Étude du rôle des régions variables 4 et 5 dans les changements de conformation de la gp120 du VIH-1

Le VIH infecte les cellules par fusion de sa membrane avec la membrane de la cellule cible. Cette fusion est effectuée par les glycoprotéines de l'enveloppe (Env) qui sont synthétisées en tant que précurseur, gp160, qui est ensuite clivé en gp120 et gp41. La protéine gp41 est la partie transmembranaire du complexe de l'enveloppe et l’ancre à la particule virale alors que la gp120 assure la liaison au récepteur cellulaire CD4 et corécepteur CCR5 ou CXCR4. Ces interactions successives induisent des changements de conformation d’Env qui alimentent le processus d'entrée du virus conduisant finalement à l'insertion du peptide de fusion de la gp41 dans la membrane de la cellule cible. La sous-unité extérieure gp120 contient cinq régions variables (V1 à V5), dont trois (V1, V2 et V3) étant capables d’empêcher l’adoption spontanée de la conformation liée à CD4. Cependant, le rôle de régions variables V4 et V5 vis-à-vis de ces changements de conformation reste inconnu. Pour étudier leur effet, des mutants de l'isolat primaire de clade B YU2, comprenant une délétion de la V5 ou une mutation au niveau de tous les sites potentiels de N-glycosylation de la V4 (PNGS), ont été générés. L'effet des mutations sur la conformation des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe a été analysé par immunoprécipitation et résonance de plasmon de surface avec des anticorps dont la liaison dépend de la conformation adopté par la gp120. Ni le retrait des PNGS de la V4 ni la délétion de V5 n’a affecté les changements conformationnels d’Env tels que mesurés par ces techniques, ce qui suggère que les régions variables V1, V2 et V3 sont les principaux acteurs dans la prévention de l’adoption de la conformation lié de CD4 d’Env.

Études fonctionnelles de deux nouvelles protéines centrosomales, NPHP5 et Cep76, et leurs implications dans les maladies humaines

Les centrosomes sont de petits organites qui régulent divers processus cellulaires comme la polarité ou la mitose dans les cellules de mammifères. Ils sont composés de deux centrioles entourés par une matrice péricentriolaire. Ces centrosomes sont les principaux centres organisateurs de microtubules. De plus, ils favorisent la formation de cils, des protubérances sur la surface des cellules quiescentes qui sont critiques pour la transduction du signal. Une grande variété de maladies humaines telles que les cancers ou les ciliopathies sont liées à un mauvais fonctionnement des centrosomes et des cils. C’est pourquoi le but de mes projets de recherche est de comprendre les mécanismes nécessaires à la biogénèse et au fonctionnement des centrosomes et des cils. Tout d'abord, j’ai caractérisé une nouvelle protéine centrosomale nommée nephrocystine - 5 (NPHP5). Cette protéine est localisée dans les cellules en interphase au niveau de la région distale des centrioles. Sa déplétion inhibe la migration des centrosomes à la surface cellulaire lors de l’étape précoce de la formation des cils. NPHP5 interagit avec la protéine CEP290 via sa région C-terminale qui est essentielle pour la ciliogenèse. Elle interagit également avec la calmoduline ce qui empêche son auto-agrégation. J’ai démontré que les domaines de liaison de NHPH5 à CEP290 et à la calmoduline, ainsi que son domaine de localisation centrosomale sont séparables. De plus, j’ai démontré que les protéines NPHP5 présentant des mutations pathogènes ne peuvent plus interagir avec CEP290 et ne sont plus localisées aux centrosomes, rendant ainsi ces protéines non fonctionnelles. Enfin, en utilisant une approche pharmacologique pour moduler les événements en aval dans la voie ciliogénique, j’ai montré que la formation des cils peut être restaurée même en absence de NPHP5. D’autre part, j’ai étudié le rôle de NPHP5 dans l'assemblage et le trafic du complexe BBSome dans le cil. Le BBSome est composé de huit sous-unités différentes qui s’assemblent en un complexe fonctionnel dont on sait peu de chose sur la régulation spatiotemporelle de son processus d'assemblage. J’ai précédemment montré que NPHP5 favorisait la formation des cils et que son dysfonctionnement contribuait au développement de néphronophtise (NPHP). Bien que la NPHP et le syndrome de Bardet-Biedl (BBS) soient des ciliopathies qui partagent des caractéristiques cliniques communes, la base moléculaire de ces ressemblances phénotypiques n’est pas comprise. J’ai constaté que NPHP5, localisé à la base du cil, contient deux sites de liaison distincts pour le BBSome. De plus, j’ai démontré que NPHP5 et son partenaire CEP290 interagissent de façon dynamique avec le BBSome pendant la transition de la prolifération à la quiescence. La déplétion de NPHP5 ou CEP290 conduit à la dissociation d’au moins deux sous-unités du BBSome formant alors un sous-complexe dont la capacité de migration dans le cil n’est pas compromise. J’ai montré que le transport des cargos vers le compartiment ciliaire par ce sous-complexe n’est que partiellement altéré. Enfin, j’ai également concentré mes recherches sur une autre protéine centrosomale peu caractérisée. La protéine centrosomale de 76 kDa (Cep76) a été précédemment impliquée dans le maintien d’une duplication unique des centrioles par cycle cellulaire, et dans une interaction avec la kinase cycline-dépendante 2 (CDK2). Cep76 est préférentiellement phosphorylée par le complexe cycline A/CDK2 sur le site unique S83. Cet événement est essentiel pour supprimer l'amplification des centrioles en phase S. J’ai démontré que Cep76 inhibe cette amplification en bloquant la phosphorylation de Plk1 au niveau des centrosomes. D’autre part, Cep76 peut être acétylée au site K279 en phase G2, ce qui régule négativement son activité et sa phosphorylation sur le site S83. Ces études permettent d'améliorer notre compréhension de la biologie des centrosomes et des cils et pourraient conduire au développement de nouvelles applications diagnostiques et thérapeutiques.

