Enforcement of associated protected measures in particularly sensitive sea areas

The distinguished character of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) is that every application for PSSAs must be accompanied by Associated Protected Measures (APMs) which can make PSSAs efficient in practice.1 That is why APMs are regarded as the core feature of every PSSA.2 APM is “an international rule or standard that falls within the purview of an international maritime organization (IMO) and regulates international maritime activities for the protection of the area at risk.” So far, APMs have been approved by IMO as following: -Compulsory or recommended pilotage -Mandatory ship reporting -An area to be avoided -Traffic separation schemes -Discharge prohibition or regulations -Mandatory no anchoring areas -Deep water routes -Emission control areas (PDF contains 5 pages)

Verification of a scaling law in few-cycle laser pulses

The scaling law of photoionization in few-cycle laser pulses is verified in this paper. By means of numerical solution of time-dependent Schrodinger equation, the photoionization and the asymmetry degree of photoionization of atoms with different binding potential irradiated by various laser pulses are studied. We find that the effect of increasing pulse intensity is compensated by deepening the atomic binding potential. In order to keep the asymmetric photoionization unchanged, if the central frequency of the pulse is enlarged by k times, the atomic binding potential should also be enlarged by k times, and the laser intensity should be enlarged by k(3) times. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

A scaling law of photoionization in ultrashort pulses

By means of the numerical solution of time-dependant Schrodinger equation, we verify a scaling law of photoionization in ultrashort pulses. We find that for a given carrier-envelope phase and duration of the pulse, identical photoionizations are obtained provided that when the central frequency of the pulse is enlarged by k times, the atomic binding potential is enlarged by k times, and the laser intensity is enlarged by k(3) times. The scaling law allows us to reach a significant control over direction of photoemission and offers exciting prospects of reaching similar physical processes in different interacting systems which constitutes a novel kind of coherent control.

A scaling law of photoelectron angular distributions in one-cycle laser pulses

The photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from above-threshold ionization of atoms irradiated by one-cycle laser pulses satisfy a scaling law. The scaling law denotes that the main features of the PADs are determined by four dimensionless parameters: (1) the ponderomotive number u(p) = U-p/hw, the ponderomotive energy U-p in units of laser photon energy; (2) the binding number E-b = E-b/h(w), the atomic binding energy E-b in units of laser photon energy; (3) the number of absorbed photons q; (4) the carrier-envelope phase phi(0), the phase of the carrier wave with respect to the envelope. We verify the scaling law by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, compared to that in long-pulse case. A possible experimental test to verify the scaling law is suggested.

飞秒强激光场中大尺寸氩团簇爆炸机理的实验研究

By using time-of-flight spectroscopy, the ionization and explosion of large argon clusters ( (n) over bar = 3 x 10(3) - 3 x 10(6)) in the intense femtosecond pulsed laser field (60 fs,2 x 10(16) W/cm(2)) has been studied, and the dependence of average energy of ions emitted from argon clusters on the gas backing pressure has been measured. By comparing the average ion energies obtained with two different supersonic conical nozzles and considering the Hagena's scaling law of clusters, we have found that the average ion energy is determined by the cluster size when the laser parameters are kept unchanged. The experimental results indicated that when the cluster size is less than 3 x 10(5) atoms per cluster, the Coulomb repulsion force is the dominating factor in the expansion mechanism. Beyond this size, for 3 x 10(5) < (n) over barn < 3 x 10(6), the expansion is the result of the combined effect of both the Coulomb repulsion force and the hydrodynamic force, and the latter will play the dominating role for increasing cluster size.

Influence of composition on the structure and properties of Fe-Pd-P and Ni-Pd-P amorphous alloys

Ternary alloys of nickel-palladium-phosphorus and iron-palladium- phosphorus containing 20 atomic % phosphorus were rapidly quenched from the liquid state. The structure of the quenched alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction. Broad maxima in the diffraction patterns, indicative of a glass-like structure, were obtained for 13 to 73 atomic % nickel and 13 to 44 atomic % iron, with palladium adding up to 80%.

Radial distribution functions were computed from the diffraction data and yielded average interatomic distances and coordination numbers. The structure of the amorphous alloys could be explained in terms of structural units analogous to those existing in the crystalline Pd₃P, Ni₃P and Fe₃P phases, with iron or nickel substituting for palladium. A linear relationship between interatomic distances and composition, similar to Vegard's law, was shown for these metallic glasses.

Electrical resistivity measurements showed that the quenched alloys were metallic. Measurements were performed from liquid helium temperatures (4.2°K) up to the vicinity of the melting points (900°K- 1000°K). The temperature coefficient in the glassy state was very low, of the order of 10^-4/°K. A resistivity minimum was found at low temperature, varying between 9°K and 14°K for Ni_x-Pd_80-x -P₂₀ and between 17°K and 96°K for Fe_x-Pd_80-x -P₂₀, indicating the presence of a Kondo effect. Resistivity measurements, with a constant heating rate of about 1.5°C/min,showed progressive crystallization above approximately 600°K.

The magnetic moments of the amorphous Fe-Pd-P alloys were measured as a function of magnetic field and temperature. True ferromagnetism was found for the alloys Fe₃₂-Pd₄₈-P₂₀ and Fe₄₄-Pd₃₆-P₂₀ with Curie points at 165° K and 380° K respectively. Extrapolated values of the saturation magnetic moments to 0° K were 1.70 µ_B and 2.10 µ_B respectively. The amorphous alloy Fe₂₃-Pd₅₇-P₂₀ was assumed to be superparamagnetic. The experimental data indicate that phosphorus contributes to the decrease of moments by electron transfer, whereas palladium atoms probably have a small magnetic moment. A preliminary investigation of the Ni-Pd-P amorphous alloys showed that these alloys are weakly paramagnetic.

Modified formula of Malus' law for Glan-Taylor polarizing prisms

A simple three-axis model has been developed, which has been successfully applied to the analysis of the light transmittance in spatial incident angle and the simulation of modified formula of Malus' law for Glan-Taylor prisms. Our results indicate that the fluctuations on the cosine squared curve are due to specific misalignments between the axis of the optical system, the optical axis of the prism and the mechanical axis (rotation axis) of prism, which results in the fact that different initial relative location of the to-be-measured-prism in the testing system corresponds to different shape of Malus' law curve. Methods to get absolutely smooth curve are proposed. This analysis is available for other kinds of Glan-type prisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A scaling law of photoionization in few-cycle regime

In this paper, a scaling law of photoionization of atoms irradiated by intense, few- cycle laser pulses is established. The scaling law sets a relation to the phase- dependent ionization with the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, the duration and peak intensity of short pulses, and the ionization potential of the target atoms. We find that it will be advantageous to manifest the phase- dependent photoionization by choosing the target atoms with larger ionization potential, using laser with smaller carrier- frequency, and increasing the pulse intensity. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Avaliação temporal da poluição por antiincrustantes organoestânicos no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: antes e após o banimento nacional e internacional

Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings.

Mode properties of off-axis one-sided hybrid resonator for novel high average power dual-slab laser

A novel dual-slab laser with off-axis one-sided hybrid resonator is presented. The mode properties of the hybrid resonator are calculated using a fast Fourier transform method (FFT). The influence of wavefront distoration on the output beam quality is considered. Results indicate that the novel dual-slab laser is better than the normal dual-slab laser with off-axis one-sided hybrid resonator.