988 resultados para 800.874
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植物细胞壁富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白生化特性及基因克隆的研究分成三部分: 第一部分,首先从胡萝卜愈伤组织的细胞壁中获得0.2M氯气钙可溶性蛋白质组分, 经10% TCA沉淀及羧甲基纤维素层析,分离得到一个伸展蛋白,并以SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,氨基酸组成分析,分子电镜观察对所得的伸展蛋白进行了鉴定,结果表明,在胡萝卜愈伤组织中只存在一种伸展蛋白;SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的考马斯蓝染色和PAS反应均为阳性,表明伸展蛋白除蛋白质组分还含有糖基;氨基酸组成分析表明,羟脯氨酸的克分子含量约占全部氨基酸的40%,丝氨酸的克分子含量约为羟脯氨酸的四分之一,含有大量的碱性和中性氨基酸,而只含有非常少量的酸性氨基酸,并且这些氨基酸克分子百分数也接近于胡萝卜富含羟脯氨酸糖蚤白基因推测出的克分子百分数。这些结果表明已经得到了一个电泳纯的伸展蛋白。伸展蛋白分子电镜观察证明它是一个棒状分子,长度为87纳米。 第二部分,用得到的伸展蛋白免疫家兔和大鼠,得到的抗体的免疫双扩散效价分别为1:2和1:1,用酶联免疫吸附分析测定的兔抗体效价为1:12,800,同时还建立了竞争性酶联免疫吸附分析测定伸展蛋白含量的标准曲线,线性范围为10-0.00001微克。利用得到的抗体对大豆下胚轴伸展蛋白的合成进行了研究。免疫荧光定位表明,大豆下胚轴表皮细胞及表皮下几层薄壁细胞有大量的荧光标记,并且这些荧光标记大部分分布在细胞质内。大豆下胚轴O.lM Tris-HCl pH7.4和0.2M氯化钙的提取物Western Blotting分析证明0.2M氯化钙提取物有与胡萝卜伸展蛋白电流性质相似的组分,并且这个组分在真菌诱导物处理的大豆下胚轴中的积累明显高于受伤处理的下胚轴。受伤和真菌诱导物处理大豆下胚轴中伸展蛋白积累的变化已经用Western Blotting分析和斑点酶联免疫吸附分析来观察,发现真菌诱导物处理的对灰斑病抗性的大豆下胚轴能够较快地积累伸展蛋白(24 - 48小时),而敏感品系的大豆下胚轴则合成伸展蛋白较晚(43-72小时)。在观察大豆下胚轴免疫荧光定位也发现类似的结果。对伸展蛋白基因的转录活性的初步研究认为抗性品系的大豆下胚轴同源mRNA转录可能早于24小时,而敏感品系大豆下胚轴同源mRNA转录可能在24小时后。以上结果认为大豆下胚轴含同源的mRNA和蛋白质组分,因此推测大豆基因组DNA有伸展蛋白基因。 第三部分,根据第二部分得到的结果,用已经得到的编码胡萝卜伸展蛋白的基因(克隆于pUC8质粒载体中)作探针,与大豆基因组DNA的EcoRI部分酶解片段杂交寻找大豆伸展蛋白基因,已经发现四个片段与探针DNA有同源性。它们的分子量分别约为23kb,8kb,5kb和2.8kb,并且23kb片段可能有更高的同源性。将23kb片段插入pUC9质粒载体上进行可隆,并用菌落原位杂交筛选获得5个克隆,对其中两个克隆用ECoRI酶解并进行分子杂交分析,重组质粒被EcoRI切成四个片段。2.8kb片段为pUC9栽体,2kb片段为与pDC5AI质粒伸展蛋白同源性较好的片段。对于23kb片段的重组质粒有待于进一步的分析。
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Detection and perception of ecological relationships between biota and their surrounding habitats is sensitive to analysis scale and resolution of habitat data. We measured strength of univariate linear correlations between reef fish and seascape variables at multiple spatial scales (25 to 800 m). Correlation strength was used to identify the scale that best associates fish to their surrounding habitat. To evaluate the influence of map resolution, seascape variables were calculated based on 4 separate benthic maps produced using 2 levels of spatial and thematic resolution, respectively. Individual seascape variables explained only 25% of the variability in fish distributions. Length of reef edge was correlated with more aspects of the fish assemblage than other features. Area of seagrass and bare sand correlated with distribution of many fish, not just obligate users. No fish variables correlated with habitat diversity. Individual fish species achieved a wider range of correlations than mobility guilds or the entire fish assemblage. Scales of peak correlation were the same for juveniles and adults in a majority of comparisons. Highly mobile species exhibited broader scales of peak correlation than either resident or moderately mobile fish. Use of different input maps changed perception of the strength and even the scale of peak correlations for many comparisons involving hard bottom edge length and area of sand, whereas results were consistent regardless of map type for comparisons involving area of seagrass and habitat diversity.
