雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述

由于干旱、人口增长、地表水地下水污染等问题 ,人们对雨水资源的开发利用产生了极大的兴趣并进行了广泛的研究 ,而且已初步显示出雨水资源开发利用的巨大潜力。文中对雨水的汇集、蓄存、利用技术,雨水利用对区域环境的影响,雨水资源的评价,雨水利用的效益评估等方面的最新研究进行了全面的分析总结 ,同时 ,提出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题。

NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降影响初探

泥沙问题是黄河治理的关键，而黄河泥沙主要来源于中游黄土高原强烈的水土流失。在黄土高原，耕地水土流失面积占耕地总面积的71.3%［1］，其中坡耕地土壤流失量可占流域土壤总流失量的60%～70%［2］。水土流失时，土壤中的养分会随径流及侵蚀泥沙迁入水体［3］，使细颗粒泥沙发生絮凝或分散，而流失泥沙中细颗粒泥沙含量又往往高于耕层。细颗粒泥沙的絮凝或分散，对泥沙输移和沉积过程有重要作用，是造成水库、灌溉渠系以及港湾河口淤积的重要原因，也是研究高含沙水流、浑水淤灌，以及设计冲沙模型的基础［4］。同时， 侵蚀径流中细颗粒泥沙的絮凝或分散也会影响表土的导水率，从而影响水土流失量［5，6］。显然，研究细颗粒泥沙的絮凝或分散对揭示土壤侵蚀机理，以及研究泥沙输移、沉积规律具有重要的意义。但以往研究多侧重于咸淡水交界地区的水质和沙样，较少考虑盐度变化对细颗粒泥沙运动的影响［7］。本文拟以天然级配的细颗粒泥沙作为研究对象，探讨不同浓度NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝及沉降的影响，以期为有关问题的深入研究提供科学依据。1材料与方法1.1供试材料供试样为耕层（0～20cm）土，风干后过0.1mm筛，装袋备用。实验前测定泥沙吸湿含水量为3.3...

试论湿地生态系统的特点

湿地生态系统是一类介于陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡类型，是广泛分布于世界各地的一类重要而特殊的生态系统。本文在分析湿地生态系统结构的基础上，着重论述了湿地生态系统的特点，即高生产力，多样性，过渡性，脆弱性和两重性。

流域水土资源优化配置的几种方法比较

目前关于流域水土资源优化配置研究的特点表现为:对单项的水、土资源优化配置研究较多,把两者结合起来的研究较少;分别从宏观和微观两个尺度研究的较多,将两种尺度结合起来研究的较少;越来越重视资源配置模式下的生态系统服务功能状况及其能否满足特定区域可持续发展的需要;研究方法逐渐由定性向定量化转变,在定量研究中,较多使用一般线性规划、灰色线性规划、动态规划、多目标决策和系统动力学等方法;越来越重视以3S技术为基础,结合专业模型进行模拟,为水土资源配置和管理提供高质量的科学决策支持,但目前还没有建立完善的区域性的支持

Microstructure and mechanical property of Mg-8.31Gd-1.12Dy-0.38Zr alloy

The Mg-8.31Gd-1.12Dy-0.38Zr (mass%) alloy was prepared by casting technology, and the microstructure, age hardening behavior and mechanical property have been investigated. It is noted that the alpha-Mg and the different Mg-RE (RE = Gd/Dy) compounds are subsistent in the as-cast and annealed state samples. The age hardening behavior is observed during the investigated temperature range, and the alloy exhibits high Vickers hardness, excellent ultimate tensile strength and yield strength at peak hardness.

Research progress on noble metal composite nanoparticles

Noble metal composite nanoparticles, as attractive building blocks of advanced functional materials, have received enormous attentions due to their specific optical, electronic and catalytic properties that are distant from those of the corresponding monometal nanoparticles. Such materials have important applications in such areas as sensors, optical materials, catalysis and biology, and developed into an increasingly important research area in nanomaterials science. This article reviews the recent progress in the synthesis, properties, and applications of noble metal composite nanoparticles with core-shell, heterostructure, and alloy structure.

Synthesis of isomeric bis(amine anhydride)s for novel poly(amine imide)s by Pd-catalyzed amination of 4-chlorophthalic anhydride

Two novel bis(amine anhydride) monomers, N,N'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine dianhydride I and N,/N'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,3-phenylenediamine dianhydride 11, were prepared via palladium-catalyzed amination reaction of 4-chloro-N-methylphthaliniide with 1,4-phenylenediamine or 1,3-phenylenediamine, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(amine imide)s and subsequent dehydration of the resulting tetraacids. A series of new poly(amine imide)s were prepared from the synthesized dianhydride monomers with various diamines in NMP via conventional two-step method.

