Modeling of weeds interference periods in bean

The research objective was to determine the effects of spacing and seeding density of common bean to the period prior to weed interference (PPI) and weed period prior to economic loss (WEEPPEL). The treatments consisted of periods of coexistence between culture and the weeds, with 0 to 10, 0 to 20, 0 to 30, 0 to 40, 0 to 50, 0 to 60, 0 to 70, and 0 to 80 days and a control maintained without weeds. In addition to the periods of coexistence, there were still studies with an inter-row of 0.45 and 0.60 m, 10 and 15 plants m-1. The experimental delineation used was randomized blocks with four repetitions per treatment. The grain productivity of the culture had a reduction of 63, 50, 42 and 57% when the coexistence with the weed plants was during the entire cycle of the culture for a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding density of 10 and 15 plants per meter; and a row spacing of 0.60m and a seeding density of 10 and 15 plants per meter, respectively. The PPI occurred in 23, 27, 13, and 19 days after crop emergence and WEEPPEL in 10, 9, 8, and 8 days, respectively.

Interferencia de malezas en el cultivo de frijol en dos sistemas de labranzas

Con este trabajo, se busco determinar el período anterior a la interferencia de las malezas que conviven con el cultivo de frijol, en ausencia o presencia de residuos vegetales de Crotalaria juncea. Los tratamientos estaban constituidos de siete períodos de convivencia del cultivo con las malezas: 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60 y 0-70 días después de la emergencia y también de un testigo sin presencia de las malezas en ausencia o presencia de crotalaria. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos seleccionados al azar, con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Hubo reducciones de 40,6% y 55,1% en la productividad de granos de frijol en convivencia con malezas durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, en ausencia y presencia de los residuos vegetales, respectivamente. Se concluyó que la productividad de granos fue afectada negativamente a partir de 29 y 38 días después de la emergencia, sin y con residuos, respectivamente, y eso constituyó los períodos anteriores a la interferencia.

Seletividade de herbicidas residuais ao feijão-comum durante o período inicial da fase vegetativa

Avaliou-se neste trabalho a seletividade de herbicidas residuais, aplicados em doses crescentes, na condição de pré-emergência, sobre o crescimento do feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) durante o início da fase vegetativa da cultura. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, utilizando-se cinco repetições. O cultivar de feijão utilizado para avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos foi o IPR Graúna. O fator A foi composto de cinco herbicidas de aplicação em pré-emergência do feijoeiro comum, e o fator B, de doses crescentes desses herbicidas. Os herbicidas foram alachlor, dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin e trifluralin, e as doses corresponderam a 0, 100, 150, 200 e 300% da dose máxima registrada para uso na cultura do feijão-comum. As variáveis avaliadas foram emergência de plântulas, intoxicação visual das plantas e massa seca das plantas, aos 05, 20 e 25 dias após a emergência, respectivamente. Alachlor não foi seletivo ao feijão-comum, ao passo que dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin e trifluralin o foram, quando aspergidos até a máxima dose registrada. O nível de seletividade dos herbicidas dimethenamid e S-metolachlor variou de acordo com a dose aplicada, enquanto o de pendimethalin e trifluralin não se modificou.

Nível crítico de dano de papuã em feijão-comum

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estimar níveis críticos de dano de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) em feijão-comum, em situações onde a planta daninha foi manejada precocemente e ocorreu reinfestação, e avaliar as alterações que sofre em decorrência de cultivares de feijão-comum e variáveis explicativas da infestação. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, sendo um com o cultivar UFT-06 (grupo Carioca) e o outro com o cultivar IPR Graúna (grupo Preto). Os níveis de infestação de papuã foram obtidos com quatro herbicidas residuais, aplicados em duas doses cada, mais testemunhas com e sem controle de papuã. A densidade, massa fresca e massa seca do papuã foram avaliadas no início e no final do período crítico de prevenção da interferência, e o rendimento de grãos da cultura foi avaliado por ocasião da colheita. O nível crítico de dano de papuã não teve valor elevado nessa situação (0,4 a 0,7%); todavia, pode haver benefício em controlá-lo de acordo com a infestação e o custo de controle. O nível crítico de dano foi sempre maior para o cultivar IPR Graúna, em relação ao UTF-06. A densidade e as massas fresca e seca das plantas de papuã explicaram adequadamente a perda de produção de feijão-comum pelo modelo de regressão não linear da hipérbole retangular.

