Using data insertion with the NAME model to simulate the 8 May 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash cloud

A data insertion method, where a dispersion model is initialized from ash properties derived from a series of satellite observations, is used to model the 8 May 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash cloud which extended from Iceland to northern Spain. We also briefly discuss the application of this method to the April 2010 phase of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and the May 2011 Grímsvötn eruption. An advantage of this method is that very little knowledge about the eruption itself is required because some of the usual eruption source parameters are not used. The method may therefore be useful for remote volcanoes where good satellite observations of the erupted material are available, but little is known about the properties of the actual eruption. It does, however, have a number of limitations related to the quality and availability of the observations. We demonstrate that, using certain configurations, the data insertion method is able to capture the structure of a thin filament of ash extending over northern Spain that is not fully captured by other modeling methods. It also verifies well against the satellite observations according to the quantitative object-based quality metric, SAL—structure, amplitude, location, and the spatial coverage metric, Figure of Merit in Space.

Data insertion in volcanic ash cloud forecasting

During the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in April and May 2010, the London Volcanic Ash  Advisory Centre demonstrated the importance of infrared (IR) satellite imagery for monitoring volcanic ash and validating the Met Office operational model, NAME. This model is used to forecast ash dispersion and forms much of the basis of the advice given to civil aviation. NAME requires a source term describing the properties of the eruption plume at the volcanic source. Elements of the source term are often highly uncertain and significant effort has therefore been invested into the use of satellite observations of ash clouds to constrain them. This paper presents a data insertion method, where satellite observations of downwind ash clouds are used to create effective ‘virtual sources’ far from the vent. Uncertainty in the model output is known to increase over the duration of a model run, as inaccuracies in the source term, meteorological data and the parameterizations of the   modelled processes accumulate. This new technique, where the dispersion model (DM) is ‘reinitialized’ part-­way through a run, could go some way to addressing this.

Rainfastness of poly(vinyl alcohol) deposits on Vicia faba leaf surfaces: from laboratory-scale washing to simulated rain

Rainfastness is the ability of agrochemical deposits to resist wash-off by rain and other related environmental phenomena. This work reports laboratory-scale and raintower studies of the rainfastness of fluorescently labeled poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) using fluorescent microscopy combined with image analysis. Samples of hydrolyzed PVA exhibit improved rainfastness over a threshold molecular weight, which correlates with PVA film dissolution, swelling, and crystalline properties. It was also established that the rainfastness of PVA scaled with the molecular weight over this threshold. These PVA samples were further characterized in order to determine the effect of the crystallinity on rainfastness. The quantification of rainfastness is of great interest to the field of agrochemical formulation development in order to improve the efficacy of pesticides and their adjuvants.

XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM: LIVING IN THE DARK BUT WITH HOPE IN THERAPY

Xeroderma pigmentosum patients suffer from extreme photosensitivity caused by a genetic defect in DNA repair pathways. This condition obliges them to live in darkness and avoid sunshine. Although the molecular basis of the defect has been known for more than 40 years now, the treatment possibilities are very limited, and to date all have been focused on the skin. Herein, we summarize the effects of sunlight and the molecular mechanisms implicated in the defects that lead to this syndrome, as well as the strategies that have been tested to alleviate skin manifestations, including cancer. Preclinical attempts to correct genetic defects by means of different gene therapy approaches are also described. All these efforts are now bringing hope and some light into the life of patients and their families.

Observation in the MINOS far detector of the shadowing of cosmic rays by the sun and moon

The shadowing of cosmic ray primaries by the moon and sun was observed by the MINOS far detector at a depth of 2070 mwe using 83.54 million cosmic ray muons accumulated over 1857.91 live-days. The shadow of the moon was detected at the 5.6 sigma level and the shadow of the sun at the 3.8 sigma level using a log-likelihood search in celestial coordinates. The moon shadow was used to quantify the absolute astrophysical pointing of the detector to be 0.17 +/- 0.12 degrees. Hints of interplanetary magnetic field effects were observed in both the sun and moon shadow. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Sudden stratospheric warmings seen in MINOS deep underground muon data

The rate of high energy cosmic ray muons as measured underground is shown to be strongly correlated with upper-air temperatures during short-term atmospheric (10-day) events. The effects are seen by correlating data from the MINOS underground detector and temperatures from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts during the winter periods from 2003-2007. This effect provides an independent technique for the measurement of meteorological conditions and presents a unique opportunity to measure both short and long-term changes in this important part of the atmosphere. Citation: Osprey, S., et al. (2009), Sudden stratospheric warmings seen in MINOS deep underground muon data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05809, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036359.

