Synthesis of percarboxylic acids in microreactor

Percarboxylic acids are commonly used as disinfection and bleaching agents in textile, paper, and fine chemical industries. All of these applications are based on the oxidative potential of these compounds. In spite of high interest in these chemicals, they are unstable and explosive chemicals, which increase the risk of synthesis processes and transportation. Therefore, the safety criteria in the production process should be considered. Microreactors represent a technology that efficiently utilizes safety advantages resulting from small scale. Therefore, microreactor technology was used in the synthesis of peracetic acid and performic acid. These percarboxylic acids were produced at different temperatures, residence times and catalyst i.e. sulfuric acid concentrations. Both synthesis reactions seemed to be rather fast because with performic acid equilibrium was reached in 4 min at 313 K and with peracetic acid in 10 min at 343 K. In addition, the experimental results were used to study the kinetics of the formation of performic acid and peracetic acid. The advantages of the microreactors in this study were the efficient temperature control even in very exothermic reaction and good mixing due to the short diffusion distances. Therefore, reaction rates were determined with high accuracy. Three different models were considered in order to estimate the kinetic parameters such as reaction rate constants and activation energies. From these three models, the laminar flow model with radial velocity distribution gave most precise parameters. However, sulfuric acid creates many drawbacks in this synthesis process. Therefore, a ´´greener´´ way to use heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of performic acid in microreactor was studied. The cation exchange resin, Dowex 50 Wx8, presented very high activity and a long life time in this reaction. In the presence of this catalyst, the equilibrium was reached in 120 second at 313 K which indicates a rather fast reaction. In addition, the safety advantages of microreactors were investigated in this study. Four different conventional methods were used. Production of peracetic acid was used as a test case, and the safety of one conventional batch process was compared with an on-site continuous microprocess. It was found that the conventional methods for the analysis of process safety might not be reliable and adequate for radically novel technology, such as microreactors. This is understandable because the conventional methods are partly based on experience, which is very limited in connection with totally novel technology. Therefore, one checklist-based method was developed to study the safety of intensified and novel processes at the early stage of process development. The checklist was formulated using the concept of layers of protection for a chemical process. The traditional and three intensified processes of hydrogen peroxide synthesis were selected as test cases. With these real cases, it was shown that several positive and negative effects on safety can be detected in process intensification. The general claim that safety is always improved by process intensification was questioned.

Static tests of constructive tires using hydraulic press on the soil

ABSTRACT The power consumption and load capacity of agricultural machines have grown and the effects of pressure on the soil by tires have been still little investigated. In concern with sustainable development, the relationship machine-tire-soil must be in balance to give more consistency on the best use of tires for a given load. This study aimed to evaluate four tires of two constructive types, the bias belted tires and radial tires, both with respective rim diameters of 22.5 and 26.5 inches with variables measuring the footprint, elastic deformation, sinkage and resistance to penetration. A hydraulic press with an attachment shaft for tire mounting and a box of soil in which the tire has been imposed on a load of 53.00 kN using nominal pressures recommended by the tire manufacturer. The radial construction tire with rim diameter of 26.5 inches obtained less sinkage and resistance to penetration; however, greater elastic deformation and footprint compared to other tires. The bias-belted tire with 22.5-inch rim presented the highest resistance to penetration and the lowest elastic deformation.

Pectus excavatum: abordagem terapêutica

The pectus excavatum treatment has two different approaches: non-surgical techniques (modified dynamic thoracic compressor, exercises and the vacuum bell) or surgical techniques (silastic or solid silicone implant, open surgical repair like sternochondroplasty and minimally invasive repair). The introduction of Nuss procedure improved the pectus excavatum treatment, but its low acceptance was due to the high complication rate (e.g. cardiac perfuration). The thoracoscopy use for bar mediastinal passage reduced the complication rate. In comparison with sternochondroplasty, the Nuss procedure has smaller incision, less blood loss and less operative time. However, it has more reoperations, complications, longer hospital stay and more readmission rates, more time of thoracic epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia and more need for analgesic after being discharged. Although Nuss procedure has been used in children, patients under ten years must be only observed. The Nuss procedure is applicable to moderate or light symmetrical pectus excavatum, without costal protrusion, in young and adolescents patients. Furthermore, the sternochondroplasty is applicable to severe or asymmetric pectus excavatum, with or without inferior costal protrusion. Therefore, Nuss procedure and sternocondroplasty are not antagonistic procedures, and they must be used in accordance with a treatment organogram and the technique choice must be by functional and aesthetic outcome.