Influence of Processing Variables on Protein Quality and Frozen Storage Stability of Two Commercially Important Species of Squid (Loligo duvaucelii and Doryteuthis sibogae )

Cephalopods are utilized as an important food item in various countries because of its delicacy as raw consumed food. Mainly sepia and loligo are consumed raw by Japanese and Russians. The freshness of the products is very important when the product is consumed raw. The major species that dominate our squid catch are Loligo duvaucelii and Doryteuthis sibogae. There is a noticeable difference in the quality of both the species. The needle squid (Doryteuthis sibogae ) contributes about 35% of the total squid landing. Due to the fast deterioration , a major portion of the needle squid, which is caught during the first few hauls, is thrown back to sea. The catch in the last hauls only are taken to the landing centers. At present the needle squid is processed as blanched rings and the desired quality is not obtained if it is processed as whole, whole cleaned or as tubes. In this study an attempt is made to investigate the biochemical characteristics in both the species of squid in relation to their quality and, the process control measures to be adopted. The effect of various treatments on their quality and the changes in proteolytic and lysosomal enzymes under various processing conditions are also studied in detail.Thus this study can provide the seafood industry with relevant suggestions and solutions for effective utilization of both the species of squid with emphasis on needle squid.

Ecophysiology of nontuberculous Mycobacteria in marine aquaculture ponds

The world demand for fish and fishery products is increasing steadily and it is generally accepted that it will not be possible to meet the heavy demand with resources exploited from capture fishery alone. Now aquaculture is well established and fastdeveloping industry in many countries and is a major focus sector for development. During recent decades, aquaculture has gained momentum, throughout the world especially in developing countries. According to Food and Agricultural Oganisation (FAO, 2000), global aquaculture production was 26.38 tones in 1996 have reached 32.9 million tonnes during 1999. Only marine aquaculture sector has contributed 13.1 million tonnes during 1999.India is a major fish producing country. About one half of lndia’s brackish water lands are currently being utilized for farming in order to reduce the gap between supply and demand for fish. Aquaculture has become a major source of livelihood for people and its role in integrated rural development, generation of employment and earning foreign exchange, thereby alleviating poverty is being greatly appreciated around the world.Among the infectious agents, bacteria are becoming the prime causal organisms for diseases in food fishes and other marine animals. Sindermann, (1970) reported that bacterial fish pathogen most commonly found among marine fishes is species of Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Mycobacterium. These can be categorized into primary pathogens; secondary invaders that may cause systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts; and normal marine flora which are not pathogenic but may occur on body surfaces or even within the tissues of the host. I-Iigh density of animals in hatchery tanks and ponds is conducive to the spread of pathogen and the aquatic environment with regular application of protein rich feed, is ideal for culturing bacteria. Bacteria, which are normally present in seawater or on the surface of fish, can invade and cause pathological effects in fishes, which are injured or subjected to other environmental stresses.Mycobacteria except parasites are known as nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), atypical mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis(MO'l'l"). This group of mycobacteria includes opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes. Environmental mycobacteria are ubiquitous in distribution and the sources may include soil, water, warm-blooded as well as cold-blooded animals. Disease caused by environmental mycobacterial strains in susceptible humans (Goslee & Wolinsky, 1976; Grange, 1987), animals and fishes are increasingly attracting attention. Greatest importance of environmental mycobacteria is believed to be their role in immunological priming of humans and animals, thereby modifying their immune responses to subsequent exposure to pathogenic species.

Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Antimicrobial Compounds and as Probiotics and Single Cell Protein for Application in Penaeid Prawn Culture Systems

This thesis Entitled Marine actinomycetes as source of antimicrobial compounds and as probiotics and single cell protein for application in penaeid peawn culture systems. Ocean harbours more than 80% of all life on earth and remains our greatest untapped natural resource. The study revealed the potential of marine actinomycetes as a source of antimicrobial compounds. The selected streptomycetes were found to be capable of inhibiting most of the pathogenic vibrios, whichis a major problem both in hatcheries and grow out systems. The bioactive principle can be incorporated with commercial feeds and applied as medicated diet for the control of vibrios in culture systems.The hydrolytic potential inhibitory property against pathogens and non—pathogenicity to penaeid prawns make the selected Streptomycesspp.an effective probioic in aquaculture. Since there is considerably less inhibition to the natural in pond ecosystem the microbial diversityis being maintained and thereby the water quality. Actinomycetes was found to be a good source of single cell protein as an ingredient inaquaculture feed formulations. Large amount of mycelial waste (actinomycete biomassO is produced from antibiotic industries and this nutrient rich waste can be effectively used as a protein source in aquaculture feeds.This study reveals the importance of marine actinomycetes as a source of antimicrobial compounds and as a probiotic and single cell protein for aquaculture applications.

Nuclear pairing: surface or bulk?

We analyze how the spatial localization properties of pairing correlations are changing in a major neutron shell of heavy nuclei. It is shown that the radial distribution of the pairing density depends strongly on whether the chemical potential is close to a low or a high angular momentum level and has little sensitivity to whether the pairing force acts at the surface or in the bulk. The pairing density averaged over one major shell is, however, rather flat, exhibiting little dependence on the pairing force. Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations for the isotopic chain 100-132Sn are presented for demonstration purposes.

Role of sea-surface wind and transport on enhanced aerosol optical depth observed over the Arabian Sea

The objective of this study is to understand the reasons for the enhancement in aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Arabian Sea observed during June, July and August. During these months, high values of AOD are found over the sea beyond 10◦ N and adjacent regions. The Arabian Sea is bounded by the lands of Asia and Africa on its three sides. So the region is influenced by transported aerosols from the surroundings as well as aerosols of local origin (marine aerosols). During the summer monsoon season in India, strong surface winds with velocities around 15 m s−1 are experienced over most parts of the Arabian Sea. These winds are capable of increasing sea spray activity, thereby enhancing the production of marine aerosols. The strong winds increase the contribution of marine aerosols over the region to about 60% of the total aerosol content. The main components of marine aerosols include sea salt and sulphate particles. The remaining part of the aerosol particles comes from the western and northern land masses around the sea, of which the main component is transported dust particles. This transport is observed at higher altitudes starting from 600 m. At low levels, the transport occurs mainly from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea itself, indicating the predominance of marine aerosols at these levels. The major portion of the total aerosol loading was contributed by coarse-mode particles during the period of study. But in the winter season, the concentration of coarse-mode aerosols is found to be less. From the analysis, it is concluded that the increase in marine aerosols and dust particles transported from nearby deserts results in an increase in aerosol content over the Arabian Sea during June, July and August.

Changes in Biochemical Composition in Indian Major Carps in Relation to size

Total biochemical composition of freshwater major carps, Labeo rohita -(r9hu); Catla catla (catla); Cirrltinus tnrigala (mrigal), in relation to size was evaluated . The water soluble nitrogen fraction constituted about 21% of the tota l nitro gen . Salt so luble fraction constituted 55 - 60% of the total nitrogen. Non-protein nitrogen represented 12% of the total nit rogen in all the cases except mri gal of small size (9.36%). The insoluble connec tive tissu e contributed to 2-3 per cent of tota l nitrogen . The monounsaturated fatty acid s (MUFA) formed 31-39% of the total fatty acids and 60-68% of the MUFA in freshwat er carps was CI 8:1. The esse ntial amino acids contributed to 41 to 51% of the total amino acid s in freshwater major carps. Arom atic amino acid content was sligh tly higher compared to marine fishe s while the proportion of proline was less. Varia tions in compos ition in rela tion to size are discu ssed . The autolytic activi ty was significantly higher in small fish in all the three species

