Experimental Study on Thermocapillary Convection

In the present paper, the experimental studies on thermocapillary convection are reviewed. The author's interest is mainly focused on the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary convection, the features of oscillatory flow pattern, and the critical Marangoni number related with temperature and free surface oscillation. The coordinated measurement in a microgravity environment of a drop shaft is also addressed.

Experimental study on pore pressure in rock-soil slope during reservoir water level fluctuation

A test system was developed for measuring the pore pressure in porous media, and a new model was devised for the pore pressure testing in both saturated and unsaturated rock-soil. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the pore pressure during water level fluctuation. The variations of transient pore pressure vs. time at different locations of the simulated rock-soil system were acquired and processed, and meanwhile the deformation and failure of the model are observed. The experiment results show that whether the porous media are saturated or not, the transient pore pressure is mainly dependent on the water level fluctuation, and coupled with the variation of the stress field.

Experimental investigation on the chaotic phenomena in the wake of a natural thermal convection flow

Chaotic phenomena in the wake of thermal convection flow fields above a heating flat plate were investigated experimentally. A newly developed electron beam fluorescence technique (EBF) was used to simultaneously measure density fluctuation at 7 points in a cross section above the plate. Correlation dimensions, intermittence coefficients, Fourier spectrum have been obtained for different Grashof numbers. Spatial distribution of correlation dimensions are presented. The experimental result shows that there is a certain relationship between the density fluctuation and the Gr number. And time-spacial characteristic of chaos evolution is also given.

Evaluación del establecimiento de tres especies forestales en la unidad experimental finca El Plantel, Nindirí, Masaya

El estudio se realizó en la Finca El Plantel, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, para evaluar el establecimiento de Hymenaea courbaril, Tabebuia ochracea y Caesalpinia violacea con el propósito de conocer su comportamiento en sobrevivencia, diámetro y altura. La plantación se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15 x 15m , teniendo un distanciamiento de 3 x 3m entre cada planta. Considerando el efecto de borde la cantidad de plantas evaluadas por especie es de cuarenta y ocho, para un total de 144 individuos. Efectuándose dos mediciones con respecto a variable sobrevivencia, diámetro y altura; donde la primera se realizó en octubre 2009 y la segunda en octubre de 2010. Al final del periodo de la evaluación se realizó un monitoreo de los daños observados en la plantación (octubre del 2010). La plantación obtuvo una sobrevivencia global de 63%, siendo C. violacea la especie que obtuvo mayor porcentaje 69%, H. courbaril con 63% y Tabebuia ochracea (57.6%) la que obtuvo el menor porcentaje. Caesalpinia violacea obtuvo un notorio incremento en altura con 123.3 cm superando a T. ochracea (37 cm) y H. courbaril (15.1 cm). En cuanto al incremento en diámetro Hymenaea courbaril (4.43 mm) obtuvo casi el doble del incremento que las otras dos especies, C. violacea (2.29 mm) y T.ochracea (1.79 mm). Haciendo una valoración general de los principales daños registrados en la plantación corresponden a la categoría defoliación 64.9%. Las especies T. ochracea y C. violacea reportaron mayor del 80% de las plantas afectadas por defoliación, causada por zompopos del género Attacephalotus, sin embargo; Hymenaea courbaril se encontraba sin ningún tipo de daños.

Experimental Study on the Transition Process to the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convections in a Floating Half Zone

The transition process of the thermocapillary convection from a steady and axisymmetric mode to the oscillatory mode in a liquid bridge with a fixed aspect ratio and varied volume ratio was studied experimentally. To ensure the surface tension to play an important role in the ground-based experiment, the geometrical configuration of the liquid bridge was so designed that the associated dynamic Bond number Bd ≈ 1. The velocity fields were measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to effectively distinguish the different flow modes during the transition period in the experiments. Our experiments showed that as the temperature difference increased the slender and fat bridges presented quite different features on the evolution in their flow feature: for the former the thermocapillary convection transformed from a steady and axisymmetric pattern directly into an oscillatory one; but for the latter a transition flow status, characterized by an axial asymmetric steady convection, appeared before reaching the oscillatory mode. Experimental observations agree with the results of numerical simulations and it is obvious that the volume of liquid bridge is a sensitive geometric parameter. In addition, at the initial stage of the oscillation, for the former a rotating oscillatory convection with azimuthal wave number m = 1 was observed while for the latter a pulsating oscillatory pattern with azimuthal wave number m = 2 emerged, and then with further increase of the temperature difference, the pulsating oscillatory convection with azimuthal wave number m = 2 evolved into a rotating oscillatory pattern with azimuthal wave number m = 2.

Predictions for Partial-Dislocation-Mediated Processes in Nanocrystalline Ni by Generalized Planar Fault Energy Curves: An Experimental Evaluation

Generalized planar fault energy (GPFE) curves have been used to predict partial-dislocation-mediated processes in nanocrystalline materials, but their validity has not been evaluated experimentally. We report experimental observations of a large quantity of both stacking faults and twins in nc Ni deformed at relatively low stresses in a tensile test. The experimental findings indicate that the GPFE curves can reasonably explain the formation of stacking faults, but they alone were not able to adequately predict the propensity of deformation twinning.