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本文采用树脂复型法对裸子植物红豆杉的管胞,木本单子叶植物竹和棕榈藤木质部中各种管状分子(主要是导管和管胞)的内壁结构进行了研究;采用原子力显微镜对玉米和小麦根内皮层细胞内切向壁的表面结构进行了探索性的研究;用光学显微镜并结合荧光技术对典型的旱生、中生及水生植物根内皮层的次生加厚壁进行了比较观察;同时辅以传统的组织切片法对以上研究结果做了进一步的论证。 采用树脂复型法,不仅可观察到常规解剖法所能展示的结构,而且还可清晰地观察到管状分子间具缘纹孔对等常规方法所难以显示的三维构造,并对其各项结构参数进行了定量测量。结果表明:裸子植物管胞和竹、藤管状分子具缘纹孔的内、外口比例分别约为3:1 和1:1,其它各项结构参数均存在较大差别。此外,在云南省藤和桂竹等导管内壁上还观察到瘤层结构,瘤体直径大小为200-800纳米之间。 旱生植物内皮层细胞内切向壁的闪生加厚最为明显,水生植物的加厚程度最微弱,而中生植物则介于两类植物之间。玉米内皮层细胞内切向壁的内表面起伏不平,并具有70-90纳米的“孔状”质外体结构,其频率约为2,000个/平方微米。
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As nearshore fish populations decline, many commercial fishermen have shifted fishing effort to deeper continental slope habitats to target fishes for which biological information is limited. One such fishery that developed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean in the early 1980s was for the blackgill rockfish (Sebastes melanostomus), a deep-dwelling (300−800 m) species that congregates over rocky pinnacles, mainly from southern California to southern Oregon. Growth zone-derived age estimates from otolith thin sections were compared to ages obtained from the radioactive disequilibria of 210Pb, in relation to its parent, 226Ra, in otolith cores of blackgill rockfish. Age estimates were validated up to 41 years, and a strong pattern of agreement supported a longevity exceeding 90 years. Age and length data fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth function indicated that blackgill rockfish are slow-growing (k= 0.040 females, 0.068 males) and that females grow slower than males, but reach a greater length. Age at 50% maturity, derived from previously published length-at-maturity estimates, was 17 years for males and 21 years for females. The results of this study agree with general life history traits already recognized for many Sebastes species, such as long life, slow growth, and late age at maturation. These traits may undermine the sustainability of blackgill rockfish populations when heavy fishing pressure, such as that which occurred in the 1980s, is applied.