Studies on nitrifying microorganisms in Cochin Estuary and adjacent coastal waters

This thesis entitled “Studies on Nitrifying Microorganisms in Cochin Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Waters” reports for the first time the spatial andtemporal variations in the abundance and activity of nitrifiers (Ammonia oxidizingbacteria-AOB; Nitrite oxidizing bacteria- NOB and Ammonia oxidizing archaea-AOA) from the Cochin Estuary (CE), a monsoon driven, nutrient rich tropicalestuary along the southwest coast of India. To fulfil the above objectives, field observations were carried out for aperiod of one year (2011) in the CE. Surface (1 m below surface) and near-bottomwater samples were collected from four locations (stations 1 to 3 in estuary and 4 in coastal region), covering pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Station 1 is a low saline station (salinity range 0-10) with high freshwater influx While stations 2 and 3 are intermediately saline stations (salinity ranges 10-25). Station 4 is located ~20 km away from station 3 with least influence of fresh water and is considered as high saline (salinity range 25- 35) station. Ambient physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate of surface and bottom waters were measured using standard techniques. Abundance of Eubacteria, total Archaea and ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB) were quantified using Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes labeled withCy3. Community structure of AOB and AOA was studied using PCR Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) technique. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to determine approximate phylogenetic affiliations. Nitrification rate in the water samples were analyzed using chemical NaClO3 (inhibitor of nitrite oxidation), and ATU (inhibitor of ammonium oxidation). Contribution of AOA and AOB in ammonia oxidation process was measured based on the recovered ammonia oxidation rate. The contribution of AOB and AOA were analyzed after inhibiting the activities of AOB and AOA separately using specific protein inhibitors. To understand the factors influencing or controlling nitrification, various statistical tools were used viz. Karl Pearson’s correlation (to find out the relationship between environmental parameters, bacterial abundance and activity), three-way ANOVA (to find out the significant variation between observations), Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) (for the discrimination of stations based on observations), Multivariate statistics, Principal components analysis (PCA) and Step up multiple regression model (SMRM) (First order interaction effects were applied to determine the significantly contributing biological and environmental parameters to the numerical abundance of nitrifiers). In the CE, nitrification is modulated by the complex interplay between different nitrifiers and environmental variables which in turn is dictated by various hydrodynamic characteristics like fresh water discharge and seawater influx brought in by river water discharge and flushing. AOB in the CE are more adapted to varying environmental conditions compared to AOA though the diversity of AOA is higher than AOB. The abundance and seasonality of AOB and NOB is influenced by the concentration of ammonia in the water column. AOB are the major players in modulating ammonia oxidation process in the water column of CE. The distribution pattern and seasonality of AOB and NOB in the CE suggest that these organisms coexist, and are responsible for modulating the entire nitrification process in the estuary. This process is fuelled by the cross feeding among different nitrifiers, which in turn is dictated by nutrient levels especially ammonia. Though nitrification modulates the increasing anthropogenic ammonia concentration the anthropogenic inputs have to be controlled to prevent eutrophication and associated environmental changes.