Corn and soybean yields as affected by cover crops and herbicide timing under no-tillage system

To achieve better results in the no-tillage system (NTS), it is important to properly manage the cover crop prior to planting by using herbicides, usually glyphosate. The effect of glyphosate on plant coverage is slow, and plants take a few days to die completely. Thus, when applying the herbicide on the same day of planting soybean or corn, cover crops are still alive and standing, causing initial shading on seedlings of the crop and delaying its establishment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of distinct cover crops and their timing of desiccation prior to planting soybean or corn, on crop yield and yield components. Two experiments were installed, one for soybean and another for corn. Each experiment consisted in combining three cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha, common bean or millet) chemically desiccated at two timings before planting the crop (15 or 0 days before planting) under no-tillage system (NTS). Experiments were installed in a completely randomized block design with five replications. Brachiaria brizantha produced the highest amount of biomass; common bean and millet as cover crops allowed higher soybean grain yields; herbicide application under common bean, millet and Brachiaria brizantha 15 days before planting soybean allowed higher crop grain yields; desiccation timing of common bean did not affect corn grain yield; Brachiaria brizantha should be desiccated 15 days before planting corn to allow maximum grain yield; when millet was used as a cover crop, glyphosate application at planting of corn allowed the highest grain yield.

Potencial de herbicidas para o controle de patógenos de solo do feijão

Pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos de herbicidas em fungos patogênicos habitantes do solo que infectam os feijoeiros. Foi avaliado o efeito de herbicidas no crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Esses fungos causam as doenças de solo mais danosas do feijão. Avaliou-se, em placas de Petri, o crescimento radial desses fungos em meio batata-dextrose-ágar com cinco concentrações (0, 1, 10, 100 e 1.000 mg L-1) dos herbicidas imazamox, fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butyl, bentazon, glyphosate e S-metolachlor. O crescimento micelial de todos os fungos decresceu acentuadamente apenas com o S-metolachlor na concentração de 1.000 mg L-1. Por isso, o efeito desse herbicida também foi testado em duas concentrações (1.000 ou 12.000 mg L-1) na germinação de escleródios de S. rolfsi e S. sclerotiorum (miceliogênica) ou de S. sclerotiorum (carpogênica). Não houve efeito significativo de S-metolachlor na germinação miceliogênica de escleródios desses dois fungos. Entretanto, o S-metolachlor retardou a germinação carpogênica de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum. Os resultados sugerem que o herbicida S-metolachlor tem potencial de uso no manejo de doenças do feijão causadas por fungos de solo.

Comparação entre métodos para determinar o período anterior à interferência de plantas daninhas em feijoeiros com distintos tipos de hábitos de crescimento

A interferência causada pelas plantas daninhas pode reduzir em até 80% a produtividade de grãos do feijão quando não manejadas de forma correta. Portanto, a decisão sobre o momento de controlá-las é um dos principais aspectos do manejo integrado. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o período anterior à interferência das plantas daninhas (PAI) em cultivares de feijão com diferentes tipos de hábitos de crescimento. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos de dez períodos de convivência da cultura com as plantas daninhas: 0-7, 0-14, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49, 0-56, 0-97 (colheita) dias após a emergência (DAE) e mais uma testemunha sem convívio com as plantas daninhas. O PAI foi determinado por meio de distintas abordagens: o nível arbitrário de 5% de perda na produtividade, o nível de tolerância (NT) e o de dano no rendimento econômico (PADRE). O PAI obtido foi diferente em todas as abordagens, e os feijoeiros de crescimento indeterminado tipo II apresentaram os menores tempos de convivência.

