Amino acid in Deep Sea Drilling Project cores

Several amino acid diagenetic reactions, which take place in the deep-sea sedimentary environment, were investigated, using various Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) cores. Initially it was found that essentially all the amino acids in sediments are bound in peptide linkages; but, with increasing age, the peptide bonds undergo slow hydrolysis that results in an increasingly larger fraction of amino acids in the free state. The hydrolysis half-life in calcareous sediments was estimated to be ~1-2 million years, while in non-carbonate sediment the hydrolysis rate may be considerably slower. The amino acid compositions and the extent of racemization of several amino acids were determined in various fractions isolated from the sediments. These analyses demonstrated that the mechanism, kinetics, and rate of amino acid diagenesis are highly dependent upon the physical state (i.e., free, bound, etc.) in which the amino acids exist in the sedimentary environment. In the free state, serine and threonine were found to decompose primarily by a dehydration reaction, while in the bound state (residue or HCl-insoluble fraction) a reversible aldol-cleavage reaction is the main decomposition pathway of these amino acids. The change in amino acid composition of the residue fraction with time was suggested to be due to the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, while in foraminiferal tests the compositional changes over geological time are the result of various decomposition reactions. Reversible first-order racemization kinetics are not observed for free amino acids in sediments. The explanation for these anomalous kinetics involves a complex reaction series which includes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds and the very rapid racemization of free amino acids. The racemization rates of free amino acids in sediments were found to be many orders of magnitude faster than those predicted from elevated temperature experiments using free amino acids in aqueous solution. The racemization rate enhancement of free amino acids in sediments may be due to the catalysis of the reaction by trace metals. Reversible first-order kinetics are followed for amino acids in the residue fraction isolated from sediments; the rate of racemization in this fraction is slower than that predicted for protein-bound amino acids. Various applications of amino acid diagenetic reactions are discussed. Racemization and the decomposition reaction of serine and threonine can both be used, with certain limitations, to make rough age estimates of deep-sea sediments back to several million years. The extent of racemization in foraminiferal tests which have been dated by some other independent technique can be used to estimate geothermal gradients, and thus heat flows, and to evaluate the bottom water temperature history in certain oceanic areas.

Open Ocean and coastal phytoplankton communities of of Western Antarctic Peninsula and Drake Passage waters

Photophysiological processes as well as uptake characteristics of iron and inorganic carbon were studied in inshore phytoplankton assemblages of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and offshore assemblages of the Drake Passage. Chlorophyll a concentrations and primary productivity decreased from in- to offshore waters. The inverse relationship between low maximum quantum yields of photochemistry in PSII (Fv/Fm) and large sizes of functional absorption cross sections (sigma PSII) in offshore communities indicated iron-limitation. Congruently, the negative correlation between Fv/Fm values and iron uptake rates across our sampling locations suggest an overall better iron uptake capacity in iron-limited pelagic phytoplankton communities. Highest iron uptake capacities could be related to relative abundances of the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica. As chlorophyll a-specific concentrations of humic-like substances were similarly high in offshore and inshore stations, we suggest humic-like substances may play an important role in iron chemistry in both coastal and pelagic phytoplankton assemblages. Regarding inorganic carbon uptake kinetics, the measured maximum short-term uptake rates (Vmax(CO2)) and apparent half-saturation constants (K1/2(CO2)) did not differ between offshore and inshore phytoplankton. Moreover, Vmax(CO2) and K1/2(CO2) did not exhibit any CO2-dependent trend over the natural pCO2 range from 237 to 507 µatm. K1/2(CO2) strongly varied among the sampled phytoplankton communities, ranging between 3.5 and 35.3 µmol/L CO2. While in many of the sampled phytoplankton communities, the operation of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) was indicated by low K1/2(CO2) values relative to ambient CO2 concentrations, some coastal sites exhibited higher values, suggesting down-regulated CCMs. Overall, our results demonstrate a complex interplay between photophysiological processes, iron and carbon uptake of phytoplankton communities of the WAP and the Drake Passage.