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羊草(Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. )又称碱草,隶属禾本科,赖草属,因其营养价值高,富含蛋白质,适口性好,抗旱,耐盐碱,耐贫瘠,抗逆性强,适应性广等优点,对我国发展草原畜牧业和退化草地、荒漠化治理方面具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,由于自然环境变劣,荒漠化加剧,以及过度放牧等不利影响,加之羊草本身固有的“三低”问题(即结实率低、出苗率低、产草量低)已对羊草生物多样性维持构成了严重的威胁,严重限制了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良和沙化治理的步伐。加强羊草生物学研究,开展羊草种质生物多样性保护,成为当前研究的紧迫课题。经对国内外相关文献的查新发现:国外发表的文献匮乏,国内的报导大多集中在草原生态等宏观领域,在羊草繁殖生物学方面缺乏系统的研究。本文以本课题组从国内外收集的羊草资源为材料,从以下几个方面进行了初步探索: 一、羊草繁殖性状与遗传多样性分子标记指标的相关分析。利用分子标记与形态标记对随机抽取的17份羊草种质进行了种质评估的比较研究。结果表明:两种方法均在17份供试材料中鉴别出9份羊草种质,说明分子标记方法用于羊草种质资源鉴定是可行的,并具有快速、准确、不受环境条件限制等优点。在40个10 Mer的随机引物当中筛选出21个有效引物,以之对9份羊草材料进行RAPD 分析,共扩增出115条带,其中95条带表现出多态性,多态比率82.61%,并筛选出S1213-900,S1213-1700,S1215-5500, S1396-1370,S1384-900,S1202-5180,S1220-2200,S1381-1580,S1211-1300,S1211-800为羊草种质所具有的10个特异性标记,据此可将羊草种质与披肩草、赖草加以区分。同时在羊草种内亦发现13条可区分供试羊草种质的特有标记。形态标记与分子标记相关性分析结果显示:羊草种质的小穗数,种子千粒重,叶色,有性繁殖量和结实率5个形态学指标与遗传多样性指标---特有带百分率及遗传距离之间,存在一定相关性。同时对羊草种质资源在收集和评价过程中存在的问题进行了探讨。 二、羊草不同基因型无性繁殖特性比较研究。以本课题组从吉林、内蒙古等省份收集的10个基因型羊草为供试材料,在相同的生态因子作用下,以吉生1号羊草为对照,对10个基因型羊草的叶数增量、芽数增量、芽高度、芽间距、芽重量、根量六个无性系形态性状指标进行测评。结果表明:基因型的差异也是影响羊草无性系生长发育的重要影响因子。因此,在今后的羊草无性繁殖生物学研究中,应综合考虑环境因子和基因型因子对羊草无性繁殖生长发育的影响。在所测评的10个基因型中,各基因型的形态性状指标差异很大,栽3基因型较其他基因型优于对照吉生1号,此结论可为今后培育羊草新种提供重要资料。 三、羊草幼穗离体培养方法的建立。其方法是取羊草幼穗为外植体,经0.1%升汞溶液表面消毒后,接种到含2mg/L的2,4-D的MS培养基上,置于恒温25℃条件下诱导愈伤组织。在加有1mg/L2,4-D的MS培养基上继代2次后,转移到含1mg/L KT和0.5mg/LNAA的MS培养基上分化培养得到再生芽。在除去激素后的基本培养基上获得了生根的试管苗。试管苗移栽到温室后生长正常。羊草试管苗的分化因基因型和外源激素条件的不同而异。 四、羊草有性生殖特性的研究。在自然条件下进行了羊草自交、异交结实性实验,采用FDA染色法检测羊草小孢子活性,并观测羊草雌蕊、雄蕊发育的时空特点。结果表明:在大田中羊草异交结实率远大于其自交结实率;成熟花药中有活性的花粉达到92.2%以上;同时,在发育时间顺序和空间结构上,羊草的雌蕊、雄蕊并不妨碍自体授粉。因此,初步结论认为羊草具自交不和性。
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The effects of seasonal and regional differences in diet composition on the food requirements of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were estimated by using a bioenergetic model. The model considered differences in the energy density of the prey, and differences in digestive efficiency and the heat increment of feeding of different diets. The model predicted that Steller sea lions in southeast Alaska required 45–60% more food per day in early spring (March) than after the breeding season in late summer (August) because of seasonal changes in the energy density of the diets (along with seasonal changes in energy requirements). The southeast Alaska population, at 23,000 (±1660 SD) animals (all ages), consumed an estimated 140,000 (±27,800) t of prey in 1998. In contrast, we estimated that the 51,000 (±3680) animals making up the western Alaska population in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands consumed just over twice this amount (303,000 [±57,500] t). In terms of biomass removed in 1998 from Alaskan waters, we estimated that Steller sea lions accounted for about 5% of the natural mortality of gadids (pollock and cod) and up to 75% of the natural mortality of hexagrammids (adult Atka mackerel). These two groups of species were consumed in higher amounts than any other. The predicted average daily food requirement per individual ranged from 16 (±2.8) to 20 (±3.6) kg (all ages combined). Per capita food requirements differed by as much as 24% between regions of Alaska depending on the relative amounts of low–energy-density prey (e.g. gadids) versus high–energy-density prey (e.g. forage fish and salmon) consumed. Estimated requirements were highest in regions where Steller sea lions consumed higher proportions of low–energy-density prey and experienced the highest rates of population decline
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Portunus pelagicus was collected at regular intervals from two marine embayments and two estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia and from a large embayment located approximately 800 km farther north. The samples were used to obtain data on the reproductive biology of this species in three very different environments. Unlike females, the males show a loosening of the attachment of the abdominal flap to the cephalothorax at a prepubertal rather than a pubertal molt. Males become gonadally mature (spermatophores and seminal fluid present in the medial region of the vas deferentia) at a very similar carapace width (CW) to that at which they achieve morphometric maturity, as reflected by a change in the relative size of the largest cheliped. Logistic curves, derived from the prevalence of mature male P. pelagicus, generally had wider confidence limits with morphometric than with gonadal data. This presumably reflects the fact that the morphometric (allometric) method of classifying a male P. pelagicus as mature employs probabilities and is