Early growth of common bean cropped over ruzigrass residues

Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, syn. Urochloa ruziziensis) is used as a cover crop in tropical regions because it has a high yield potential, is widely adapted and has a vigorous root system. However, it may affect early growth of the next crop due to allelopathy and competition for soil nitrate. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in glass-walled pots with soil to determine the effect of ruzigrass residues on the initial growth and mineral nutrition of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ruzigrass was grown in the pots for 50 days and chemically desiccated. Then, common bean was grown: without ruzigrass residues; with ruzigrass shoots placed on the soil surface; with ruzigrass roots left in the soil; and with ruzigrass shoots and roots left undisturbed. Root growth of common bean was decreased by ruzigrass residues, but shoot biomass was not affected when it was grown in the presence of ruzigrass shoots or roots alone. In pots where ruzigrass residues were undisturbed, common bean biomass yield was decreased. Nitrogen concentration in common bean shoot was not affected by ruzigrass shoot on the soil surface, an evidence that the observed decrease in common bean growth probably was due to allelopathic effects rather than competition for nitrogen.

Rendimento de grãos de feijão e nível de dano econômico sob dois períodos de competição com Euphorbia heterophylla

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da interferência de Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) em diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura sobre o rendimento do feijoeiro e seus componentes e o nível de dano econômico (NDE). O experimento foi conduzido em campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas oito densidades de EPHHL (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 e 142 pl m-2) e, nas subparcelas, duas épocas de semeadura da infestante (12 dias antes da semeadura do feijoeiro e simultaneamente à cultura). As perdas de rendimento da cultura do feijão foram diretamente proporcionais à densidade de plantas de EPHHL. A implantação simultânea das espécies cultivada e daninha resultou em perda máxima de 48% no rendimento de grãos de feijão, enquanto a semeadura de EPHHL 12 dias antes do feijoeiro resultou em perda de 60% no rendimento de grãos. O número de legumes por planta foi o principal componente do rendimento afetado pela competição. Cada planta de EPHHL reduziu em 2,4 e 5,5% o rendimento de grãos de feijoeiro, para as situações de implantação simultânea e 12 dias antes da semeadura da cultura, respectivamente. Análise de sensibilidade indicou que os valores de NDE dependeram da época de implantação da planta daninha, da expectativa de rendimento da cultura, da eficiência do herbicida, do valor do produto colhido e do custo do controle. Entretanto, em todas as simulações, o NDE foi muito baixo (<3,3 plantas m-2), enfatizando a necessidade de herbicidas residuais para evitar perdas econômicas na cultura.

APPLICATION HEIGHT IN HERBICIDES EFFICIENCY IN BEAN CROPS

ABSTRACTInadequate herbicide application can result in failures in weed control and/or poisoning of the crops, resulting in yield losses. In this research were assessed the effects of the sprayer nozzle boom height in the distribution of the spray solution for weed control, influencing intoxication of beans and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory, the performance of flat spray tip TT 11002 was assessed at heights 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 meters with respect to the target surface. In the field the same heights were assessed in applications of herbicides fomesafen, fluazifop-P-butyl and fomesafen + fluazifop-P-butyl. There was an inverse relationship between the height of the spray boom and the coefficients of variation of the patterns. The mixture better efficiency in a tank of fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen was obtained with the height of 0.50 m from the target. This treatment resulted in better weed control, lower poisoning of the bean plants and better crop yield rates.

Isolamento de oligossacarídeos de xiloglucano de dicotiledôneas através de hidrólise enzimática e cromatografia de exclusão molecular

Oligossacarídeos derivados do xiloglucano, um polissacarídeo constituinte da parede celular vegetal, vêm sendo considerados como moléculas capazes de sinalizar e/ou regular eventos relacionados ao crescimento e à expansão celular. A purificação desses oligossacarídeos é imprescindível para a realização de ensaios relativos à sua atividade biológica. Neste trabalho, xiloglucanos foram extraídos a partir de sementes de copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.) e suspensões celulares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e hidrolisados com celulase (endo-glucanase) para obtenção dos oligossacarídeos de xiloglucano, os OXGs. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a técnica de cromatografia dupla em gel de exclusão molecular foi eficiente para purificação dos oligossacarídeos, apresentando OXGs dos tipos XLLG e XXXG com grau de pureza próximo a 90%, e do tipo XXFG próximo de 80%.