Villefranche MedSeA mesocosm experiment 2013: perturbation studies and field studies

A joint mesocosm experiment took place in February/March 2013 in the bay of Villefranche in France as part of the european MedSeA project. Nine mesocosms (52 m**3) were deployed over a 2 weeks period and 6 different levels of pCO2 and 3 control mesocosms (about 450 µatm), were used, in order to cover the range of pCO2 anticipated for the end of the present century. During this experiment, the potential effects of these perturbations on chemistry, planktonic community composition and dynamics including: eucaryotic and prokaryotic species composition, primary production, nutrient and carbon utilization, calcification, diazotrophic nitrogen fixation, organic matter exudation and composition, micro-layer composition and biogas production were studied by a group of about 25 scientists from 8 institutes and 6 countries. This is one of the first mesocosm experiments conducted in oligotrophic waters. A blog dedicated to this experiment can be viewed at: http://medseavillefranche2013.obs-vlfr.fr.

Stareso MedSeA mesocosm experiment: field and perturbation studies 2012

A joint mesocosm experiment took place in June/July 2012 in Corsica (bay of Calvi, Stareso station;http://www.stareso.com/) as part of the european MedSeA project. Nine mesocosms (52 m**3) were deployed over a 20 days period and 6 different levels of pCO2 and 3 control mesocosms (about 450 µatm), were used, in order to cover the range of pCO2 anticipated for the end of the present century. During this experiment, the potential effects of these perturbations on chemistry, planktonic community composition and dynamics including: eucaryotic and prokaryotic species composition, primary production, nutrient and carbon utilization, calcification, diazotrophic nitrogen fixation, organic matter exudation and composition, micro-layer composition and biogas production were studied by a group of about 25 scientists from 8 institutes and 6 countries. This is one of the first mesocosm experiments conducted in oligotrophic waters. A blog dedicated to this experiment can be viewed at: http://medseastareso2012.wordpress.com/.

Contiunous surface water uncorrected and quench-corrected active fluorescence and derived chlorophyll a concentration using calibration by HPLC pigments during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/1

The relationship between phytoplankton assemblages and the associated optical properties of the water body is important for the further development of algorithms for large-scale remote sensing of phytoplankton biomass and the identification of phytoplankton functional types (PFTs), which are often representative for different biogeochemical export scenarios. Optical in-situ measurements aid in the identification of phytoplankton groups with differing pigment compositions and are widely used to validate remote sensing data. In this study we present results from an interdisciplinary cruise aboard the RV Polarstern along a north-to-south transect in the eastern Atlantic Ocean in November 2008. Phytoplankton community composition was identified using a broad set of in-situ measurements. Water samples from the surface and the depth of maximum chlorophyll concentration were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), flow cytometry, spectrophotometry and microscopy. Simultaneously, the above- and underwater light field was measured by a set of high spectral resolution (hyperspectral) radiometers. An unsupervised cluster algorithm applied to the measured parameters allowed us to define bio-optical provinces, which we compared to ecological provinces proposed elsewhere in the literature. As could be expected, picophytoplankton was responsible for most of the variability of PFTs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Our bio-optical clusters agreed well with established provinces and thus can be used to classify areas of similar biogeography. This method has the potential to become an automated approach where satellite data could be used to identify shifting boundaries of established ecological provinces or to track exceptions from the rule to improve our understanding of the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean.

Sulphur compounds, methane, and phytoplankton during SONNE cruise SO202/2 (Transbrom Sonne)

Here we present results of the first comprehensive study of sulphur compounds and methane in the oligotrophic tropical West Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of dimethylsuphide (DMS), dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and methane (CH4), as well as various phytoplankton marker pigments in the surface ocean were measured along a north-south transit from Japan to Australia in October 2009. DMS (0.9 nmol/l), dissolved DMSP (DMSPd, 1.6 nmol/l) and particulate DMSP (DMSPp, 2 nmol/l) concentrations were generally low, while dissolved DMSO (DMSOd, 4.4 nmol/l) and particulate DMSO (DMSOp, 11.5 nmol/l) concentrations were comparably enhanced. Positive correlations were found between DMSO and DMSP as well as DMSP and DMSO with chlorophyll a, which suggests a similar source for both compounds. Similar phytoplankton groups were identified as being important for the DMSO and DMSP pool, thus, the same algae taxa might produce both DMSP and DMSO. In contrast, phytoplankton seemed to play only a minor role for the DMS distribution in the western Pacific Ocean. The observed DMSPp : DMSOp ratios were very low and seem to be characteristic of oligotrophic tropical waters representing the extreme endpoint of the global DMSPp : DMSOp ratio vs. SST relationship. It is most likely that nutrient limitation and oxidative stress in the tropical West Pacific Ocean triggered enhanced DMSO production leading to an accumulation of DMSO in the sea surface. Positive correlations between DMSPd and CH4, as well as between DMSO (particulate and total) and CH4, were found along the transit. We conclude that both DMSP and DMSO serve as substrates for methanogenic bacteria in the western Pacific Ocean.