Characterization of DnmA, the Dnmt2 homolog in Dictyostelium discoideum

Eukaryotic DNA m5C methyltransferases (MTases) play a major role in many epigenetic regulatory processes like genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, silencing of transposons and gene expression. Members of the two DNA m5C MTase families, Dnmt1 and Dnmt3, are relatively well studied and many details of their biological functions, biochemical properties as well as interaction partners are known. In contrast, the biological functions of the highly conserved Dnmt2 family, which appear to have non-canonical dual substrate specificity, remain enigmatic despite the efforts of many researchers. The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium encodes Dnmt2-homolog, the DnmA, as the only DNA m5C MTase which allowed us to study Dnmt2 function in this organism without interference by the other enzymes. The dnmA gene can be easily disrupted but the knock-out clones did not show obvious phenotypes under normal lab conditions, suggesting that the function of DnmA is not vital for the organism. It appears that the dnmA gene has a low expression profile during vegetative growth and is only 5-fold upregulated during development. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that DnmA-GFP fusions were distributed between both the nucleus and cytoplasm with some enrichment in nuclei. Interestingly, the experiments showed specific dynamics of DnmA-GFP distribution during the cell cycle. The proteins colocalized with DNA in the interphase and were mainly removed from nuclei during mitosis. DnmA functions as an active DNA m5C MTase in vivo and is responsible for weak but detectable DNA methylation of several regions in the Dictyostelium genome. Nevertheless, gel retardation assays showed only slightly higher affinity of the enzyme to dsDNA compared to ssDNA and no specificity towards various sequence contexts, although weak but detectable specificity towards AT-rich sequences was observed. This could be due to intrinsic curvature of such sequences. Furthermore, DnmA did not show denaturant-resistant covalent complexes with dsDNA in vitro, although it could form covalent adducts with ssDNA. Low binding and methyltransfer activity in vitro suggest the necessity of additional factor in DnmA function. Nevertheless, no candidates could be identified in affinity purification experiments with different tagged DnmA fusions. In this respect, it should be noted that tagged DnmA fusion preparations from Dictyostelium showed somewhat higher activity in both covalent adduct formation and methylation assays than DnmA expressed in E.coli. Thus, the presence of co-purified factors cannot be excluded. The low efficiency of complex formation by the recombinant enzyme and the failure to define interacting proteins that could be required for DNA methylation in vivo, brought up the assumption that post-translational modifications could influence target recognition and enzymatic activity. Indeed, sites of phosphorylation, methylation and acetylation were identified within the target recognition domain (TRD) of DnmA by mass spectrometry. For phosphorylation, the combination of MS data and bioinformatic analysis revealed that some of the sites could well be targets for specific kinases in vivo. Preliminary 3D modeling of DnmA protein based on homology with hDNMT2 allowed us to show that several identified phosphorylation sites located on the surface of the molecule, where they would be available for kinases. The presence of modifications almost solely within the TRD domain of DnmA could potentially modulate the mode of its interaction with the target nucleic acids. DnmA was able to form denaturant-resistant covalent intermediates with several Dictyostelium tRNAs, using as a target C38 in the anticodon loop. The formation of complexes not always correlated with the data from methylation assays, and seemed to be dependent on both sequence and structure of the tRNA substrate. The pattern, previously suggested by the Helm group for optimal methyltransferase activity of hDNMT2, appeared to contribute significantly in the formation of covalent adducts but was not the only feature of the substrate required for DnmA and hDNMT2 functions. Both enzymes required Mg2+ to form covalent complexes, which indicated that the specific structure of the target tRNA was indispensable. The dynamics of covalent adduct accumulation was different for DnmA and different tRNAs. Interestingly, the profiles of covalent adduct accumulation for different tRNAs were somewhat similar for DnmA and hDNMT2 enzymes. According to the proposed catalytic mechanism for DNA m5C MTases, the observed denaturant-resistant complexes corresponded to covalent enamine intermediates. The apparent discrepancies in the data from covalent complex formation and methylation assays may be interpreted by the possibility of alternative pathways of the catalytic mechanism, leading not to methylation but to exchange or demethylation reactions. The reversibility of enamine intermediate formation should also be considered. Curiously, native gel retardation assays showed no or little difference in binding affinities of DnmA to different RNA substrates and thus the absence of specificity in the initial enzyme binding. The meaning of the tRNA methylation as well as identification of novel RNA substrates in vivo should be the aim of further experiments.

