Temperature characteristics of optical parameters of phthalocyanine LB films and spin-coated films

The LB films and spin-coated films of tetra-neopentoxy phthalocyanine zinc (TNPPcZn) were prepared and annealed at different temperatures. Their refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) were measured by p-polarized reflectance. The similar value of n and k, as well as similar changing tendency of it and k at varied annealing temperatures, was found between LB films and spin-coated films. In addition, the absorption curves of TNPPcZn LB films and spin-coated films in visible range at different annealing temperature were investigated. The results indicate that the changing tendency of the extinction coefficient of two kinds of TNPPcZn films obtained from two methods mentioned above were coincident. When the annealing temperature increased to 150 degrees C, the monomers of TNPPcZn films transformed to aggregates, n(f) and k(f) of the films increased. Further, n(f) and k(f) decreased as aggregates changed back to monomers again at the annealing temperature of 300 degrees C. The experimental results coincide well with the theoretical analysis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

H-2-sensing characteristics of nanocrystalline La0.8Pb0.2FeO3 prepared by sol-gel method

Nanocrystalline La0.8Pb0.2FeO3 has been prepared by the sol-gel method. XRD patterns show that the nanocrystalline La0.8Pb0.2FeO3 is a perovskite phase with the orthorhombic structure and its mean crystallite size is about 19 nm. The influence of Pb ions which replaced the La ions on A-sites can be directly observed from the electrical and sensing properties to H-2 gas. The conductance of La0.8Pb0.2FeO3-based sensor is considerably higher than that of LaFeO3-based sensor, and Pb-doping can enhance the sensitivity to H2 gas. An empirical relationship of R = KCH2alpha with alpha = 0.668 was obtained.

Analysis on fluorescence intensity reverse photonic phenomenon between red and green fluorescence of oxyfluoride nanophase vitroceramics

An interesting fluorescence intensity reverse photonic phenomenon between red and green fluorescence is investigated. The dynamic range. of intensity reverse between red and green fluorescence of Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV oxyfluoride nanophase vitroceramics, when excited by 378.5nm and 522.5nm light respectively, is about 4.32 x 10(2). It is calculated that the phonon- assistant energy transfer rate of the electric multi- dipole interaction of {(4)G(11/2)( Er3+) -> F-4(9/2)( Er3+), F-2(7/2)( Yb3+). F-2(5/2)( Yb3+)} energy transfer of Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV is around 1.380 x 10(8) s(-1), which is much larger than the relative multiphonon nonradiative relaxation rates 3.20 x 10(5) s(-1). That energy transfer rate for general material with same rare earth ion's concentration is about 1.194 x 10(5) s(-1). These are the reason to emerge the unusual intensity reverse phenomenon in Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Gain characteristics of Er3+-doped phosphate glass fibres

An erbium-doped phosphate glass fibre has been drawn by the rod-in-tube technique in our laboratory. The gain for the Er3+-doped phosphate glass fibre with different pump powers and with different input signal wavelengths is investigated. The 2.2-cm-long fibre, pumped by a single-mode 980-nm fibre-pigtailed laser diode, can provide a net gain per unit length greater than 1.8dB/cm. The pump threshold is about 50 mW at the wavelength of 1534 nm, and below 70 mW at 1550 nm. The gain linewidth of the Er3+-doped phosphate glass fibre is greater than 34 nm and can cover the C band in optical communication networks.

Características clínicas e frequência de diarreia por norovírus em crianças hospitalizadas, vacinadas e não vacinadas contra rotavírus Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2004-2009

Os norovírus (NV) são uma importante causa de hospitalização infantil. Crianças internadas por gastroenterite por NV (GENV) são consideradas portadoras de diarreia grave. O objetivo desse estudo, realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, é descrever as características clínicas e a frequência da diarreia por NV em crianças hospitalizadas, comparando as taxas de detecção de NV em crianças vacinadas e não vacinadas contra rotavírus (Rotarix). Foram coletadas 659 amostras de fezes de igual número de crianças e encaminhadas para análise pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase, precedida de transcrição reversa no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2009. O percentual de amostras positivas para os NV foi de 27,3% nesse período. Das 180 amostras positivas para NV, 55% tiveram origem na comunidade (aqCo) e 45% foram de aquisição nosocomial (aqNo). O percentual de GENV nos dois anos anteriores (2004 e 2005) à introdução da vacina Rotarix foi de 28,3%, sendo 11,3% o percentual de amostras aqCo. Nos dois anos posteriores (2008 e 2009), a GENV significou 24,4%, e as amostras aqCo foram 14,9% (p<0,05). Em 647 crianças, 494 não receberam a vacina Rotarix, enquanto 151 crianças receberam, pelo menos, uma dose. O percentual de GENV foi de 23,8% e 39,7%, respectivamente (p<0,05). Apesar do comportamento sazonal dos casos de GENV aqCo, esse fato não teve significância estatística. Das 180 crianças, 61,6% tinham peso ≤ p10 do NCHS, 82,2% tinham idade ≤ 5anos. As crianças com idade ≤ 2 anos foram mais acometidas nos casos de aqCo do que àquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). Foram observados em 82 crianças: vômitos (73,2%), febre (54,9%), tosse (20,7%), coriza (2,2%), sangue nas fezes (8,5%), erupção cutânea (4,9%) e broncoespasmo (7,3%). Houve significância estatística com relação à frequência maior de febre, coriza, tosse e broncoespasmo nas crianças com GENV de aqCo do que naquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). De 69 crianças, 73,9% apresentaram desidratação e, dessas, 76,5% necessitaram de hidratação venosa. Esses dados tiveram significância estatística, representada por maiores percentuais nas crianças com GENV de aqCo do que naquelas de aqNo (p<0,05). Esse estudo demonstra que os NV foram um importante agente etiológico nos casos de gastroenterites em crianças hospitalizadas e responsável por altas taxas de infecções nosocomiais. Estatisticamente, não foi comprovada uma tendência de aumento dos casos de GENV no período do estudo, como também do aumento da frequência de GENV nos anos posteriores em relação aos anos anteriores à introdução da vacina Rotarix no Brasil em 2006. No entanto, houve significância estatística quando foi avaliado o percentual de GENV em crianças hospitalizadas vacinadas e não vacinadas contra RV. Um aumento dos casos de GENV em crianças poderá vir a acontecer nos próximos anos, quando é esperado que um número maior de crianças será vacinado contra RV. Tosse, coriza e broncoespasmo são sintomas que devem ser mais detalhadamente investigados. Estratégias de prevenção contra a disseminação dos NV são condutas importantes em unidades de internação. Uma vacina eficaz contra norovírus pode ser um benefício significativo para reduzir o percentual de crianças hospitalizadas por diarreia.