Hydrochemistry, phytoplankton pigment concentration and phytoplankton abundance in water samples obtained in the Kuroshio Extension Front in October 2009

This data was collected during a cruise to the Kuroshio Extension Front in October 2009. Several chemical and biological parameters were measured: dissolved nutrients, picophytoplankton (by flow cytometry), microphytoplankton (by light microscopy) and phytoplankton pigments (HPLC).

Perseveration in a guessing task by laying hens selected for high or low levels of feather pecking does not support classification of feather pecking as a stereotypy.

Feather pecking is a behaviour by which birds damage or destroy the feathers of themselves (self-pecking) or other birds (allo feather pecking), in some cases even plucking out feathers and eating these. The self-pecking is rarely seen in domestic laying hens but is not uncommon in parrots. Feather pecking in laying hens has been described as being stereotypic, i.e. a repetitive invariant motor pattern without an obvious function, and indeed the amount of self-pecking in parrots was found to correlate positively with the amount of recurrent perseveration (RP), the tendency to repeat responses inappropriately, which in humans and other animals was found to correlate with stereotypic behaviour. In the present experiment we set out to investigate the correlation between allo feather pecking and RP in laying hens. We used birds (N = 92) from the 10th and 11th generation (G10 and G11) of lines selectively bred for high feather pecking (HFP) and low feather pecking (LFP), and from an unselected control line (CON) with intermediate levels of feather pecking. We hypothesised that levels of RP would be higher, and the time taken (standardised latency) to repeat a response lower, in HFP compared to LFP hens, with CON hens in between. Using a two-choice guessing task, we found that lines differed significantly in their levels of RP, with HFP unexpectedly showing lower levels of RP than CON and LFP. Latency to make a repeat did not differ between lines. Latency to make a switch differed between lines with a shorter latency in HFP compared to LFP (in G10), or CON (in G11). Latency to peck for repeats vs. latency to peck for switches did not differ between lines. Total time to complete the test was significantly shorter in HFP compared to CON and LFP. Thus, our hypotheses were not supported by the data. In contrast, selection for feather pecking seems to induce the opposite effects than would be expected from stereotyping animals: pecking was less sequenced and reaction to make a switch and to complete the test was lower in HFP. This supports the hyperactivity-model of feather pecking, suggesting that feather pecking is related to a higher general activity, possibly due to changes in the dopaminergic system.

Caracterización experimental y modelo predictivo del comportamiento térmico de una fachada vegetal

