Reproductive characteristics of characid fish species (Teleostei, Characiformes) and their relationship with body size and phylogeny

In this study, I investigated the reproductive biology of fish species from the family Characidae of the order Characiformes. I also investigated the relationship between reproductive biology and body weight and interpreted this relationship in a phylogenetic context. The results of the present study contribute to the understanding of the evolution of the reproductive strategies present in the species of this family. Most larger characid species and other characiforms exhibit a reproductive pattern that is generally characterized by a short seasonal reproductive period that lasts one to three months, between September and April. This is accompanied by total spawning, an extremely high fecundity, and, in many species, a reproductive migration. Many species with lower fecundity exhibit some form of parental care. Although reduction in body size may represent an adaptive advantage, it may also require evolutionary responses to new biological problems that arise. In terms of reproduction, smaller species have a tendency to reduce the number of oocytes that they produce. Many small characids have a reproductive pattern similar to that of larger characiforms. On the other hand they may also exhibit a range of modifications that possibly relate to the decrease in body size and the consequent reduction in fecundity. Examples of changes in the general reproductive pattern include the following: reduction in the size of mature oocytes; increase in fecundity; production of several batches of oocytes; an extended reproductive period or even continuous reproduction that allows individuals to reproduce more than once a year; high growth rates; rapid recruitment of juveniles; presence of more than one reproductive cohort that increases the sexually active population; and multiple independent development of insemination as a reproductive strategy. These changes are possibly associated with adaptive pressures that are related to the reduction in body size. In addition, such reproductive characteristics or novelties may reflect the phylogenetic history of a given species.

Lista das espécies de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

É apresentada uma lista de 808 espécies de aranhas, incluídas em 51 famílias ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. São indicados localidade-tipo, municípios de ocorrência e a bibliografia taxonômica de cada espécie.

Six new species of Dasyhelea (Insecta, Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Patagonia

Six new species of Dasyhelea Kieffer, 1911 from Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia are described and illustrated based on adults. Five of these species do not belong to any of the recognized groups found in the Americas. The remaining one, Dasyhelea pabloi sp. nov. is a typical member of the leptobranchia group and is the first record of a species from this group found in the Neotropical region.

Reproductive traits of Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Teleostei, Cichlidae), in an upper stretch of Sinos river, Caraá, Brazil

This work describes the reproduction of Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) from an upper stretch of Sinos river, southern Brazil, based on the analysis of 174 males and 132 females captured in monthly samples taken from January to December 2007. Results showed that reproductive activity occur in spring and summer although ripe males were found along the year. The standard length of the smallest ripe male was 104.74 mm (Lt) and the smallest ripe female was 55.00 mm (Lt). There was a significant difference in total sex ratio, with 1.32 males to each female (χ2 = 5.76). Males were much more abundant in March (1.75 males: 1 female) and December (5 males: 1 female). Females were more abundant in the 62├77 mm interval (1 male: 2.36 female) while males were more abundant in the 77├92 mm size interval (2.57 males: 1 female). The largest length intervals were composed of only males. Mean absolute fecundity was 113.4 (± 31.24 sd) and mean relative fecundity was 0.0125 (± 0.0026 sd) oocytes/mg. In ripe ovaries, small-diameter oocytes were observed at high frequencies while larger ones occurred at lower frequencies. This pattern is common in fishes with asynchronous oocyte development. Characteristics of G. labiatus, such as low fecundity, asynchrony in oocyte development, multiple spawning, and its well-known parental care behavior, are consistent with an equilibrium strategy, as proposed for other cichlids.

