沉积参量及时效时间对SiO2薄膜残余应力的影响

SiO2薄膜由电子束蒸发方法沉积而成。用GPI数字波面光学干涉仪测量了不同沉积条件下玻璃基底镀膜前后曲率半径的变化，并确定了SiO2薄膜中的残余应力。在其他条件相同的情况下，当沉积温度由190℃升高到350℃时，SiO2薄膜中的压应力由一156MPa增大为-289MPa。氧分压由3．0×10^-3Pa升高到13．0×10^-3Pa时，SiO2薄膜中的应力由-223．5MPa变为20．4MPa。通过对薄膜折射率的测量，发现薄膜的堆积密度随沉积条件的改变也发生了规律性的变化。应力的变化主要是由于沉积时蒸发粒子

Nonpolarizing guided-mode resonance filter

A normal-incidence nonpolarizing guided-mode resonance filter is designed. There are two waveguide layers and one grating layer in the filter. By adjusting the distance between the two waveguide layers, the same resonance wavelength for both TE and TM polarization can be achieved. An antireflection design method is also used to decrease the sideband reflection of the filter. The results show that the filter has high reflection, more than 99.9% at 500 nm, and the FW-HMs of TE- and TM-polarized light are 2.16 and 0.15 nm, respectively. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

O direito humano de acesso à internet

O tema da dissertação é o direito humano de acesso à internet. O primeiro capítulo busca afirmar a existência desse direito e seu caráter essencial. Para isso, são apresentados fundamentos de quatro espécies. O primeiro é de direito internacional dos direitos humanos e baseia-se na análise de três documentos da Organização das Nações Unidas. O segundo é material e procura demonstrar que a internet tornou-se um instrumento indispensável à realização de diversos deveres e direitos, muitos deles humanos. Dessa forma, o acesso deve ser considerado um direito em si, dotado do mesmo status jurídico dos direitos dele dependentes. O terceiro fundamento é filosófico. Ressalta-se o aspecto comunitário da internet e demonstra-se que há um cidadão virtual que é titular de direitos e deveres na rede. Nesse momento, com base na lição de Hannah Arendt, é afirmado que se há uma dimensão digital da cidadania, deve haver um direito a adquiri-la, o que se dá pelo direito de acesso à internet. O quarto fundamento é positivo e direciona-se especificamente ao reconhecimento de um direito fundamental de acesso à internet na ordem constitucional brasileira, decorrente e não escrito. Após, é feito um estudo de direito comparado, analisando-se como a questão tem sido tratada pela lei e pela jurisprudência de diversos países. Ao final do primeiro capítulo, são apresentadas e refutadas as objeções mais comuns ao reconhecimento do direito humano de acesso à internet, incluindo a questão dos custos do direito. Afirmada a existência do direito, o segundo capítulo analisa seu conteúdo e seus limites jurídicos. Inicialmente, o direito é subdividido em uma dimensão de acesso à infraestrutura física e uma dimensão de acesso ao conteúdo. São apresentadas as principais políticas públicas brasileiras que visam a concretizar ambas as dimensões. Em um segundo momento, são estudadas hipóteses de violação do direito. Uma hipótese de lesão é a ausência do serviço em certas localidades. Outra hipótese é a censura virtual, que é dividida em função do método utilizado, se pelo hardware ou pelo software, e em função do agente que a realiza, se estatal ou privado. É analisada a constitucionalidade de penas de desconexão, perpétuas ou temporárias, e de medidas de interrupção total do serviço, em conjunto com a Lei 12.737/2012. São apresentados requisitos para que as filtragens de conteúdo na rede sejam lícitas. Coteja-se o estudado com o Projeto de Lei 2.126/2011, o chamado marco civil da internet. Por fim, é estudada a exigibilidade do direito com relação às duas dimensões.

Patterns of Impact Resulting from a 'Sit Less, Move More' Web-Based Program in Sedentary Office Employees

Purpose Encouraging office workers to 'sit less and move more' encompasses two public health priorities. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of workplace interventions for reducing sitting, even less about the longer term effects of such interventions and still less on dual-focused interventions. This study assessed the short and mid-term impacts of a workplace web-based intervention (Walk@WorkSpain, W@WS; 2010-11) on self-reported sitting time, step counts and physical risk factors (waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure) for chronic disease. Methods Employees at six Spanish university campuses (n=264; 42 +/- 10 years; 171 female) were randomly assigned by worksite and campus to an Intervention (used W@WS; n=129; 87 female) or a Comparison group (maintained normal behavior; n=135; 84 female). This phased, 19-week program aimed to decrease occupational sitting time through increased incidental movement and short walks. A linear mixed model assessed changes in outcome measures between the baseline, ramping (8 weeks), maintenance (11 weeks) and follow-up (two months) phases for Intervention versus Comparison groups. Results A significant 2 (group) x 2 (program phases) interaction was found for self-reported occupational sitting (F[3]=7.97, p=0.046), daily step counts (F[3]=15.68, p=0.0013) and waist circumference (F[3]=11.67, p=0.0086). The Intervention group decreased minutes of daily occupational sitting while also increasing step counts from baseline (446 +/- 126; 8,862 +/- 2,475) through ramping (+425 +/- 120; 9,345 +/- 2,435), maintenance (+422 +/- 123; 9,638 +/- 3,131) and follow-up (+414 +/- 129; 9,786 +/- 3,205). In the Comparison group, compared to baseline (404 +/- 106), sitting time remained unchanged through ramping and maintenance, but decreased at follow-up (-388 +/- 120), while step counts diminished across all phases. The Intervention group significantly reduced waist circumference by 2.1cms from baseline to follow-up while the Comparison group reduced waist circumference by 1.3cms over the same period. Conclusions W@WSis a feasible and effective evidence-based intervention that can be successfully deployed with sedentary employees to elicit sustained changes on "sitting less and moving more".

Abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California during 1998 and summer 1999

The abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California was studied to allow future evaluation of their impact on salmonids, the ecosystem, and f isheries. Abundance at-sea was estimated by using the strip transect method from a fixed-wing aircraft with a belly viewing port. Abundance on land was estimated from 126-mm-format aerial photographs of animals at haulouts between Point Conception and the California−Oregon border. The sum of these two estimates represented total abundance for central and northern California. Both types of survey were conducted in May−June 1998, September 1998, December 1998, and July 1999. A haulout survey was conducted in July 1998. The greatest number of sea lions occurred near Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay for all surveys. Abundance was high in central and northern California in 1998 when warm water from the 1997−98 El Niño affected the region and was low in July 1999 when cold water La Niña conditions were prevalent. At-sea abundance estimates in central and northern California ranged from 12,232 to 40,161 animals, and haulout abundance was 13,559 to 36,576 animals. Total abundance of California sea lions in central and northern California was estimated as 64,916 in May−June 1998, 75,673 in September 1998, 56,775 in December 1998, and 25,791 in July 1999. The proportion of total abundance to animals hauled-out for the four complete surveys ranged from 1.77 to 2.13, and the mean of 1.89 was used to estimate a total abundance of 49,697 for July 1998. This multiplier may be applicable in the future to estimate total abundance of California sea lions off central and northern California if only the abundance of animals at haulout sites is known.