Estudio retrospectivo de mortalidad (1994-1998) y manejo sanitario en períodos de desarrollo y engorde (marzo-septiembre, 1999) de conejos comerciales en la Granja Experimental de FACA-UNA

El presente estudio se realizó en la granja cunícula de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el Km. 12 1/2 de la carretera Norte, Managua, Nicaragua. El cual abarca una fase retrospectiva y una prospectiva, realizándose con ayuda de los registros productivos y reproductivos de cada animal. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer retrospectivamente las tasas de mortalidad del período de enero de 1994 a diciembre de 1998, e implementar un plan sanitario en forma prospectiva con el fin de disminuir la mortalidad encontrada en los años anteriores. Las fases del estudio realizado se enfocaron en el análisis de la mortalidad de los animales, teniendo como variables las diferentes categorías, raza, destino, mes y año. En la fase retrospectiva, la mortalidad de las hembras por raza dio como resultado, un porcentaje de muertos mayor en la raza Neozelandés Blanca con 27 hembras muertas representando el 48.2 % de la mortalidad entre 8 diferentes razas, presentándose las muertes en su mayoría en los meses de época seca, así como también 403 gazapos muertos lo que representa un porcentaje de 58 %. En la fase prospectiva, el total de conejos estudiados fue de 112, de los cuales se obtuvo un total de 4 hembras muertas para un porcentaje de 14.28% en lo que respecta a su categoría. El porcentaje de mortalidad de los gazapos al nacimiento fue de 25.8% dándose el número mayor de muertos en la época seca. En la categoría de engorde fue un total de 11 conejos muertos lo que representa el 13.9% de mortalidad en esa categoría. Los resultados demuestran que la implementación de un plan sanitario es indispensable para una alta producción de conejos, ya que sin este el índice de mortalidad e incidencia de enfermedades se aumentan, igualmente el factor económico haciendo gastos innecesarios en medicamentos para curar las enfermedades.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Submarine Pipeline Near Seabed Boundary in Ocean Currents

Unlike most previous studies on vortex- induced vibrations of a cylinder far from a boundary, this paper focuses On the influences of close proximity of a submarine pipeline to a rigid seabed boundary upon the dynamic responses of the pipeline in ocean currents. The effects of gap-to-diameter ratio and those of the stability parameter on the amplitude and frequency responses of a pipeline are investigated experimentally with a novel hydro-elastic facility. A comparison is made between the present experimental results Of the amplitude and frequency responses for the pipes with seabed boundary effects and those for wall-free cylinders given by Govardhan and Williamson (2000) and Anand ( 1985). The comparison shows that the close proximity of a pipeline to seabed has much influence on the vortex- induced vibrations of the pipeline. Both the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of V, and the dimensionless amplitude ratio A(max)/D become larger with the decrease of the gap-to-diameter ratio e/D. Moreover, the vibration of the pipeline becomes easier to occur and its amplitude response becomes more intensive with the decrease of the stability parameter, while the pipeline frequency responses are affected slightly by the stability parameter.

Experimental Study on the Thermal Argon Plasma Generation and Jet Length Change Characteristics at Atmospheric Pressure

The generation, jet length and flow-regime change characteristics of argon plasma issuing into ambient air have been experimentally examined. Different torch structures have been used in the tests. Laminar plasma jets can be generated within a rather wide range of working-gas flow rates, and an unsteady transitional flow state exists between the laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The high-temperature region length of the laminar plasma jet can be over an order longer than that of the turbulent plasma jet and increases with increasing argon flow rate or arc current, while the jet length of the turbulent plasma is less influenced by the generating parameters. The flow field of the plasma jet has very high radial gradients of plasma parameters, and a Reynolds number alone calculated in the ordinary manner may not adequately serve as a criterion for transition. The laminar plasma jet can have a higher velocity than that of an unsteady or turbulent jet. The long laminar plasma jet has good stiffness to withstand the impact of laterally injected cold gas and particulate matter. It could be used as a rather ideal object for fundamental studies and be applied to novel materials processing due to its attractive stable and adjustable properties.

An Experimental Study of Kerosene Combustion in a Supersonic Model Combustor Using Effervescent Atomization

Investigation of kerosene combustion in a Mach 2.5 flow was carried out using a model supersonic combustor with cross-section area of 51 mm × 70 mm and different integrated fuel injector/flameholder cavity modules. Experiments with pure liquid atomization and with effervescent atomization were characterized and compared. Direct photography, Schlieren imaging, and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of OH radical were utilized to examine the cavity characteristics and spray structure. Schlieren images illustrate the effectiveness of gas barbotage in facilitating atomization and the importance of secondary atomization when kerosene sprays interacting with a supersonic crossflow. OH PLIF images further substantiate our previous finding that there exists a local high-temperature radical pool within the cavity flameholder, and this radical pool plays a crucial role in promoting kerosene combustion in a supersonic combustor. Under the same operation conditions, comparison of the measured static pressure distributions along the combustor also shows that effervescent atomization generally leads to better combustion performance than the use of pure liquid atomization. Furthermore, the present results demonstrate that the cavity characteristics can be different in non-reacting and reacting supersonic flows. As such, the conventional definition of cavity characteristics based on non-reacting flows needs to be revised.

Experimental Study on Fluctuation Characteristics of Laminar/Turbulent Plasma Jets

应用电压传感器、光电倍增管及水冷皮托管，对产生射入空气中的纯氩层流和湍流等离子体射流的弧电压波动、发生器出口处的射流光强波动以及沿射流轴线的滞止压力波动进行了测量。结果显示层流等离子体射流各参数的波动幅度远小于湍流射流的对应值；弧电压的波动幅度随气流量的变化明显，但随电流的变化很小；弧电压的波动幅度与其平均值之比随电流增加呈下降的趋势。