Amphipleuraceae (Bacillariophyceae) do alto da bacia do Ribeirão Cambé, Londrina, Brasil

A bacia do Ribeirão Cambé localiza-se na região urbana da cidade de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, recebendo esgotos domésticos e industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a riqueza de Amphipleuraceae no alto da bacia do Ribeirão Cambé juntamente com informações morfológicas das espécies. As coletas foram sazonais, nos meses de novembro de 2001 e fevereiro, maio e setembro de 2002. As espécies identificadas foram: Amphipleura lindheimeri Kützing, Frustulia neomundana Lange-Bertalot & Rumrich, F. pumilio Rumrich & Lange-Bertalot, F. undosa Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, F. vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni e F. weinholdii Hustedt. Três Frustulia não foram identificadas no nível de espécie.

Inheritance of anthracnose resistance in common bean genotypes P.I. 207262 and AB 136

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines P.I. 207262 and AB 136, both resistant to delta and kappa races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, were crossed with Michelite, Dark Red Kidney, and Perry Marrow, susceptible to both races, and with Cornell 49-242, resistant to delta and susceptible to kappa. F1 and F2 reactions demonstrated that P.I. 207262 carries duplicate dominant genes for resistance to the delta race; AB 136 carries a dominant gene. These resistance genes are independent of the Are gene from Cornell 49-242. With respect to the kappa race, F1 and F2 data showed that the resistance controlled by P.I. 207262 and by AB 136 depends on a single dominant gene. Complementary factors were involved with AB 136 resistance to the delta race and with P.I. 207262 resistance to kappa.

Stability of Natural Colorants of Plant Origin

In recent years, there have been studies that show a correlation between the hyperactivity of children and use of artificial food additives, including colorants. This has, in part, led to preference of natural products over products with artificial additives. Consumers have also become more aware of health issues. Natural food colorants have many bioactive functions, mainly vitamin A activity of carotenoids and antioxidativity, and therefore they could be more easily accepted by the consumers. However, natural colorant compounds are usually unstable, which restricts their usage. Microencapsulation could be one way to enhance the stability of natural colorant compounds and thus enable better usage for them as food colorants. Microencapsulation is a term used for processes in which the active material is totally enveloped in a coating or capsule, and thus it is separated and protected from the surrounding environment. In addition to protection by the capsule, microencapsulation can also be used to modify solubility and other properties of the encapsulated material, for example, to incorporate fat-soluble compounds into aqueous matrices. The aim of this thesis work was to study the stability of two natural pigments, lutein (carotenoid) and betanin (betalain), and to determine possible ways to enhance their stability with different microencapsulation techniques. Another aim was the extraction of pigments without the use of organic solvents and the development of previously used extraction methods. Stability of pigments in microencapsulated pigment preparations and model foods containing these were studied by measuring the pigment content after storage in different conditions. Preliminary studies on the bioavailability of microencapsulated pigments and sensory evaluation for consumer acceptance of model foods containing microencapsulated pigments were also carried out. Enzyme-assisted oil extraction was used to extract lutein from marigold (Tagetes erecta) flower without organic solvents, and the yield was comparable to solvent extraction of lutein from the same flowers. The effects of temperature, extraction time, and beet:water ratio on extraction efficiency of betanin from red beet (Beta vulgaris) were studied and the optimal conditions for maximum yield and maximum betanin concentration were determined. In both cases, extraction at 40 °C was better than extraction at 80 °C and the extraction for five minutes was as efficient as 15 or 30 minutes. For maximum betanin yield, the beet:water ratio of 1:2 was better, with possibly repeated extraction, but for maximum betanin concentration, a ratio of 1:1 was better. Lutein was incorporated into oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions with a polar oil fraction from oat (Avena sativa) as an emulsifier and mixtures of guar gum and xanthan gum or locust bean gum and xanthan gum as stabilizers to retard creaming. The stability of lutein in these emulsions was quite good, with 77 to 91 percent of lutein being left after storage in the dark at 20 to 22°C for 10 weeks whereas in spray dried emulsions the retention of lutein was 67 to 75 percent. The retention of lutein in oil was also good at 85 percent. Betanin was incorporated into the inner w1 water phase of a water1-in-oil-inwater2 (w1/o/w2) double emulsion with primary w1/o emulsion droplet size of 0.34 μm and secondary w1/o/w2 emulsion droplet size of 5.5 μm and encapsulation efficiency of betanin of 89 percent. In vitro intestinal lipid digestion was performed on the double emulsion, and during the first two hours, coalescence of the inner water phase droplets was observed, and the sizes of the double emulsion droplets increased quickly because of aggregation. This period also corresponded to gradual release of betanin, with a final release of 35 percent. The double emulsion structure was retained throughout the three-hour experiment. Betanin was also spray dried and incorporated into model juices with different pH and dry matter content. Model juices were stored in the dark at -20, 4, 20–24 or 60 °C (accelerated test) for several months. Betanin degraded quite rapidly in all of the samples and higher temperature and a lower pH accelerated degradation. Stability of betanin was much better in the spray dried powder, with practically no degradation during six months of storage in the dark at 20 to 24 °C and good stability also for six months in the dark at 60 °C with 60 percent retention. Consumer acceptance of model juices colored with spray dried betanin was compared with similar model juices colored with anthocyanins or beet extract. Consumers preferred beet extract and anthocyanin colored model juices over juices colored with spray dried betanin. However, spray dried betanin did not impart any off-odors or off-flavors into the model juices contrary to the beet extract. In conclusion, this thesis describes novel solvent-free extraction and encapsulation processes for lutein and betanin from plant sources. Lutein showed good stability in oil and in o/w emulsions, but slightly inferior in spray dried emulsions. In vitro intestinal lipid digestion showed a good stability of w1/o/w2 double emulsion and quite high retention of betanin during digestion. Consumer acceptance of model juices colored with spray dried betanin was not as good as model juices colored with anthocyanins, but addition of betanin to real berry juice could produce better results with mixture of added betanin and natural berry anthocyanins could produce a more acceptable color. Overall, further studies are needed to obtain natural colorants with good stability for the use in food products.