Suurnopeus-turbokoneroottoreiden termodynaaminen ja mekaaninen mallinnus sekä rakenneanalyysi

Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan suurnopeustekniikan eri sovelluksissa ilmeneviä roottoreihin liittyviä rakenteellisia vaatimuksia ja haasteita. Tässä yhteydessä suurnopeustekniikalla tarkoitetaan järjestelyä, jossa sähkökone (moottori, generaattori) ja toimilaite (turbiini, kompressori, puhallin) on kytketty ilman vaihdetta suoraan mekaanisesti yhteen ja jossa yhteisen roottorin pyörimisnopeus on selvästi suurempi kuin 50/60 hertsin verkosta syötetyn kaksinapaisen vaihtovirtasähkökoneen tahtinopeus. Tyypillistä suurnopeuskoneen roottorille on suuri tehotiheys ja suuri mekaaninen kuormitus. Siksi esimerkiksi sähkökoneen jäähdytys on entistä haasteellisempaa kasvavien rautahäviöiden ja pienempien lämmönsiirtopinta-alojen vuoksi. Tämän työn tavoitteet voidaan jakaa kolmeen osaan:  Yhdistetyn sähkö- ja turbokoneen roottorin mekaanisen rakenteen tarkastelu, jonka tavoitteena on pienentää lämmönkehitystä ja tehostaa kriittisten kohtien jäähdytystä. Tähän liittyy sähkömagneettisten häviöiden keskittäminen jäähdytyksen kannalta edullisiin kohtiin  Yhdistetyn sähkö- ja turbokoneen roottorin mekaanisen rakenteen tarkastelu kriittisten ominaistaajuuksien kannalta  Yhdistetyn sähkö- ja turbokoneen roottorin mekaanisen rakenteen analysointi lujuustekniseltä kannalta. Tähän liittyvät mm. erilaiset ahdistussovitteet ja niiden säilyminen korkeilla pyörimisnopeuksilla sekä niiden roottoria jäykistävä vaikutus ja lämmön johtuminen kyseisissä liitospinnoissa. Tämän työn tieteellinen uutuusarvo on nimenomaan yhdistetyn sähkö- ja turbokoneen roottorin rakenteen analysointi ottamalla samanaikaisesti huomioon kaikki edellä mainitut näkökohdat: jäähtyminen erityisen kuumissa kohdissa, sähköisten häviöiden alentaminen ja niiden jakautuman huomioon ottaminen, roottorin jäykkyyden maksimointi, lujuusrasitusten hallinta ja rakenteen mekaaninen stabiliteetti sekä lämpöteknisten ylimenovastusten tarkastelu.

Design of salient pole PM synchronous machines for a vehicle traction application – Analysis and

This doctoral thesis presents a study on the development of a liquid-cooled frame salient pole permanent-magnet-exited traction machine for a four-wheel-driven electric car. The emphasis of the thesis is put on a radial flux machine design in order to achieve a light-weight machine structure for traction applications. The design features combine electromagnetic and thermal design methods, because traction machine operation does not have a strict operating point. Arbitrary load cycles and the flexible supply require special attention in the design process. It is shown that accurate modelling of the machine magnetic state is essential for high-performance operation. The saturation effect related to the cross-saturation has to be taken carefully into account in order to achieve the desired operation. Two prototype machines have been designed and built for testing: one totally enclosed machine with a special magnet module pole arrangement and another through-ventilated machine with a more traditional embedded magnet structure. Both structures are built with magnetically salient structures in order to increase the torque production capability with the reluctance torque component. Both machine structures show potential for traction usage. However, the traditional embedded magnet design turns out to be mechanically the more secure one of these two machine options.