La aplicación de las estrategias que promuevan la eficiencia energética y la sostenibilidad en el sector de la construcción es una tarea de fundamental importancia que estamos llamados a llevar a cabo como ciudadanos, profesionales e investigadores. Esta tesis doctoral se enmarca dentro de los trabajos de investigación llevados a cabo en los últimos años que, en la línea más general de analizar sistemas a la vez energéticamente eficientes y beneficiosos para la mejora del confort de los usuarios, se han centrado en la caracterización de los efectos sobre edificios y medioambiente derivados de la aplicación de fachadas vegetales en el ámbito arquitectónico. La investigación parte del análisis del papel que las envolventes vegetales han tenido en relación a la arquitectura a lo largo de la Historia, para luego examinar su papel actual que, más allá de su reconocido valor estético, cada vez más cobra una función arquitectónica propia. Prueba de ello es la creciente integración de las superficies vegetales experimentada en los últimos años tanto en entornos arquitectónicos como urbanos; reflejo, a su vez, del desarrollo gradual de nuevas investigaciones sobre fachadas vegetales y de la difusión de diferentes sistemas en el mercado. Tras realizar un análisis detallado de los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento en el campo de la investigación y una vez detectadas sus carencias, se procede a plantear el objetivo general de esta tesis: analizar el comportamiento térmico de una solución constructiva que incorpore un elemento vegetal, a través de la monitorización de un prototipo experimental a escala real, así como, generar una herramienta flexible que permita predecir el comportamiento térmico de determinados tipos de fachadas vegetales, posibilitando su utilización en contextos diferentes al de estudio. Con el fin de elegir el sistema de fachada vegetal más adecuado para el estudio experimental, se realizan un análisis y una catalogación de los sistemas de fachadas vegetales existentes en el mercado. Para cada sistema, se destacan las principales características, las ventajas y los inconvenientes. Para evaluar la aplicabilidad del sistema a gran escala, se fijan unos criterios de selección basados en el grado de industrialización, la eficiencia energética y la sostenibilidad. Finalmente, se elige el sistema más adecuado para el estudio experimental: sistema con elementos modulares industrializados prevegetados compuestos por cajas contenedoras de sustrato y vegetación perenne. Como siguiente paso, se procede al diseño del experimento y se da comienzo a la fase experimental que comprende más de tres años, distinguiéndose dos etapas. En ambas, la experimentación se basa en la comparación de dos cerramientos idénticos cuya única diferencia está constituida por una capa de vegetación existente en uno de ellos. En una primera etapa, a través de un tratamiento estadístico de los datos, se analiza el comportamiento energético de un cerramiento sin aislante con el objetivo de caracterizar térmicamente el elemento vegetal (sustrato más vegetación), eliminado las variables relativas a la composición del cerramiento. En una segunda etapa, se monitoriza un cerramiento con aislante con el fin de verificar la efectividad energética del sistema vegetal en cerramientos aislados. Tras corroborar la eficacia energética de dicho sistema, incluso en cerramientos aislados, se concluye el trabajo con el desarrollo de un modelo de predicción del comportamiento térmico de determinados tipos de fachadas vegetales. El modelo, de rápida y sencilla utilización, permite estimar el comportamiento térmico de una fachada vegetal en función de la temperatura exterior, la humedad relativa del aire en el exterior y la irradiancia global. Dicho modelo, desarrollado a partir de los datos tomados durante la monitorización, ha sido validado experimentalmente mostrando un elevado grado de fiabilidad. ABSTRACT Mettere in atto strategie di promozione dell'e_cienza energetica e della sostenibilità nel settore delle costruzioni è un compito di fondamentale importanza che siamo chiamati a svolgere, come cittadini, professionisti e ricercatori. Questa tesi si colloca all'interno delle ricerche che, nella linea generale di sviluppo di sistemi che siano sia effcienti dal punto di vista energetico sia vantaggiosi dal punto di vista del miglioramento del comfort degli utenti, negli ultimi anni si sono occupate di indagare gli effetti sulle costruzioni e sull'ambiente derivati dall'applicazione di facciate verdi negli edifici. La ricerca si sviluppa partendo dall'analisi del ruolo che coperture e facciate verdi hanno avuto nel corso della storia dell'Architettura per poi giungere ad esaminare il loro ruolo nell'attualit_a: oltre a un roconosciuto valore estetico in maniera crescente queste tecnologie sono chiamate a svolgere una funzione architettonica propria. Ciò è dimostrato dalla crescente integrazione di superfici verdi sia a livello architettonico sia a livello urbano registrata negli ultimi anni, che è a sua volta conseguenza del graduale sviluppo di nuove ricerche sulle facciate verdi e della diffusione nel mercato di differenti sistemi. Dopo aver realizzato un'analisi dettagliata dei risultati ottenuti finora nel campo della ricerca e una volta individuate le loro carenze, si procede a fissare l'obiettivo generale di questa tesi: analizzare il comportamento termico di una soluzione costruttiva che incorpora un elemento di vegetale attraverso il monitoraggio di un prototipo sperimentale in scala reale, così come generare uno strumento essibile che consenta di prevedere il comportamento termico di alcuni tipi di facciate verdi, possibilitando il suo uso in contesti diversi da quello studiato. Al fine di scegliere il sistema di facciata verde pi_u adatto allo studio sperimentale, si effettua un'analisi e una catalogazione dei sistemi attualmente esistenti nel mercato. Per ogni sistema si mettono in evidenza le sue principali caratteristiche, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi, e si fissano criteri di selezione basati sul livello di industrializzazione del sistema, sulla sua efficienza energetica e sulla sostenibilità, con il fine ultimo di promuovere l'applicabilità del sistema a larga scala. Infine, si sceglie il sistema più adeguato per lo studio sperimentale: il sistema industrializzato modulare composto da pannelli prevegetati con substrato e vegetazione perenne. Come passo successivo, si procede allo sviluppo dell'esperimento e si dà inizio alla sperimentazione, composta da due fasi, che si sviluppa durante più di tre anni. In entrambe le fasi, la sperimentazione si basa sul confronto di due serramenti identici la cui unica differenza è costituita dallo strato di vegetazione presente in uno di essi. Nella prima fase, attraverso un trattamento statistico dei dati, si analizza il comportamento energetico di un involucro non isolato per caratterizzare termicamente l'elemento vegetale (vegetazione più substrato), eliminando le variabili relative alla composizione del serramento. Nella seconda fase, si studia un involucro isolato con il fine di verificare l'efficacia energetica del sistema verde in serramenti isolati. Dopo aver dimostrato che il sistema è effciente anche quando applicato in involucri isolati, il lavoro si conclude con lo sviluppo di un modello predittivo del comportamento termico di alcuni tipi di facciate verdi. Il modello, veloce e di semplice utilizzo, permette la stima del comportamento termico di una facciata verde conoscendo la temperatura esterna, l'umidità relativa esterna e l'irradianza globale. Questo modello, sviluppato a partire da dati di monitoraggio, è stato validato sperimentalmente mostrando un elevato grado di precisione.