The magnetized steel and scintillator calorimeters of the MINOS experiment

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an accelerator-produced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the ""atmospheric neutrino"" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab`s NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as similar as possible in order to ensure that differences in detector response have minimal impact on the comparisons of event rates, energy spectra and topologies that are essential to MINOS measurements of oscillation parameters. The design, construction, calibration and performance of the far and near detectors are described in this paper. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sex- och samlevnadsundervisning i grundskolan : En systematisk litteraturstudie om vad som är viktigt vid upplägget av sex- och samlevnadsundervisning

Sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen har varit under utveckling en längre tid. Från att upplysa befolkningen om riskerna med sex, och olika ”sexuella störningar” som homosexualitet, har fokus flyttat till att bejaka människors olika sexualiteter och få alla människor att känna sig trygga i sin identitet. Syftet med den här systematiska litteraturstudien är att få en fördjupad kunskap kring vad som är och anses viktigt vid sex- och samlevnadsundervisning i svensk skola och hur man kan arbeta med de rådande normer som finns. Litteraturstudien har hämtat aktuell litteratur inom forskningsområdet från databaserna Eric, Summon och Libris. Litteraturen har granskats och valts ut för att svara mot studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet från studien visar vilket gemensamt ansvar rektorer och lärare har för att sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen ska integreras i fler skolämnen, samt att man bör arbeta med mål och bedömning för att få ett gynnsamt lärande och få delaktiga elever som kan påverka undervisningen. Det är viktigt för att undervisningen ska utgå från elevernas behov och funderingar samtidigt som både ett riskperspektiv och ett njutningsperspektiv lyfts. Lärarna bör arbeta objektivt och lyfta frågor som avviker från den heterosexuella normen, bland annat Hbt- frågor, detta för att inkludera alla elever i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen.

Heteronormen - hur ser den ut i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen på en jämställdcertifierad låg- och mellanstadieskola?

Sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen handlar idag mycket om jämställdhetsarbete, normer och människors lika värde. Kunskapsområdet ska integreras i alla skolans ämnen för att alla elever ska känna sig inkluderade i undervisningen. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på hur lärarna på låg- och mellanstadiet arbetar med sin egen medvetenhet angående heteronormen samt att ta reda på hur de kommunicerar detta med eleverna. Studien har samlat kvalitativ data genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med sex lärare på en jämställdhetscertifierad skola i Sverige. Studiens resultat visar genom lärarnas resonemang att de arbetar aktivt med normer och jämställdhet, vilket de kopplar till skolans certifikat. Lärarna beskriver att de lyfter och diskuterar dessa frågor i kollegiet samt granskar det undervisningsmaterial de använder sig av i verksamheten. Lärarna pratar om normer och jämställdhet med eleverna och är noggranna med att det ska ske på ett sätt som inkluderar alla elever och inte pekar ut hbt-personer som annorlunda, något som de anser kan vara ett dilemma. Lärarna berättar att de ibland kan känna att kunskapen brister angående hbt-frågor, men direkt när eleverna kränker någon eller har frågor som grundar sig i heteronormen diskuteras det med eleverna. Skolan har i och med sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen ett stort ansvar i jämställdhetsarbetet.

Integrating a sense of coherence into the neonatal environment

Background: Family centred care (FCC) is currently a valued philosophy within neonatal care; an approach that places the parents at the heart of all decision-making and engagement in the care of their infant. However, to date, there is a lack of clarity regarding the definition of FCC and limited evidence of FCCs effectiveness in relation to parental, infant or staff outcomes. Discussion: In this paper we present a new perspective to neonatal care based on Aaron Antonovksy's Sense of Coherence (SOC) theory of well-being and positive health. Whilst the SOC was originally conceptualised as a psychological-based construct, the SOCs three underpinning concepts of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness provide a theoretical lens through which to consider and reflect upon meaningful care provision in this particular care environment. By drawing on available FCC research, we consider how the SOC concepts considered from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed. The debate offered in this paper is not presented to reduce the importance or significance of FCC within neonatal care, but, rather, how consideration of the SOC offers the basis through which meaningful and effective FCC may be delivered. Practice based implications contextualised within the SOC constructs are also detailed. Summary: Consideration of the SOC constructs from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed in FCC provision. Service delivery and care practices need to be comprehensible, meaningful and manageable in order to achieve and promote positive well-being and health for all concerned.