Analytical progresses of the International Olympic Committee and World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories.

The Summer Olympic Games constitute the biggest concentration of human sports and activities in a particular place and time since 776 BCE, when the written history of the Olympic Games in Olympia began. Summer and Winter Olympic anti-doping laboratories, accredited by the International Olympic Committee in the past and the World Anti-Doping Agency in the present times, acquire worldwide interest to apply all new analytical advancements in the fight against doping in sports, hoping that this major human event will not become dirty by association with this negative phenomenon. This article summarizes the new analytical progresses, technologies and knowledge used by the Olympic laboratories, which for the vast majority of them are, eventually, incorporated into routine anti-doping analysis.

Biodistribution of anti-CEA F(ab')2 fragments after intra-arterial and intravenous injection in patients with liver metastases due to colorectal carcinoma.

The biodistribution of simultaneous intra-arterial and intravenous injections of a radiolabelled anti-CEA MAb F(ab')2 fragment was studied in three patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Identical MAb fragments, labelled with either 125I or 131I, were injected over a period of 30 min into the hepatic artery and into a peripheral vein. After 1 or 2 days, biodistribution was measured in the surgically removed metastases, normal tissue samples and blood. By tissue radioactivity counting, tumour uptake in the range 6.3-9.1% of injected dose per gram was found. Superimposable metastasis-to-blood and metastasis-to-normal liver ratios were obtained for both iodine isotopes in all three patients. The results indicate that the intra-arterial injection of MAb F(ab')2 fragments gives no measurable advantage over more convenient injections into a peripheral vein.

Rapid IL-4 production by Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1-reactive CD4(+) T cells in resistant mice treated once with anti-IL-12 or -IFN-gamma antibodies at the onset of infection with Leishmania major instructs Th2 cell development, resulting in nonhealing lesions.

Rapid production of IL-4 by Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1 (LACK)-reactive CD4(+) T cells expressing the V beta 4-V alpha 8 TCR chains has been shown to drive aberrant Th2 cell development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. In contrast, mice from resistant strains fail to express this early IL-4 response. However, administration of either anti-IL-12 or -IFN-gamma at the initiation of infection allows the expression of this early IL-4 response in resistant mice. In this work we show that Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1-reactive CD4(+) T cells also expressing the V beta 4-V alpha 8 TCR chains are the source of the early IL-4 response to L. major in resistant mice given anti-IL-12 or -IFN-gamma Abs only at the onset of infection. Strikingly, these cells were found to be required for the reversal of the natural resistance of C57BL/6 mice following a single administration of anti-IL-12 or -IFN-gamma Abs. Together these results suggest that a deficiency in mechanisms capable of down-regulating the early IL-4 response to L. major contributes to the exquisite susceptibility of BALB/c mice to L. major.

Geostatistical inversion of seismic and GPR reflection images: what can we actually resolve?

Estimation of the spatial statistics of subsurface velocity heterogeneity from surface-based geophysical reflection survey data is a problem of significant interest in seismic and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) research. A method to effectively address this problem has been recently presented, but our knowledge regarding the resolution of the estimated parameters is still inadequate. Here we examine this issue using an analytical approach that is based on the realistic assumption that the subsurface velocity structure can be characterized as a band-limited scale-invariant medium. Our work importantly confirms recent numerical findings that the inversion of seismic or GPR reflection data for the geostatistical properties of the probed subsurface region is sensitive to the aspect ratio of the velocity heterogeneity and to the decay of its power spectrum, but not to the individual values of the horizontal and vertical correlation lengths.

Dynamic impacts of the inhibition of the molecular chaperone hsp90 on the T-cell proteome have implications for anti-cancer therapy.

The molecular chaperone Hsp90-dependent proteome represents a complex protein network of critical biological and medical relevance. Known to associate with proteins with a broad variety of functions termed clients, Hsp90 maintains key essential and oncogenic signalling pathways. Consequently, Hsp90 inhibitors are being tested as anti-cancer drugs. Using an integrated systematic approach to analyse the effects of Hsp90 inhibition in T-cells, we quantified differential changes in the Hsp90-dependent proteome, Hsp90 interactome, and a selection of the transcriptome. Kinetic behaviours in the Hsp90-dependent proteome were assessed using a novel pulse-chase strategy (Fierro-Monti et al., accompanying article), detecting effects on both protein stability and synthesis. Global and specific dynamic impacts, including proteostatic responses, are due to direct inhibition of Hsp90 as well as indirect effects. As a result, a decrease was detected in most proteins that changed their levels, including known Hsp90 clients. Most likely, consequences of the role of Hsp90 in gene expression determined a global reduction in net de novo protein synthesis. This decrease appeared to be greater in magnitude than a concomitantly observed global increase in protein decay rates. Several novel putative Hsp90 clients were validated, and interestingly, protein families with critical functions, particularly the Hsp90 family and cofactors themselves as well as protein kinases, displayed strongly increased decay rates due to Hsp90 inhibitor treatment. Remarkably, an upsurge in survival pathways, involving molecular chaperones and several oncoproteins, and decreased levels of some tumour suppressors, have implications for anti-cancer therapy with Hsp90 inhibitors. The diversity of global effects may represent a paradigm of mechanisms that are operating to shield cells from proteotoxic stress, by promoting pro-survival and anti-proliferative functions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000537.

