma Mart e Zucc., Condylocarpon Desf., Forsteronia G.F.W. Mey., Macrosiphonia Muell. Arg., Mandevilla Lindl., Peltastes R.E. Woodson, Prestonia R. Br. and Rauvolfia L.