thus indirect, whereas gonadal structure allows a mature male to be readily identified. However, the very close correspondence between the CW50’s derived for P. pelagicus by the two methods implies that either method can be used for management purposes. Portunus pelagicus attained maturity at a significantly greater size in the large embayment than in the four more southern bodies of water, where water temperatures were lower and the densities of crabs and fishing pressure were greater. As a result of the emigration of mature female P. pelagicus from estuaries, the CW50’s derived by using the prevalence of mature females in estuaries represent overestimates for those populations as a whole. Estimates of the number of egg batches produced in a spawning season ranged from one in small crabs to three in large crabs. These data, together with the batch fecundities of different size crabs, indicate that the estimated number of eggs produced by P. pelagicus during the spawning season ranges from about 78,000 in small crabs (CW=80 mm) to about 1,000,000 in large crabs (CW=180 mm).
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Otoliths from blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus), were aged by using a combination of surface and break-and-burn methods. The samples were collected between 1978 and 1998 off central and northern California. Annual growth increments in the otoliths were validated by using edge analysis for females up to age 23 and for males to age 25.The first annual growth increment was identified by comparing the diameter of the otolith from fish known to be one year old collected in May (when translucent zone formation was completed) to the mean diameter of the first translucent zone in the otoliths from older fish. Our estimated maxi-mum ages of 44 years for males and 41 years for females were much older than those reported in previous studies. Von Bertalanffy growth models were developed for each sex. Females grew faster and reached larger maximum length than males. The growth models were similar to those generated in other studies of this species in southern and central California. Fish from northern and central California had similar maximum sizes, maximum ages, and growth model parameters.
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The bycatch of Australia’s northern prawn fishery (NPF) comprises 56 elasmobranch species (16 families). The impact of this fishery on the sustainability of these species has not been addressed. We obtained estimates of catch rates and the within-net survival of elasmobranchs. Carcharhinus tilstoni, C. dussumieri, Rhynchobatus djiddensis, and Himantura toshi represented 65% of the bycatch. For most species, >50% of individuals in the bycatch were immature, and some species recruited to the fishery at birth. For all species combined, 66% of individuals in the bycatch died in the trawl net. The relative sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch was examined by ranking species with respect to their susceptibility to capture and mortality due to prawn trawling and with respect to their capacity to recover once the population was depleted. The species that were least likely to be sustainable were four species of pristids, Dasyatis brevicaudata, and Himantura jenkinsii. These are bottom-associated batoids that feed on benthic organisms and are highly susceptible to capture in prawn trawls. The recovery capacity of these species was also low according to our criteria. Our results provide a valuable first step towards ensuring the sustainability of elasmobranchs that are caught as bycatch by highlighting species for management and research. The effectiveness of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in reducing elasmobranch bycatch varied greatly among species but was generally not very effective because most of the captured species were small.
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The commercial aquaculture feed industry in Egypt is growing at a rapid rate. As a result, the number of fish feed mills has increased from just 5 mills producing about 20,000 t per year in 1999, to over 60 mills with a current production estimate of 800,000–1,000,000 t/year. The performance of the aquafeed industry in Egypt is not well understood, as the value chain structure has not yet been mapped. This study aims to assess the status of the fish feed sector in Egypt, with an emphasis on: mapping and understanding fish feed value chains, describing the main actors and stakeholders within the chain, assessing value chain performance, identifying major strengths and weakness of the sector, and suggesting appropriate actions, management and development strategies.