Estudos complementares da infecção por Mannheimia granulomatis (lechiguana) em bovinos

Vários experimentos foram realizados para demonstrar a participação de Dermatobia hominis na etiologia da lechiguana: (1) Lesões experimentais causadas por larvas da mosca em um bovino foram infectadas com Mannheimia granulomatis. Foram realizadas biópsias em duas lesões produzidas pela larva. Em uma dessas biópsias foi observada linfangite eosinofílica e proliferação de tecido conectivo, similares às encontradas na lechiguana. (2) Com o objetivo de detectar a possível participação de Dermatobia hominis como vetor de Mannheimia granulomatis, foi realizado o estudo bacteriológico de 72 larvas e o mesmo número de exsudatos, provenientes de lesões de Dermatobia hominis, não tendo sido isolada a bactéria em nenhuma oportunidade. (3) Lesões espontâneas da mosca foram infectadas com uma suspensão da bactéria em 9 bovinos, sendo que um dos animais desenvolveu uma lesão de lechiguana 3 meses após a inoculação. (4) Foram estudadas duas lesões fibroproliferativas, clinicamente similares a lechiguana, causadas pela larva de Dermatobia hominis. Histologicamente estas lesões caracterizam-se por proliferação de tecido fibroso com presença de granulomas focais, diferenciando-se da lechiguana por não apresentar linfangite eosinofílica e calcificação de fibras colágenas. O fato de Dermatobia hominis, ocasionalmente, produzir uma reação fibrogranulomatosa, sugere que esta poderia ser a lesão inicial da lechiguana, se infectada por Mannheimia granulomatis. (5 e 6) Dois experimentos foram realizados para detectar se bovinos sadios podem ser portadores de Mannheimia granulomatis. A bactéria não foi isolada de amígdalas de 153 bovinos e a técnica de imunodifusão radial utilizada para a detecção de anticorpos não apresentou sensibilidade suficiente para identificar animais portadores. (7) Foram estudados 17 novos casos da doença, e em todos os casos, as características clínicas e patológicas foram similares às observadas em casos anteriores. Quatorze casos foram provenientes do sul do Rio Grande do Sul, três do Estado de Santa Catarina e um do Paraná.

Análise comparativa da origem do plexo branquial de catetos (Tayassu tajacu)

O cateto (Tayassu tajacu) pertence à familia Tayassui-dae e é caracterizado por "colar" de pêlos brancos ao redor do pescoço que se estende bilateralmente cranialmente aos ombros. Pode ser encontrado do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos da América até a Argentina. Na literatura verificou-se a falta de dados a respeito da anatomia funcional do cateto especialmente trabalhos que envolvem a anatomia do plexo braquial. Visando elucidar o comportamento do plexo braquial do cateto e com a finalidade de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da anatomia comparada, realizou-se esta pesquisa. Utilizou-se 30 animais de idades diferentes (13 fêmeas e 17 machos) provenientes do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Após o abate, realizou-se a dissecação bilateral dos plexos braquiais e registraram-se os resultados através de desenhos esquemáticos e as disposições agrupadas em tabelas para subseqüente análise estatística e obtidas as freqüências percentuais. Observou-se que o plexo braquial de catetos é resultado das comunicações estabelecidas, principalmente, entre os ramos ventrais dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais (C6, C7 e C8) e dos dois primeiros nervos espinhais torácicos (T1 e T2), tendo uma contribuição do quarto e quinto nervos cervicais em 16,67% e 50,00% dos casos, respectivamente. Em 40,00% das dissecações a formação do plexo, mais freqüente, foi do tipo C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2. Os principais nervos derivados do plexo braquial dos catetos e suas respectivas origens foram: nervo supraescapular (C6 e C7), nervo subscapular (C5, C6 e C7 ou C6 e C7), nervo axilar (C6 e C7), nervo músculocutâneo (C7 e C8), nervo mediano (C7, C8, T1 e T2), nervo ulnar (C8, T1 e T2), nervo radial (C8, T1 e T2), nervos peitorais craniais (C7) e caudais (C7 e C8), nervo toracodorsal (C6, C7 e C8), nervo torácico longo (C7 e C8) e nervo torácico lateral (C8, T1 e T2).