Development of durable carbon black/titanium dioxide supported macrocycle catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Carbon black and titanium dioxide supported iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP/TiO2/C) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were prepared by sol-gel and precipitation methods followed by a heat-treatment at temperatures of 400-1000 degrees C. The FeTPP/C and TiO2/C were also studied for comparison. The FeTPP/TiO2/C pyrolyzed at 700 degrees C exhibits significantly improved stability while maintaining high activity towards ORR in comparison with the FeTPP/C counterpart. The electrochemical study combined with XRD, XPS, and SEM/EDX analyses revealed that the appropriate dispersion of TiO2 on the surface of FeTPP/TiO2/C catalysts, which depending on heat-treatment temperature, plays a crucial role in determining the activity and stability of catalysts.

Novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) copolymers bearing carboxylic or benzimidazole pendant groups for proton exchange membranes

A novel strategy in which the benzimidazole group and sulfonic group are simultaneously attached to an aromatic polymer has been reported in this paper. For this purpose, sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) copolymers containing carboxylic acid groups (SPAEK-x-COOH, x refers to the molar percentage Of sulfonated repeating units) are prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic polycondensation of sodium 5,5'-carbonyl-bis(2-fluobenzene-sulfonate) (SDFBP), 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone (DFBP) and phenolphthalin (PPL). Then the carboxylic acid groups attached to the SPAEK-x-COOH are transformed to benzimidazole units through condensation reactions (referred to as SPAEK-x-BI). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and H-1 NMR measurements are used to characterize and confirm the structures of these copolymers.

Silver(I) ions-enhanced electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)

In this paper. we demonstrate an clectrochemiluminescence (ECL) enhancement of tris(2,2-bipyridyl)rutheniuin(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) by the addition of silver(l) ions. The maximum enhancement factor of about 5 was obtained on a glassy carbon electrode in the absence of co-reactant. The enhancement of ECL intensity was possibly attributed to the unique catalytic activity of Ag+ for reactions between Ru(bpy)(3)(3+) with OR The higher enhancement was observed in phosphate buffer solutions compared with that from borate buffer solutions. This resulted from the fact that formation of nanoparticles with large surface area in the phosphate buffer solution exhibited high catalytic activity. The amount of Ag+, solution pH and working electrode materials played important roles for the ECL enhancement. We also studied the effects of Ag+ on Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/tripropylamine and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/C2O42- ECL systems.

Isothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP during self-nucleation process

In this paper, the isothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene (iPP) during self-nucleation was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The iPP was melted at 438 K and then isothermally crystallized in the range of temperature between 421 and 425 K. The mechanism of nucleation and growth of iPP was discussed. The Avrami equation was applied to analyzing the process of isothermal crystallization of iPP from the melt. The average value of Avrami exponent is n=3.01, suggesting that the primary crystallization maybe corresponds to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The K-g value obtained from Lauritzen-Hoffman equation is 1.128 X 10(5) K-2, which suggests that crystallization species should be regime I. The decrease of crystallization active energy and chain folding work indicates that the self-nucleation can greatly promote the overall crystallization of iPP.

Stereoselective polymerization of rac-lactide using a monoethylaluminum Schiff base complex

A monoethylaluminum Schiff base complex (2) with formula LA1Et (L = N,N'-(2,2-dimethylpropylene)bis(3,5-di-tei-t-butylsalicylideneimine) was synthesized and employed for the stercoselective ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA). The complex 2 was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, crystal structure, and elemental analysis. It contains a five-coordinate aluminum atom with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geornetry in the solid state. In the presence of 2-propanol, 2 showed high stereoselectivity for the polymerization of rac-LA. The polymerization yielded crystalline poly(rac-LA) with a high melting temperature (193-201 degreesC). NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction indicated that the poly(rac-LA) was highly isotactic, and a stereocomplex was formed between poly-L- and poly-D-lactide block sequences. By the analysis of electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and H-1 NMR, the polymer was demonstrated to be endcapped in both terminals with an isopropyl ester and a hydroxy group, respectively. The polymerization was of first order in rac-LA concentration. The relationship between the rac-LA conversion and molecular weights of the polymer was linear so that the polymerization could be well controlled.