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本文主要通过大量的植物群落学调查和植被、环境状况的数量分析,分别从植物区系、森林群落及其主要木本物种、干扰和物种多样性五个方面分析了三峡大老岭地区山地植被景观的空间格局及其与环境因子的关系,结果表明: 1) 植物区系:科的分布区类型以热带性质为主;属一级温带性质明显,北温带、东亚和泛热带诸分布类型突出;区系上属于华中植物区系地区的东部。 2) 在垂直梯度上:种子植物属热带分布诸类的比例自海拔400至800米(~1100米)之间呈上升趋势,然后下降;温带分布的第8、9、10、11类随海拔而上升;地中海-中亚中心分布的第12、13类只见于比较干热的河谷地带;东亚分布和中国特有属在海拔900~1100m和1600~1800m段取得小的峰值;世界分布属的比例随海拔而上升,蕨类植物属则相反。 分别用种子植物属的分布型比列构成,和全部521个属的种类数量,对15个海拔段作聚类分析:前者首先反应了海拔1100~1200m处的划分,与植被干扰状况的垂直分布差异一致;后者强调了海拔900/1000m和1800/1900m 处的分异,可能反映了地带性常绿阔叶林基带/常绿落叶阔叶混交林带,和常绿落叶阔叶林带/落叶阔叶林带的分异。 3) 对本地区森林植被的数量分类结果表明:基本上可以分为中低海拔次生落叶 针阔混交林和中高海拔山地常绿落叶阔混交林两大群。第一群主要包括栓皮栎林-杉木林-马尾松林组(低海拔段)和短柄抱栎林-锥栗林组(中低海拔段)。第二群包括中低海拔沟谷常绿阔叶林组、中海拔段常绿落叶阔叶混交林组和高海拔段米心水青冈林-茅栗林组。 DCCA排序区分了11个群落类型或群落组。采用的7个地貌因子变量中效果显著的可归纳为三组:①海拔,主要反映热量和降水梯度;②坡度和坡位,可能主要反映土壤厚度及其水分和养分状况;③坡向及坡位,反映光照条件。其中植被格局的海拔梯度效应最显著。沿海拔梯度分段分析上述诸因子对植被格局差异影响的垂直分布,表明海拔因子的局部效应在海拔600-800m和1500-1700m段最显著;坡向的效应在海拔1600m以上最突出;坡面、坡位、坡形、坡度等因子的作用在海拔中部最大。对植被格局影响因子的贡献进行定量分离,表明地形对对大老岭森林格局具有强烈的控制作用。 4) 对大老岭森林植被275个主要的木本种类进行TWINSPAN分类,得到16个种组;DCCA排序结果将上述16组合并为8群,两方面都主要反映了沿海拔和坡位+坡向的分化;海拔中部的局部地形差异导致物种组的分化比两端更细致和强烈。 根据物种生活型及其在植物群落中的地位,分6个种组进行排序和环境解释,表明:①尽管低海拔地段受到强烈人为干扰,常绿种类仍显示了数量和性质沿海拔梯度的变化;②珍稀物种在海拔梯度上形成两个相对集中的区段,大致对应于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘;③先锋树种在中低海拔的中上坡位富集;④在中、高海拔的中低坡位,落叶的乔木伴生种显示了极大的多样性;⑤为数不多的针叶树种在海拔和局部地形梯度上也有明确分异;⑥它们和落叶的栎(Quercus)、栗(Castanea)、水青冈(Fagus)、鹅耳枥(Carpinus)属物种在大老岭地区不同地形部位的植被中起着主要的建群作用。 具体统计海拔梯度上,常绿和落叶的乔、灌木4类物种分布的种数变化表明:海拔1100m以下人为活动干扰与木本物种多样性呈一致的负相关;海拔1100m以上常绿种减少与与落叶种的增加形成对照;1100~1700m之间是落叶乔木种最丰富的地段,海拔1700m以上四类物种数量急剧下降,与山顶脊附近生境多样性降低、植物群落类型趋同有关。另外,典型亚热带的棕榈和蕉只见于海拔1000m以下;针叶树种以海拔1150m左右为界分成两组。前述4类物种的分布边界在海拔850~1050m和海拔1650~1750m之间形成比较明显的峰值,基本对应着山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘。 根据海拔分布范围,将样方中出现的558种木本植物按常绿乔/灌种和落叶乔/灌种分别分成5个热量生态类群。统计各自的面分比表明:a. 落叶灌木种的多样性分布重心在海拔梯度上的位置比落叶乔木种高,常绿种则相反,因此灌木和类的分布特征能更好的反映次生环境中的植被-气候关系;b. 在海拔850~1850m的木本物种形成巨大的多样性,仅出现于这一段的物种也很可观;亲缘物种的分化和替代突出,反映其对生物多样性发生和维持的意义重大;c. 亚热带中山地带对落叶种生物多样性的意义远大于常绿种。 5)统计全部群落样方内枯立木、倒伏木、断头木和伐桩四类受干扰木的大小、数量、物种以反映地形对干扰的影响:①枯立木以2~15cm径级个体为主,小径级的树种选择性不强,主要分布在山南坡口上坡位,海拔1800m以上尤多,在陡峭的坡地中部减少;其大径级个体的物种构成和分布格局反映了与生境干旱有关干扰的存在。