KRAS mutation testing for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal carcinoma: proposal for an European quality assurance program.

Novel therapeutic agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have improved outcomes for patients with colorectal carcinoma. However, these therapies are effective only in a subset of patients. Activating mutations in the KRAS gene are found in 30-40% of colorectal tumors and are associated with poor response to anti-EGFR therapies. Thus, KRAS mutation status can predict which patient may or may not benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. Although many diagnostic tools have been developed for KRAS mutation analysis, validated methods and standardized testing procedures are lacking. This poses a challenge for the optimal use of anti-EGFR therapies in the management of colorectal carcinoma. Here we review the molecular basis of EGFR-targeted therapies and the resistance to treatment conferred by KRAS mutations. We also present guideline recommendations and a proposal for a European quality assurance program to help ensure accuracy and proficiency in KRAS mutation testing across the European Union.

Deletion of the viral anti-apoptotic gene F1L in the HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate MVA-C enhances immune responses against HIV-1 antigens.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein F1 that acts as an inhibitor of caspase-9 and of the Bak/Bax checkpoint but the role of this gene in immune responses is not known. Because dendritic cells that have phagocytosed apoptotic infected cells cross-present viral antigens to cytotoxic T cells inducing an antigen-specific immunity, we hypothesized that deletion of the viral anti-apoptotic F1L gene might have a profound effect on the capacity of poxvirus vectors to activate specific immune responses to virus-expressed recombinant antigens. This has been tested in a mouse model with an F1L deletion mutant of the HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate MVA-C that expresses Env and Gag-Pol-Nef antigens (MVA-C-ΔF1L). The viral gene F1L is not required for virus replication in cultured cells and its deletion in MVA-C induces extensive apoptosis and expression of immunomodulatory genes in infected cells. Analysis of the immune responses induced in BALB/c mice after DNA prime/MVA boost revealed that, in comparison with parental MVA-C, the mutant MVA-C-ΔF1L improves the magnitude of the HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell adaptive immune responses and impacts on the CD8 T cell memory phase by enhancing the magnitude of the response, reducing the contraction phase and changing the memory differentiation pattern. These findings reveal the immunomodulatory role of F1L and that the loss of this gene is a valid strategy for the optimization of MVA as vaccine vector.

Benefit of anti-HER2-coated paclitaxel-loaded immuno-nanoparticles in the treatment of disseminated ovarian cancer: Therapeutic efficacy and biodistribution in mice.

The benefit of polymeric immuno-nanoparticles (NPs-Tx-HER), consisting of paclitaxel (Tx)-loaded nanoparticles coated with anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies (Herceptin, trastuzumab), in cancer treatment was assessed in a disseminated xenograft ovarian cancer model induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of SKOV-3 cells overexpressing HER2 antigens. The study was focused on the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and biodistribution of NPs-Tx-HER compared to other Tx formulations. The therapeutic efficacy was determined by two methods: bioluminescence imaging and survival rate. The treatment regimen consisted in an initial dose of 20mg/kg Tx administered as 10mg/kg intravenously (IV) and 10mg/kg intraperitonealy (IP), followed by five alternative IP and IV injections of 10mg/kg Tx every 3 days. The bioluminescence study has clearly shown the superior anti-tumor activity of NPs-Tx-HER compared to free Tx. As a confirmation of these results, a significantly longer survival of mice was observed for NPs-Tx-HER treatment compared to free Tx, Tx-loaded nanoparticles coated with an irrelevant mAb (Mabthera, rituximab) or Herceptin alone, indicating the potential of immuno-nanoparticles in cancer treatment. The biodistribution pattern of Tx was assessed on healthy and tumor bearing mice after IV or IP administration. An equivalent biodistribution profile was observed in healthy mice for Tx encapsulated either in uncoated nanoparticles (NPs-Tx) or in NPs-Tx-HER. No significant difference in Tx biodistribution was observed after IV or IP injection, except for a lower accumulation in the lungs when NPs were administered by IP. Encapsulated Tx accumulated in the organs of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) such as the liver and spleen, whereas free Tx had a non-specific distribution in all tested organs. Compared to free Tx, the single dose injection (IV or IP) of encapsulated Tx in mice bearing tumors induced a higher tumor accumulation. However, no difference in overall tumor accumulation between NPs-Tx-HER and NPs-Tx was observed. In conclusion, the encapsulation of Tx into NPs-Tx-HER immuno-nanoparticles resulted in an improved efficacy of drug in the treatment of disseminated ovarian cancer overexpressing HER2 receptors.