JNK, a versatile regulator of kinesin-1 transport and cytoskeleton dynamics

C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is traditionally recognized as a crucial factor in stress response and inducer of apoptosis upon various stimulations. Three isoforms build the JNK subfamily of MAPK; generally expressed JNK1 and JNK2 and brain specific JNK3. Degenerative potency placed JNK in the spotlight as potential pharmacological option for intervention. Unfortunately, adverse effects of potential drugs and observation that expression of only JNK2 and JNK3 are induced upon stress, restrained initial enthusiasm. Notably, JNK1 demonstrated atypical high constitutive activity in neurons that is not responsive to cellular stresses and indicated existence of physiological activity. This thesis aimed at revealing the physiological functions of JNK1 in actin homeostasis through novel effector MARCKS-Like 1 (MARCKSL1) protein, neuronal trafficking mediated by major kinesin-1 motor protein and microtubule (MT) dynamics via STMN2/SCG10. The screen for novel physiological JNK substrates revealed specific phosphorylation of C-terminal end of MARCKSL1 at S120, T148 and T183 both ex vivo and in vitro. By utilizing site-specific mutagenesis, various actin dynamics and migrations assays we were able to demonstrate that JNK1 phosphorylation specifically facilitates F-actin bundling and thus filament stabilisation. Consecutively, this molecular mechanism was proved to enhance formation of filopodia; cell surface projections that allow cell sensing surrounding environment and migrate efficiently. Our results visualize JNK dependent and MARCKSL1 executed induction of filopodia in neurons and fibroblast indicating general mechanism. Subsequently, inactivation of JNK action on MARCKSL1 shifts cellular actin machinery into lamellipodial dynamic arrangement. Tuning of actin cytoskeleton inevitably melds with cell migration. We observed that both active JNK and JNK pseudo-phosphorylated form of MARCKSL1 reduce actin turnover in intact cells leading to overall diminished cell motility. We demonstrate that tumour transformed cells from breast, prostate, lung and muscle-derived cancers upregulate MARCKSL1. We showed on the example of prostate cancer PC-3 cell line that JNK phosphorylation negatively controls MARCKSL1 ability to induce migration, which precedes cancer cell metastasis. The second round of identification of JNK physiological substrates resulted in detection of predominant motor protein kinesin-1 (Kif5). Mass spectrometry detailed analysis showed evident endogenous phosphorylation of kinesin-1 on S176 within motor domain that interacts with MT. In vitro phosphorylation of bacterially expressed kinesin heavy chain by JNK isoforms displayed higher specificity of JNK1 when compared to JNK3. Since, JNK1 is constitutively active in neurons it signified physiological aspect of kinesin-1 regulation. Subsequent biochemical examination revealed that kinesin-1, when not phosphorylated on JNK site, exhibits much higher affinity toward MTs. Expression of the JNK non-phosphorable kinesin-1 mutant in intact cells as well as in vitro single molecule imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy indicated that the mutant loses normal speed and is not able to move processively into proper cellular compartments. We identify novel kinesin-1 cargo protein STMN2/SCG10, which along with known kinesin-1 cargo BDNF is showing impaired trafficking when JNK activity is inhibited. Our data postulates that constitutive JNK activity in neurons is crucial for unperturbed physiologically relevant transport of kinesin-1 dependant cargo. Additionally, my work helps to validate another novel physiological JNK1 effector STMN2/SCG10 as determinant of axodendritic neurites dynamics in the developing brain through regulation of MT turnover. We show successively that this increased MT dynamics is crucial during developmental radial migration when brain layering occurs. Successively, we are able to show that introduction of JNK phosphorylation mimicking STMN2/SCG10 S62/73D mutant rescues completely JNK1 genetic deletion migration phenotype. We prove that STMN2/SCG10 is predominant JNK effector responsible for MT depolymerising activity and neurite length during brain development. Summarizing, this work describes identification of three novel JNK substrates MARCKSL1, kinesin-1 and STMN2/SCG10 and investigation of their roles in cytoskeleton dynamics and cargo transport. This data is of high importance to understand physiological meaning of JNK activity, which might have an adverse effect during pharmaceutical intervention aiming at blocking pathological JNK action.