②倒伏木主要分布在海拔1200~1800m之间坡面中部和顶脊两侧,发生频率与坡度成正比;坡地中部以中、小径级阳性树种为主,山坡顶脊两侧的倒伏木则多为大径级的群落优势种。③断头木主要分布在海拔1200~1700m,和海拔1900m以上。小径级的断头木分布格局接近于枯立木,较大径级的断头木则多与倒伏木的分布相关,断头木中少有典型的阳性树种,主要由林下荫耐种构成。④人为砍伐的伐桩主要为中大径级的植被建群种或优势种个体,在海拔1000m以下,1100-1200m和1600-1800m形成三个峰值,其分布主要与人口密度、生产方式、林木种类以及交通运输便捷程度有关,通常沟谷和山脊线上的伐桩密度较大。大老岭地区人为干扰主要反映在海拔1100m以下,自然干扰的格局在海拔1100m以上才得到反映。 6)在不同取样尺度上,对大老岭地区森林群落各层次α多样性和β多样性的空间格局分析表明:i. 乔木层α多样性在海拔1200-1800m之间取值较高,灌木、草本层α多样性的垂直梯度不显著,但在海拔1200-1800m之间的波动变化较为剧烈,南坡面有最丰富的灌木层多样性而西坡乔木层的物种最丰;从植被整体上,海拔1000m以下物种丰富度较低,1000-1700m之间变化剧烈,1700m以上丰富度水平较高。ii. 海拔1000-2000m之间94个样方中,乔、灌、草三层多种生物多样性指数变化影响因子的大小顺序是:坡位>海拔>坡向>坡面>坡度>坡形。乔、灌、草各层几种多样性指数在多维的地形因子梯度上形成各异的分布格局,反映了山地物种多样性格局控制因子的多样性和多尺度,及局部地形因子对景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局的强烈影响。iii.对海拔1050m和1670m处植被α多样性的变尺度分析表明:随取样尺度增大,低海拔乔木、灌木层α多样性增长速率比高海拔大;后者草本层的多样性增长比较快。海拔1050m处群落各层的α多样性在800m~2尺度上渐近稳定;海拔1670m处,400m~2尺度上各层α多样性指数已基本稳定。 南、北、西坡面β多样性沿海拔梯度大致减少,在海拔1600m以上更明显,在海拔梯度中部变化剧烈。反映不同坡面上群落间异质性水平是:西坡>北坡>南坡。 在对植被、环境上述各个方面的格局特征分析基础上,对三峡地区侵入岩山地类型建立了一个综合的植被景观格局模式。 文章最后就两个景观尺度植被-环境的综合性问题进行了讨论:1)气候、植物区系、植被和物种分布等对老岭以至于三峡地区和亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的位置、宽度的反映;和气候、地形、干扰等因子对这一生态过渡带格局和动态的影响;2)三峡地区生物多样性垂直分布的特征、维持和变化的现代机制,以及保护的重点和策略
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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): The characterization of inter-decadal climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere is severely constrained by the shortness of the instrumental climate records. To help relieve this constraint, we have developed and analyzed a reconstruction of warm-season (November-April) temperatures from Tasmanian tree rings that now extends back to 800 BC. A detailed analysis of this reconstruction in the time and frequency domains indicates that much of the inter-decadal variability is principally confined to four frequency bands with mean periods of 31, 57, 77, and 200 years. ... In so doing, we show how a future greenhouse warming signal over Tasmania could be masked by these natural oscillations unless they are taken into account.