CD8beta knockout mice mount normal anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses--but why?

It has been shown previously that CD8beta in vitro increases the range and the sensitivity of antigen recognition and in vivo plays an important role in the thymic selection of CD8+ T cells. Consistent with this, we report here that CD8+ T cells from CD8beta knockout (KO) P14 TCR transgenic mice proliferate inefficiently in vitro. In contrast to these findings, we also show that CD8beta KO mice mount normal CD8 primary, secondary and memory responses to acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Tetramer staining and cytotoxic experiments revealed a predominance of CD8-independent CTL in CD8beta KO mice. The TCR repertoire, especially the one of the TCRalpha chain, was different in CD8beta KO mice as compared with B6 mice. Our results indicate that in the absence of CD8beta, CD8-independent TCRs are preferentially selected, which in vivo effectively compensates for the reduced co-receptor function of CD8alphaalpha.

Syndrome des anti-synthétases et tacrolimus: efficacité et tolérance, à propos de 2 cas

Introduction. - Le traitement de la polymyosite et de l'atteinte pulmonaireassociées au syndrome des anti-synthétases peut serévéler difficile. Le tacrolimus est proposé en cas d'échec aux autresimmunosuppresseurs. Néanmoins, contrairement aux patientsgreffés, son utilisation dans cette indication est mal codifiée. Nousrapportons les cas de 2 patients traités efficacement par tacrolimus.Cas Clinique. - Cas 1. Il s'agit d'un homme de 44 ans originaire deMadagascar, chez qui le diagnostic de syndrome des anti-synthétasesest posé devant l'association mains de mécanicien, polymyosite,manifestation de raynaud et présence d'anticorps anti Jo1fortement positifs à 281U (norme < 50U). Les différents traitementsproposés (prednisone 1 mg/kg, méthotrexate, azathioprine,rituximab et Immunoglobulines IV) ne permettent pas de contrôlerla situation avec un pic des CK à 24 000 U/l au décours des Ig IV.Une IRM réalisée alors retrouve une activité inflammatoire intensedes compartiments antérieurs et postérieurs des cuisses des 2 côtés.Finalement un traitement de tacrolimus est proposé en augmentationprogressive. L'efficacité du traitement est mesurée par l'évolutiondes CK qui passent en quelques mois de 24 000 U/l à 300 U/lsous une dose de 6 mg/j de tacrolimus et d'une amélioration parIRM spectaculaire. Malheureusement, suite à un épisode de déshydratation,le patient développe une insuffisance rénale aigüemodérée (créatinine à 124 _mol/l contre 89 auparavant) non réversibleaprès réhydratation. Pour stabiliser la fonction rénale le tacrolimusest baissé à 4 mg/jour au prix d'une réapparition des douleursmusculaires et d'une ré-ascension des CK à 1 000 U/l. Cas 2. Il s'agitd'une patiente de 61 ans chez qui le diagnostic de syndrome desanti-synthétases est posé devant l'association atteinte articulaire,mains de mécanicien, atteinte musculaire, pneumopathie interstitiellediffuse et forte positivité des Ac anti JO1 à 252 U. Une associationtacrolimus et prednisone est rapidement proposée en raison del'atteinte pulmonaire. Malheureusement la patiente développe uneinsuffisance rénale progressive sous 9 mg/j de tacrolimus et malgréune réponse favorable sur le plan pulmonaire, le traitement estinterrompu avec amélioration de la fonction rénale.Discussion. - Le tacrolimus est un traitement immunosuppresseuranalogue à la ciclosporine, avec une action 100 fois supérieure. Ilinhibe l'activation et la prolifération des cellules T et sa principaletoxicité est rénale. Traitement puissant, il a montré son efficacitédans les atteintes pulmonaires sévères liées à un syndrome desanti-synthétases1.2. Les pneumologues le connaissent bien et chezles patients greffés, la surveillance de l'efficacité et de la toxicité dutraitement se fait grâce à des mesures du taux résiduel. Néanmoinsdans le cadre du syndrome des anti-synthétases les mesures de surveillancesont moins bien codifiées. Même si l'efficacité du tacrolimussemble excellente dans les formes musculaires etpulmonaires sévères, nos 2 cas nous rendent attentifs sur l'importanced'une surveillance rapprochée de la fonction rénale.Conclusion. - Le tacrolimus est un puissant immunosuppresseur quipeut être proposé aux patients souffrant de manifestations sévèresd'un syndrome des anti-synthétases. Une dose standard n'existe paset il faut être attentif à sa toxicité rénale.