Growth and spectroscopic characteristics of Yb : GSO single crystal

For the first time, a high optical quality 10 at.% Yb3+-doped gadolinium oxyorthosilicate laser crystal Gd2SiO5 (GSO) was grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method. The segregation coefficient of Yb3+ was studied by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) method. The crystal structure has monoclinic symmetry with space group P2(1)/c; this was determined by means of an x-ray diffraction analysis. The absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay curves of Yb3+ ions in a GSO crystal at room temperature were also studied. Then, the spectroscopic parameters of Yb:GSO were calculated. The advantages of the Yb:GSO crystal include high crystal quality, quasi-four-level laser operating scheme, high absorption cross-sections and particularly broad emission bandwidth (similar to 72 nm). The results indicated that the Yb:GSO crystal seemed to be a very promising laser gain medium in diode-pumped femtosecond laser and tunable solid state laser applications when LD pumped at 940 and 980 nm.

Characteristics of large-sized ruby crystal grown by temperature gradient technique

Large ruby with the size of circle divide75 x 45 mm was grown by temperature gradient technique for the first time. Absorption spectrum was carried out in the range of 190-800 nm by spectrophotometer, and the concentration spatial distribution of Cr3+ in ruby was calculated from the absorption coefficient that based on the Beer-Lambert's Law. Cr3+ ions gradually increase alone both the growth axis and the radial direction. The shape and ingredient of the inclusions were measured by means of Leitz ride field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lane photos and X-ray omega scan show the good quality of as grown ruby. The optimized growth conditions were pointed out based on the observation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characteristics and optical spectra of V : YAG crystal grown in reducing atmosphere

A V:YAG single crystal was grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT) with graphite-heating elements. The as-grown crystal has different colorations of light green and yellow brown in different parts. Distribution of vanadium in three samples with different colorations was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. From the absorption spectrum of the yellow-brown part with peaks at 370, 820 and 1320nm, we can deduce that the reducing atmosphere of carbon diffused from the heating elements can increase the concentration of tetrahedral V3+ ions and induce F color centers. All three samples exhibited light-green color after annealing in vacuum or H-2 atmospheres. In the vacuum annealing process, the V3+ ions in tetrahedral positions were enhanced through two methods: one method is the exchanging of octahedral V3+ and tetrahedral Al3+ ions in neighboring sites under thermal excitation, the other is that F color centers were thoroughly eliminated and the escaped free electrons could be captured by V ions with higher valance states to further improve the concentration of tetrahedral V3+ ions. Besides the two mechanisms, the H-2 annealing process greatly improved the V-tetra(3+) ions through the reduction effect of H-2. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of polypyrrole (PPy) nano-tubules made by templated ac electropolymerization

Electrochemical alternating current (ac) method designed for the synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) nano-tubule arrays is the topic of this paper. Two-step anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane is used as a template. The morphology of PPy nano-tubules is observed by SEM and discussed. FTIR spectra exhibit that the peaks of PPy nano-tubules shift compared to conventional PPy film. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Growth and spectroscopic characteristics of Yb : LPS single crystal

For the first time, a high optical quality Yb3+-doped lutetium pyrosilicate laser crystal Lu2Si2O7 (LPS) was grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method. The segregation coefficient of ytterbium ion in Yb:LPS crystal detected by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (TCP-AES) method is equal to 0.847. X-ray powder diffraction result confirms the C2/m phase monoclinic space group of the grown crystal and the peaks corresponding to different phases were indexed. The absorption and fluorescence spectra, as well as fluorescence decay lifetime of Yb3+ ion in LPS have been investigated. The absorption and fluorescence cross-sections of the transitions F-2(7/2) <-> F-2(5/2) of Yb3+ ion in LPS crystal have been determined. The advantages of the Yb:LPS crystal including high crystal quality, quasi-four-level laser operating scheme, high absorption cross-sections (1.33 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and particularly broad emission bandwidth (similar to 62 nm) indicated that the Yb:LPS crystal seemed to be a promising candidate used as compact, efficient thin chip lasers when LD is pumped at 940 and 980 nm due to its low-symmetry monoclinic structure and single crystallographic site. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.