Pallomaisen rullalaakerin vauriotutkimus kartonkikoneen kiertoöljyvoidellulla kuivatusosalla

Tämä työ on tehty Stora Enson Imatran kartonkitehtaan kunnossapidosta vastaavalle Efora Oy:lle. Tavoitteena oli selvittää syy Imatran Kartonkikone 5:n kuivatussylinterien laakerivaurioiden suureen määrään verrattuna tehtaiden kolmeen muuhun kartonkikoneeseen. Tutkimuksissa keskityttiin laakerien käyttöolosuhteisiin. Syyn selvittämiseksi työssä vertailtiin eri kartonkikoneiden kiertoöljyvoitelujärjestelmiä, voiteluöljyjä, voiteluolosuhteita, öljyjen kuntoa ja kunnon seurantaa. Myös laakereihin kohdistuvia kuormia arvioitiin. Alan kirjallisuuden avulla on käyty läpi kartonkikoneen rakennetta ja toimintaa tarvittavassa laajuudessa, voitelun ja laakerin vaurioitumisen teoriaa sekä voiteluaineiden ominaisuuksien ja koostumuksen perusteita. Vertailevissa tutkimuksissa ei löytynyt vauriomäärien eroja selittäviä eroavaisuuksia Imatran tehtaiden eri kartonkikoneiden välillä, joskin Kartonkikone 5:n kiertovoiteluöljyn puhtaustaso oli muita Imatran kartonkikoneita heikompi. Laakerikuormien osalta havaittiin joidenkin laakerien käyvän laakerille asetetun vähimmäiskuorman alittavilla kuormituksilla. Vähimmäiskuormaa pienempi radiaalikuorma voi johtaa laakerin virheelliseen toimintaan ja edelleen vaurioitumiseen. Voiteluolosuhteet todettiin erittäin vaikeiksi ja niillä on epäilemättä vaikutusta voiteluöljyn ja laakerien lyhentyneeseen käyttöikään.

Factors affecting immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum of healthy Holstein cows immediately after delivery

This study analyzed the influence of the number of milkings, number of births, and udder quarter in immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration in the colostrum of healthy Holstein cows. It was collected two samples of colostrum by manual milking, getting the first jets to completion of bacteriological examination and immunoglobulin levels by radial immunodiffusion test in agar gel. Positive samples for bacteriological examination were excluded from this investigation. Medians of immunoglobulin's G, A and M in the colostrum collected before the first and second milking were respectively 9,200 and 6,400mg/dL (p=0.0029); 400 and 200mg/dL (p=0.0018); 800 and 400mg/dL (p=0.0001). Median immunoglobulin concentration in animals that calved once, twice or three times or in cows that calved 4 to 6 times were 6,400; 6,400; 3,200 and 11,200mg/dL IgG; 100, 200, 100 and 800mg/dL IgA ; and 400, 400, 100 and 800mg/dL IgM, respectively. Concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were greater in animals that calved more than 4 times (p<0.05). Medians of IgG, IgA and IgM in the right fore quarter (RF), right hind quarter (RH), left fore quarter (LF) and left hind quarter (LH) were, respectively, 7,800; 6,400; 7,800 and 6,400mg/dL; 200, 200, 200 and 200mg/dL; and 400, 400, 400 and 400mg/dL. Ig concentrations in the colostrum of Holstein cows were influenced by the number of milkings after delivery and number of lactations. These variations may be considered risk factors to passive immunity transfer to newborn calves, predisposing them to diseases and causing economic losses to dairy production.

Strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in a maned wolf

The measurement of cardiovascular features of wild animals is important, as is the measurement in pets, for the assessment of myocardial function and the early detection of cardiac abnormalities, which could progress to heart failure. Speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) is a new tool that has been used in veterinary medicine, which demonstrates several advantages, such as angle independence and the possibility to provide the early diagnosis of myocardial alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the left myocardial function in a maned wolf by 2D STE. Thus, the longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain and strain rate were obtained, as well as, the radial and longitudinal velocity and displacement values, from the right parasternal long axis four-chamber view, the left parasternal apical four chamber view and the parasternal short axis at the level of the papillary muscles. The results of the longitudinal variables were -13.52±7.88, -1.60±1.05, 4.34±2.52 and 3.86±3.04 for strain (%), strain rate (1/s), displacement (mm) and velocity (cm/s), respectively. In addition, the radial and circumferential Strain and Strain rate were 24.39±14.23, 1.86±0.95 and -13.69±6.53, -1.01±0.48, respectively. Thus, the present study provides the first data regarding the use of this tool in maned wolves, allowing a more complete quantification of myocardial function in this species.

Origem e distribuição do plexo braquial de Saimiri sciureus

Os autores descreveram a origem e composição do plexo braquial de quatro Saimiri sciureus, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Primatas (Cenp), Ananindeua/PA, os quais foram fixados com formaldeído e dissecados. Os achados revelaram que o plexo braquial desta espécie é constituído por fibras neurais provenientes da união das raízes dorsais e ventrais das vértebras cervicais C4 a C8 e torácica T1, e organizado em quatro troncos. Cada tronco formou um nervo ou um grupo de nervos, cuja origem variou entre os animais; na maioria, foi encontrado o tronco cranial originando o nervo subclávio, o tronco médio-cranial dando origem aos nervos supraescapular, subescapular, parte do radial, e em alguns casos ao nervo axilar, nervo musculocutâneo e ao nervo mediano; o tronco médio-caudal formou parte do nervo radial, e em alguns casos os nervos axilar, nervo musculocutâneo, nervo mediano, nervo toracodorsal, nervo ulnar e nervo cutâneo medial do antebraço, sendo os dois últimos também originados no tronco caudal.

Avaliação da função diastólica por meio de Doppler tecidual pulsado e colorido em gatos da raça Maine Coon geneticamente testados para a mutação no gene MyBPC-A31P

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a principal cardiopatia dos felinos e é caracterizada por hipertrofia miocárdica concêntrica, sem dilatação ventricular. Disfunções miocárdicas ocorrem em gatos com CMH, mas pouco se conhece a respeito destas alterações nos estágios iniciais da afecção. Em gatos da raça Maine Coon, a mutação no gene MyBPC-A31P está relacionada com a CMH de origem familial, porém, a correlação exata entre o genótipo e o fenótipo ainda é inconclusiva. A ecocardiografia tecidual é uma modalidade não invasiva que permite avaliação da função miocárdica e é mais sensível que a ecocardiografia convencional. Para avaliar as funções sistólica e diastólica, antes ou após a ocorrência de hipertrofia ventricular, gatos da raça Maine Coon (n=57), geneticamente testados para a mutação, foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiografias convencional e tecidual (nas modalidades Doppler tecidual pulsado e Doppler tecidual colorido). Posteriormente, foram fenotipicamente classificados em: normais (n=45), suspeitos (n=7) e acometidos pela CMH (n=5); e genotipicamente classificados em: negativos (n=28), heterozigotos (n=26) e homozigotos para a mutação (n=3). Valores de velocidades miocárdicas (Doppler tecidual pulsado e colorido) medidos na região basal e média do septo interventricular (SIV), da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (PVE), da parede anterior do ventrículo esquerdo (PAVE), da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (PPVE) e do segmento radial da PVE, foram comparados nos diferentes grupos. Observou-se que as velocidades longitudinais Em (Doppler tecidual pulsado) na região média da PVE foram menores nos gatos com CMH quando comparados com suspeitos e normais. Os valores de Em/Am (Doppler tecidual colorido), na região basal do SIV, foram inferiores nos gatos com CMH quando comparados com suspeitos e normais. A relação E/Em (Doppler tecidual colorido), na região basal do SIV, foi maior nos gatos com CMH em relação aos suspeitos e normais, enquanto que os valores de Sm (Doppler tecidual colorido), em região basal da PVE, foram menores nos gatos heterozigotos quando comparados com os negativos, ambos sem hipertrofia ventricular. Observou-se correlação positiva entre a ocorrência de fusão das ondas Em e Am e a frequência cardíaca, assim como correlação positiva entre valores de Sm e Em e a frequência cardíaca (Doppler tecidual pulsado e colorido). A ecocardiografia tecidual é uma nova modalidade ecocardiográfica reprodutível em gatos que, isoladamente, não permite diferenciar gatos portadores da mutação antes do desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular. Apresenta utilidade como auxílio no diagnóstico em fases iniciais, mas, apesar da expectativa para a identificação precoce de indivíduos portadores da CMH, ainda há necessidade de estudos mais extensos e com maior número de indivíduos.