Percepción dispersa: Arquitectura y tactilidad en la sociedad de la comunicación

El tema de la tesis se centra en el pensamiento de Walter Benjamin y en el concepto de percepción distraída, desarrollado en el ensayo La obra de arte en la época de su reproducibilidad técnica (1936). El título percepción dispersa deriva de una profundización de los conceptos benjaminianos en términos lingüísticos, adoptando otros significados de la palabra distracción que relacionan este concepto a cuestiones de ámbito espacial y atmosférico. Benjamin sostiene que la arquitectura, en una época en la que se desarrollan y se difunden nuevas técnicas de reproducción/ comunicación, no se puede percibir solo de manera visual sino también táctil, interrelacionando la difusión de nuevas técnicas de reproducción, la tensión entre diferentes modalidades perceptivas y la arquitectura: según él, la dispersión de la vista a favor de la percepción táctil/háptica es un rasgo característico de una sociedad en la que se desarrollan y se difunden nuevas técnicas de reproducción. La tesis profundiza en estos temas, actualizando el concepto de distracción/dispersión para valorar las repercusiones de esta intuición en el ámbito de una parte de la producción arquitectónica contemporánea: se propone una contextualización histórica y una conceptual, relativas a los proyectos recientes de algunos de los autores que profundizan en el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito del proyecto de arquitectura. La hipótesis que se quiere demostrar es que se está desarrollando una tendencia que lleva proyectos o edificios de alto nivel tecnológico y informático desde un ámbito de (supuesto) predominio de la percepción visual, hasta una arquitectura que proporciona experiencias multisensoriales: espacios que se pueden medir con el movimiento, los músculos y el tacto, que desarrollan un conjunto de sensaciones táctiles/hápticas y no solo visuales. Finalmente se quiere verificar si, revertiendo siglos de evolución visual, la visión táctil y cercana siga siendo uno de los polos dialécticos que estructuran la experiencia de la arquitectura, como previsto por Benjamin hace 75 años. ABSTRACT The thesis focuses on the thought of Walter Benjamin and the concept of distracted perception, developed in the essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1936). The title derives from a linguistic approach to this concept which further explores the meaning of the word distraction, finally relating this kind of perception to spatial and atmospheric issues. Benjamin argues that architecture, thanks to the development of new reproduction/communication technologies, cannot be perceived exclusively in a visual way but also in a tactile way, interrelating new technologies of reproduction, perceptual modalities and architecture: according to him, the dispersion of the view in favor of tactile/ haptic perception is a fundamental characteristic of a technologically developed society. The thesis explores these issues, updating the concept of distraction/dispersion to assess its implications in the works of some architects that are exploring with their buildings the impact of new communication technologies in the field of architectural design. The hypothesis at the base of this work is that we are facing a new trend in this particular field: many of the most advanced buildings provide multisensory experience, and define spaces that can be better perceived with the sense of touch (haptic sense), going beyond a mere visual perception. Finally the thesis wants to verify if, reversing centuries of visual evolution, tactile and close vision remains one of the dialectical poles that stay at the base of the experience of architecture, as foreseen by Benjamin 75 years ago. ABSTRACT La tesi si basa sul pensiero di Walter Benjamin e sul concetto di percezione distratta, sviluppato nel saggio La opera d’arte nell’epoca della sua riproducibilità tecnica (1936). Il titolo, percezione dispersa, deriva da un approfondimento dei concetti benjaminiani in termini linguistici, adottando ulteriori significati della parola che il filosofo utilizza per indicare la distrazione e che relazionano questo termine a questioni di ambito spaziale ed atmosferico. Benjamin sostiene che l’architettura, in un’epoca nella quale si sviluppano e si diffondono nuove tecniche di riproduzione (o meglio: nuove tecnologie di comunicazione), non possa essere percepita solamente in maniera visuale, ma anche tattile, mettendo in relazione la diffusione di nuove tecnologie, la tensione tra differenti modalità percettive e l’architettura: secondo Benjamin, la dispersione della vista a favore di una ricezione tattile/aptica della realtà è una caratteristica tipica di quei momenti storici nei quali si manifestano grandi trasformazioni di ambito sociale e culturale dovute allo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie di comunicazione. La tesi approfondisce questi temi, aggiornando il concetto di distrazione/dispersione per valutarne le ripercussioni su una certa parte della produzione architettonica contemporanea: si propone una contestualizzazione storica ed una concettuale, relative ai progetti di alcuni architetti che lavorano da tempo sull’impatto delle nuove tecnologie nell’ambito del progetto di architettura. La ipotesi che si dimostra con questa tesi è che si sta sviluppando una contro-tendenza tattile, a seguito della quale molti degli edifici tecnologicamente ed informaticamente più avanzati strutturano la relazione con i propri utenti sulla base di esperienze multisensoriali, definendo spazi che possono essere percepiti attraverso una percezione aptica, piuttosto che visuale. In definitiva la tesi verifica che, superando secoli di evoluzione visuale, la visione tattile e ravvicinata e - più in generale - una percezione di tipo aptico continuano ad essere uno dei poli dialettici che strutturano l’esperienza dell’architettura, come previsto da Benjamin più di 75 anni fa.