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本文主要通过样线法和样方法相结合,进行了大量的群落学调查和分析,分别从植物区系、物种多样性的垂直分布格局和森林群落类型三个方面分析了神农架植被的基本特征及其物种多样性,结果表明: 1.神农架地区具有很高的物种丰富度,有高等植物3,479种,隶属于1,010属,202科。 其中,蕨类植物305种,80属,32科;种子植物3,174种,930属,170科,其中裸子植物32种,19属,6科,被子植物3,142种,911属,164科;单子叶植物501种,175属,21科,双子叶植物2,641种,736属,143科。植物区系属的分布区类型中北温带分布型最多,其次为东亚分布、泛热带分布、东亚北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布以及热带亚洲分布。中国特有成分占5.65%,较全国的8.12%低。温热比(温带分布型(8-11)属数与热带分布型(2-7)属数的比值)为1.200,比全国(0.385)高。 调查样方中共出现高等植物784种,隶属于454属,144科,其中蕨类植物41种,32属,16科;种子植物743种,422属,128科,其中裸子植物20种,14属,5科,被子植物723种,408属,123科;单子叶植物86种,58属,11科,双子叶植物637种,350属,112科。属的分布区类型中北温带分布型最多,其次为东亚分布、泛热带分布、东亚北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布以及热带亚洲分布。温热比为1.52,草本层>乔木层>灌木层分别为2.18、1.76和1.14。 2.神农架植被类型多样,具有常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林、硬叶常绿阔叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸等自然植被类型。本文,依据乔木物种的重要值将神农架地区的森林植被划分出了69个类型。用Twinspan将调查的森林群落划分为32组,能基本上反映群落间相似的关系。 3.神农架地区具有完整的植被垂直带谱:海拔900 (1300) m以下为常绿阔叶林带;海拔900 (1300) m~1500 (1800)ⅡI为常绿落叶阔叶混交林带;海拔1500 (1800) m-2000 (2200)m为落叶阔叶林带;海拔2000 (2200) m~2400 (2600)m为针阔混交林带:海拔2400 (2600)m以上为亚高山针叶林带。神农架地区植被的垂直带的分化从总体上比较显著,但由于小生境的异质性和人为干扰,垂直带谱又具有一定的模糊性和次生性。南北坡具有一定的差异,但不十分明显,也说明神农架植被的过渡性。 4.神农架物种多样性的垂直分布格局。神农架的物种多样性与海拔的关系,类似于“中间膨胀”规律(mid-altitude bulge),在中低海拔处生物多样性最高。通过二次多项式回归拟合,得到如下拟合曲线: 1)海拔与总体物种数:y= _14.445x2+ 34.74lx+42.07,Xd=1.203km; 2)海拔与乔木层物种数:y=-6.9707x2+ 21.334x+0.2004,Xdrl.530km; 3)海拔与灌木层物种数:y=-6.1599x2+ 9.9747x+30.991,Xd=0.8 lOkm: 4)海拔与草本层物种数:y= _3.9907x2+ 10.455x+15.35,Xd-1.308km; 5)海拔与乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数:y=_0.3337x2+ 0.9877x+0.2537,Xd' 1.480km; 6)海拔与灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数:y=-0.1938xz+ 0.422lx+1.2103,Xd=1.089km: 7)海拔与草本层Shannon-Wiener指数:y=_0.1072x2+ 0.294lx+0.9954,Xd=1.372km; x为海拔( km),y为各物种多样性指标,Xd为物种多样性的最大时的海拔。 