The genus Trichorhina Budde-Lund in Brazil, with description of seven new species (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Platyarthridae)

Seven new species of Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 are described, six from Southeastern Brazil, T. biumbonata sp. nov., T. lenkoi sp. nov., T. myrmecophila sp. nov., T. orensis sp. nov., T. sexdens sp. nov., T. tropidocerata sp. nov., and one from Central Brazil, T. crassisetae sp. nov. An emended diagnosis for the genus and a key to the 19 species recorded from Brazil are provided. Trichorhina acuta Araújo & Buckup, 1994 is recorded to state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Espécies novas de Alpaida (Araneae, Araneidae), descrições complementares e nota taxonômica

Alpaida arvoredo sp. nov. é descrita com base em machos e fêmeas da Ilha do Arvoredo, litoral de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O macho foi descrito associado à Alpaida hoffmanni Levi, 1988. O macho correto de A. hoffmanni é descrito pela primeira vez. Alpaida caramba sp. nov., com base em ambos os sexos, é descrita do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os machos de Alpaida kochalkai Levi, 1988 e A. lomba Levi, 1988, são descritos pela primeira vez.

Grupo Drosophila asiri (Diptera, Drosophilidae), un nuevo grupo de especies andinas con la descripción de dos nuevas especies y la redescripción de Drosophila asiri

El nuevo grupo Drosophila asiri pertenece al subgénero Drosophila. Los ejemplares fueron capturados en los bosques andinos del Ecuador, desde los 3200 hasta los 4000 m de altitud. A este grupo pertenecen Drosophila (D.) asiri Vela & Rafael, 2005 previamente ubicada dentro del grupo D. onychophora, y dos nuevas especies; Drosophila (D.) yuragyacum sp. nov. y Drosophila (D.) yanaurcus sp. nov. Las capturas se realizaron en el bosque protector Pasochoa, en la quebrada de Cruz Loma y en el páramo de Papallacta, utilizando cebo de banano y levadura. Los miembros del nuevo grupo por el momento son endémicos de los Andes ecuatorianos. Las tres especies del grupo D. asiri son moscas de tamaño grande (aproximadamente 6 mm). Los machos presentan el edeago quitinizado con dos proyecciones laterales en la cabeza a manera de cuernos muy quitinizados. Estas características diferencian a las especies del grupo D. asiri de otros grupos dentro de Drosophila.

Nova espécie de Thaumastus da Floresta Atlântica do Paraná, Brasil (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Bulimuloidea)

Thaumastus straubei sp. nov. é descrita da Floresta Atlântica do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. A atribuição genérica baseou-se a partir de análise morfológica da concha, rádula, mandíbula e das partes moles, evidenciando características únicas e exclusivas que permitem a distinção das demais espécies do gênero conhecidas até o momento.

Recognition characters and new records of two species of Phylloscyrtini (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Trigonidiinae) from southern Brazil

The Phylloscyrtini occurs from eastern United States to Argentina and includes 21 valid species. It is a highly neglected group of crickets and little is known about its biology and distribution. Cranistus colliurides Stål, 1861 and Phylloscyrtus amoenus (Burmeister, 1880) were recorded for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and information on calling song, stridulatory file and recognition characters were provided.

Escarabeíneos copro-necrófagos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) de fragmentos de Mata Atlântica em Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

A fauna de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) foi amostrada através de armadilhas de queda iscadas com excremento humano e peixe apodrecido em fragmentos florestais de Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de novembro de 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Foi coletado um total de 1.611 indivíduos, pertencentes a seis tribos, 11 gêneros e 28 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Canthon latipes Blanchard, 1845 (49,9%), C. chalybaeus Blanchard, 1845 (13,9%), Deltochilum sculpturatum Felsche, 1907 (4,9%) e Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (4,3%), que juntas representaram 73% do total de indivíduos capturados. As armadilhas iscadas com excremento humano capturaram maior número de espécies do que as iscadas com peixe apodrecido. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tipos de iscas utilizados em relação à abundância de Scarabaeinae. A maior parte da comunidade de Scarabaeinae capturada foi representada por espécies de hábito alimentar generalista e comportamento escavador. A comunidade amostrada segue os padrões gerais de estrutura trófica e comportamental de Scarabaeinae encontrados por toda a região Neotropical.