Differential effect of plant lectins on mast cells of different origins

Histamine release induced by plant lectins was studied with emphasis on the carbohydrate specificity, external calcium requirement, metal binding sites, and mast cell heterogeneity and on the importance of antibodies bound to the mast cell membrane to the lectin effect. Peritoneal mast cells were obtained by direct lavage of the rat peritoneal cavity and guinea pig intestine and hamster cheek pouch mast cells were obtained by dispersion with collagenase type IA. Histamine release was induced with concanavalin A (Con A), lectins from Canavalia brasiliensis, mannose-specific Cymbosema roseum, Maackia amurensis, Parkia platycephala, Triticum vulgaris (WGA), and demetallized Con A and C. brasiliensis, using 1-300 µg/ml lectin concentrations applied to Wistar rat peritoneal mast cells, peaking on 26.9, 21.0, 29.1, 24.9, 17.2, 10.7, 19.9, and 41.5%, respectively. This effect was inhibited in the absence of extracellular calcium. The lectins were also active on hamster cheek pouch mast cells (except demetallized Con A) and on Rowett nude rat (animal free of immunoglobulins) peritoneal mast cells (except for mannose-specific C. roseum, P. platycephala and WGA). No effect was observed in guinea pig intestine mast cells. Glucose-saturated Con A and C. brasiliensis also released histamine from Wistar rat peritoneal mast cells. These results suggest that histamine release induced by lectins is influenced by the heterogeneity of mast cells and depends on extracellular calcium. The results also suggest that this histamine release might occur by alternative mechanisms, because the usual mechanism of lectins is related to their binding properties to metals from which depend the binding to sugars, which would be their sites to bind to immunoglobulins. In the present study, we show that the histamine release by lectins was also induced by demetallized lectins and by sugar-saturated lectins (which would avoid their binding to other sugars). Additionally, the lectins also released histamine from Rowett nude mast cells that are free of immunoglobulins.