Programa de Actividades Acuáticas para Personas Mayores

A pesar de lo mucho que se investiga, poco se sabe de las causas que provocan el envejecimiento. Pero de lo que no cabe ninguna duda es que se trata de un proceso natural y no de una enfermedad, donde se dan un conjunto de modificaciones en el plano biológico, psicológico y social que son debidas al paso del tiempo. El medio acuático, por sus especiales características, permite la organización de tareas y situaciones que configuran programas de actividades acordes con las necesidades de las personas mayores, adecuadas a sus posibilidades y que suponen momentos de distensión, alegría y bienestar. Tras llevar a cabo una valoración de la condición física de un grupo de participantes a través de un test validado, se propone un programa de intervención en las cualidades físicas básicas a través de actividades acuáticas para así mejorar la calidad de vida, autonomía y condición física de nuestros mayores.

Proteasome regulation of activation-induced T cell death

Lactacystin, a microbial metabolite that inhibits protease activity only in the proteasome, was used to study the role of the proteasome in the activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T cells. Lactacystin induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in a T cell hybridoma (DO.11.10) in a dose-dependent manner. Between 1 and 10 μM, the mildly cytotoxic lactacystin inhibited the AICD of DO.11.10 cells cultured in anti-CD3-coated wells. Degradation of IκBβ and the translocation of the NF-κB (p50/RelA) into the nucleus, which occurred at 1.5 hr after anti-CD3 activation, were inhibited by lactacystin. Lactacystin did not inhibit the expression of nuclear transcription factor Oct-1. The activation-induced expression of the immediate–early gene, Nur77, and the T cell death genes, CD95 (Fas) and CD95 ligand (FasL), were inhibited. Functional expression of FasL cytotoxicity and the increase of cell surface Fas were also inhibited. Lactacystin must be added within 2 hr of activation to efficiently block AICD. In addition, lactacystin failed to inhibit the killing of DO.11.10 by FasL-expressing allo-specific cytotoxic effector cells. These observations strongly suggest a direct link between the proteasome-dependent degradation of IκBβ and the AICD that occurs through activation of the FasL gene and up-regulation of the Fas gene.