从这些拟合曲线中可以看出:总体物种多样性在海拔1200m左右的常绿落叶阔叶混交林带最高:乔木层物种多样性在海拔1500m左右的常绿落叶阔叶混交林带与落叶阔叶林的过渡带最高;灌木层物种多样性在海拔800-llOOm左右的常绿阔叶林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的过渡带最高;草本层物种多样性在海拔1300-1400m左右的常绿落叶阔叶混交林带最高。 但物种多样性随海拔变化有许多的起伏和波动。这些波动有些反映了群落的垂直带谱随海拔梯度变化的特点,在垂直带谱的过渡区物种多样性往往较高;有些波动反映了一些特殊的生境,有些反映了人为活动的影响,造成了神农架植被的次生性。因此,影响神农架物种多样性垂直分布的因素有:植被本身的性质和特点、过渡带的特点、生境的异质性和人为活动。 5.神农架植被水平地带性的过渡性。海拔1300m以下的植物属的分布区类型的温热比南坡总是比北坡小,而且相差十分显著,反映了神农架作为植被分界线的价值。神农架南坡的基带植被是常绿阔叶林,因此南坡属于中亚热带。北坡的基带植被,虽然也有常绿树种的零星分布,甚至有小块的常绿阔叶林,完全由于小生境所至,分布的主要类型是常绿落叶阔叶混交林,应属于北亚热带。因此,神农架是中、北亚热带重要的过渡地带。神农架地区中北亚热带的具体分界线宜按照分长江干流和汉水的水岭来划界,即猴子石、大窝坑、神农架、神农顶、老君山一线,南坡属于中亚热带,北坡属于北亚热带。 总之,神农架处于我国中、北亚热带的过渡带,具有过渡带的性质,具有很高的物种多样性,拥有完整的植被垂直带谱,具有多种多样的植物群落及其组成的生态系统。而且,具有我国许多特有植物和珍稀濒危保护植物和许多资源植物。因此,神农架植被在我国植被体系中具有重要的地位,是我国生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,是生物多样性保护的关键地区,也应是生物多样性研究的热点地区。 另外,调查分析了黄山和万朝山植被及其物种多样性与垂直分布格局,结果表明: 6.黄山样方中共出现高等植物259种,隶属于263属,110科,其中蕨类植物14种,II属,8科,种子植物345种,152属,105科,其中裸子植物9种,8属,6科,被子植物336种,144属,99科,其中单子叶植物37种,27属,6科,双子叶植物299种,117属,90科。属的分布区类型中北温带分布最多,其次为东亚分布和泛热带分布,再次为东亚北美间断分布、热带亚洲分布以及旧世界温带分布,与神农架和万朝山也较相似,但热带分布的属更多一些。温热比为1.1875,灌木层>草本层>乔木层,分别为1.3818、1.2609和1.2143。 黄山的森林植被类型有针叶林、常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和竹林。Twinspan将调查的森林群落划分为22组,反映群落间相似的关系,比较清楚和适用。依据乔木物种的重要值将森林植被划分出了34个类型。黄山物种多样性的与海拔的关系不十分明显。黄山植被的垂直带谱不是十分明显,将其垂直带谱划分为:海拔1300m(1500m)以下为常绿阔叶林带;海拔1300m(1500m)-1500m(1600m)常绿落叶阔叶混交林 带;1500m(1600m)以上为落叶阔叶林、黄山松林、山地灌木草丛带。垂直带谱在不同坡向上有差别,东、南、西坡的相似性较大,而北坡与其差别较大。 7.万朝山样方中共出现高等植物490种,隶属于339属,124科,其中蕨类植物21种,18属,11科,种子植物469种,321属,113科,其中裸子植物9种,7属,4科,被子植物460种,314属,109科,其中单子叶植物47种,37属,11科,双子叶植物413种,277属,98科。植物属的分布区类型中,北温带分布所占最多,其次为泛热带分布、东亚分布、东亚北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布以及热带亚洲分布,。温热比为1.3366,草本层>乔木层>灌木层,分别为1.5429、1.4063和1.0645。 万朝山的植被类型包括针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和常绿落时阔叶混交林,但没有典型的常绿阔叶林。依据乔木物种的重要值将森林植被划分出了20个类型。万朝山物种多样性与海拔的关系则不十分明显。万朝山的人为干扰比较强,植被的次生性很大,南、北坡物种多样性随海拔升高的起伏较大。