Três novas espécies sul-americanas de Cryptachaea e acréscimos taxonômicos em Achaearanea (Araneae, Theridiidae)

Três espécies de Cryptachaea Archer, 1946 são descritas, duas delas para o Brasil: C. amazonas sp. nov. da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas e Cryptachaea maldonado sp. nov. da Base de Operações Geólogo Pedro de Moura, Porto Urucu, rio Urucu, Coari, Amazonas, com base em machos. Uma nova associação de macho e fêmea é proposta para Achaearanea hieroglyphica (Mello-Leitão, 1940). O macho da Guiana Francesa, atribuído à última espécie, é considerado uma espécie nova de Cryptachaea, C. ingijonathorum. O macho de Achaearanea tingo Levi, 1963 é descrito pela primeira vez. Novas ocorrências são listadas para A. trapezoidalis (Taczanowski, 1873).

Cuatro nuevas especies del grupo Drosophila onychophora (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba, Pichincha, Ecuador

Las especies de los subgéneros Phloridosa y Drosophila (este último en relación con los grupos de especies: D. flavopilosa, D. onychophora y D. bromeliae) son especies de Drosophila que se desarrollan únicamente en flores. El grupo D. onychophora fue propuestopara agrupar a especies exclusivamente antófilas. El grupo D. onychophora está integrado por 18 especies, que se encuentran relacionadas con las flores de Asteraceae. En el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador, se realizaron capturas de Drosophila, en los meses de febrero, mayo, julio, septiembre y diciembre del 2009. Las especies fueron recolectadas directamente en las flores con un aspirador entomológico. En total se capturaron 427 individuos de Drosophila y se identificaron 11 especies, de las cuales seis son nuevas especies del grupo D. onychophora y una es un nuevo registro para el Ecuador. En este trabajo se describen cuatro de las seis especies nuevas.

Seven new species of Latonigena (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from South America

In this paper seven new species of Latonigena Simon, 1893 are described, including the first descriptions of males of this genus. Latonigena beni sp. nov. is described from Bolivia and Brazil and six species are described exclusively from Brazil: L. colombo sp. nov. from Paraná; L. lami sp. nov. from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul; L. santana sp. nov., L. sapiranga sp. nov. and L. taim sp. nov. from Rio Grande do Sul; L. turvo sp. nov. from Tocantins, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. Latonigena africana Tucker, 1923 is transferred to Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 with basis on the morphological characters.

Trophic ecology of Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in lotic and semilotic environments in southeastern Brazil

Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (Carnivora, Mustelidae) is a semi-aquatic animal spread through the Central and South America, except in Chile. The implantation of a hydroelectric power plant along a river alters the dynamics of the watercourse, transforming a lotic environment into a lentic or semilotic one, what can damage the otter's feeding. From April 2008 to March 2009 we analysed the otter's food habits in lotic (streamlet) and semilotic (hydroelectric reservoir) environments of Paranapanema Valley, in southeastern Brazil. Aiming to compare the otter's diet of these two environments, we analyzed statistically the frequency of occurrence of main items in the scats. Fishes represent the base of the diet both in the reservoir and in the streamlet and, despite of the total otter's diet showing up similarities in the two environments, the results evidenced modifications on the fish species consumed between them. In the reservoir the otters ate more exotic fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) probably because it is an easy capture prey in this place. The fact that the otters get established and feed in the reservoir doesn't mean that this structure is benefic to the species because the food supplied for it consists mainly of exotic fish species.

Revisão taxonômica de Termitococcinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae)

As espécies de Termitococcinae são revisadas. Esta subfamília, restrita à Região Neotropical, é composta de cinco espécies válidas, incluídas em dois gêneros: Termitococcus aster Silvestri, 1901, Termitococcus carratoi Silvestri, 1936, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922), Eurhizococcus brevicornis (Silvestri, 1901) e Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski, 1965. O estudo traz a redescrição das espécies da subfamília, incluindo a caracterização morfológica dos três estágios de desenvolvimento (ninfa ambulatória, cisto e fêmea adulta). Chaves de identificação e ilustrações são também incluídas. São designados lectótipos e paralectótipos para duas espécies.