Origens e ramificações do plexo braquial no cachorro-do-mato Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)

Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a origem e ramificação dos nervos de vinte plexos braquiais de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Dez animais da espécie, obtidos post mortem por atropelamento em rodovias, foram utilizados para o estudo, de acordo com a autorização do IBAMA/SISBIO nº33667-1. Depois de coletados, os cadáveres foram fixados em solução de formaldeído a 50% e conservados por pelo menos 14 dias em solução de formaldeído a 10% antes das dissecções. Após remoção da pele, incisões na musculatura peitoral e afastamento dos membros, acessou-se o espaço axilar e os nervos do plexo tiveram seu trajeto dissecados individualmente até sua inserção muscular. Para melhorar a visualização dos ramos ventrais cervicais e torácicos que originavam cada nervo, removeram-se a musculatura que encobria os forames intervertebrais, os processos transversos e os corpos vertebrais ventralmente, expondo inclusive a medula espinhal. Registros fotográficos e desenhos esquemáticos documentaram a origem e ramificação dos nervos. Os vinte plexos braquiais foram resultantes das conexões entre os ramos ventrais dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais (C6, C7 e C8) e do primeiro torácico (T1). Estes ramos derivaram os nervos supra-escapular, subescapular, axilar, musculocutâneo, radial, mediano, ulnar para a musculatura intrínseca e os nervos braquiocefálico, toracodorsal, torácico lateral, torácico longo, peitoral cranial e peitoral caudal para a musculatura extrínseca do membro torácico. Constatou-se que os ramos ventrais de C7 foram os que mais contribuíram na formação de nervos (61,5%), seguido de C8 (55,4%), de T1 (41,2%) e de C6 (30,8%). O teste t de comparação entre as médias, ao nível de significância de 5%, não demonstrou diferenças na origem do plexo quando comparados os antímeros e os sexos. Do total dos 260 nervos dissecados, 68,8% foram originados pela combinação de dois ou três ramos, enquanto apenas 31,2% tiveram formação por um único ramo. A combinação entre C8 e T1 foi a que mais formou nervos para o plexo (23,8%) nesta espécie. Quando comparadas a origem, ramificação e área de inervação do plexo braquial do C. thous com outras espécies domésticas e silvestres, verificou-se maior semelhança com o cão doméstico. Os resultados deste estudo podem embasar o diagnóstico de disfunções neuromusculares, as técnicas de bloqueios anestésicos e análises morfofuncionais comparativas envolvendo esta espécie.

Serological monitoring of antibodies for an early diagnosis ofaspergillosis in captive penguins

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detection of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies in captive penguins by double radial agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for the aspergillosis diagnosis. We included 134 Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in rehabilitation at the Center for Recovery of Marine Animals (CRAM / FURG). All of them were monitored by AGID weekly until its final destination (death or release), totalizing 660 serum samples studied. All animals were clinically accompanied and post-mortem examinations was performed in penguins that died during the studied period. A total of 28% (37/134) of the penguins died, 89.2% (33/37) due to aspergillosis, 11% (4/37) by other causes and 97 were released. From the 33 animals with proven aspergillosis, 21 presented anti- A. fumigatus antibodies by AGID, being the average interval between death and positive AGID 16.4 days. Twelve animals with negative serology died of aspergillosis. The sensitivity and specificity rates were 63.6% and 95% respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 80.7% and 88.9% respectively. These data demonstrate that the serological monitoring for detection of antibodies by AGID can be an important tool for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in penguins.