Untersuchungen zur Rolle von Isoformen katalytischer Untereinheiten der PKA

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Proteinkinasen übernehmen zentrale Aufgaben in der Signaltransduktion höherer Zellen. Dabei ist die cAMP-abhängige Proteinkinase (PKA) bezüglich ihrer Struktur und Funktion eine der am besten charakterisierten Proteinkinasen. Trotzdem ist wenig über direkte Interaktionspartner der katalytischen Untereinheiten (PKA-C) bekannt. In einem Split-Ubiquitin basiertem Yeast Two Hybrid- (Y2H-)System wurden potenzielle Interaktionspartner der PKA-C identifiziert. Als Bait wurden sowohl die humane Hauptisoform Cα (hCα) als auch die Proteinkinase X (PrKX) eingesetzt. Nach der Bestätigung der Funktionalität der PKA-C-Baitproteine, dem Nachweis der Expression und der Interaktion mit dem bekannten Interaktionspartner PKI wurde ein Y2H-Screen gegen eine Mausembryo-cDNA-Expressionsbibliothek durchgeführt. Von 2*10^6 Klonen wurden 76 Kolonien isoliert, die ein mit PrKX interagierendes Preyprotein exprimierten. Über die Sequenzierung der enthaltenen Prey-Vektoren wurden 25 unterschiedliche, potenzielle Interaktionspartner identifiziert. Für hCα wurden über 2*10^6 S. cerevisiae-Kolonien untersucht, von denen 1.959 positiv waren (1.663 unter erhöhter Stringenz). Über die Sequenzierung von ca. 10% der Klone (168) konnten Sequenzen für 67 verschiedene, potenzielle Interaktionspartner der hCα identifiziert werden. 15 der Preyproteine wurden in beiden Screens identifiziert. Die PKA-C-spezifische Wechselwirkung der insgesamt 77 Preyproteine wurde im Bait Dependency Test gegen largeT, ein Protein ohne Bezug zum PKA-System, untersucht. Aus den PKA-C-spezifischen Bindern wurden die löslichen Preyproteine AMY-1, Bax72-192, Fabp3, Gng11, MiF, Nm23-M1, Nm23-M2, Sssca1 und VASP256-375 für die weitere in vitro-Validierung ausgewählt. Die Interaktion von FLAG-Strep-Strep-hCα (FSS-hCα) mit den über Strep-Tactin aus der rekombinanten Expression in E. coli gereinigten One-STrEP-HA-Proteinen (SSHA-Proteine) wurde über Koimmunpräzipitation für SSHA-Fabp3, -Nm23-M1, -Nm23-M2, -Sssca1 und -VASP256-375 bestätigt. In SPR-Untersuchungen, für die hCα kovalent an die Oberfläche eines CM5-Sensorchips gekoppelt wurde, wurden die ATP/Mg2+-Abhängigkeit der Bindungen sowie differentielle Effekte der ATP-kompetitiven Inhibitoren H89 und HA-1077 untersucht. Freie hCα, die vor der Injektion zu den SSHA-Proteinen gegeben wurde, kompetierte im Gegensatz zu FSS-PrKX die Bindung an die hCα-Oberfläche. Erste kinetische Analysen lieferten Gleichgewichtsdissoziationskonstanten im µM- (SSHA-Fabp3, -Sssca1), nM- (SSHA-Nm23-M1, –M2) bzw. pM- (SSHA-VASP256-375) Bereich. In funktionellen Analysen konnte eine Phosphorylierung von SSHA-Sssca1 und VASP256-375 durch hCα und FSS-PrKX im Autoradiogramm nachgewiesen werden. SSHA-VASP256-375 zeigte zudem eine starke Inhibition von hCα im Mobility Shift-Assay. Dieser inhibitorische Effekt sowie die hohe Affinität konnten jedoch auf eine Kombination aus der Linkersequenz des Vektors und dem N-Terminus von VASP256-375 zurückgeführt werden. Über die Wechselwirkungen der hier identifizierten Interaktionspartner Fabp3, Nm23-M1 und Nm23-M2 mit hCα können in Folgeuntersuchungen neue PKA-Funktionen insbesondere im Herzen sowie während der Zellmigration aufgedeckt werden. Sssca1 stellt dagegen ein neues, näher zu charakterisierendes PKA-Substrat dar.

Loss of Anticodon Wobble Uridine Modifications Affects tRNALys Function and Protein Levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In eukaryotes, wobble uridines in the anticodons of tRNALysUUU, tRNAGluUUC and tRNAGlnUUG are modified to 5-methoxy-carbonyl-methyl-2-thio-uridine (mcm5s2U). While mutations in subunits of the Elongator complex (Elp1-Elp6), which disable mcm5 side chain formation, or removal of components of the thiolation pathway (Ncs2/Ncs6, Urm1, Uba4) are individually tolerated, the combination of both modification defects has been reported to have lethal effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Contrary to such absolute requirement of mcm5s2U for viability, we demonstrate here that in the S. cerevisiae S288C-derived background, both pathways can be simultaneously inactivated, resulting in combined loss of tRNA anticodon modifications (mcm5U and s2U) without a lethal effect. However, an elp3 disruption strain displays synthetic sick interaction and synergistic temperature sensitivity when combined with either uba4 or urm1 mutations, suggesting major translational defects in the absence of mcm5s2U modifications. Consistent with this notion, we find cellular protein levels drastically decreased in an elp3uba4 double mutant and show that this effect as well as growth phenotypes can be partially rescued by excess of tRNALysUUU. These results may indicate a global translational or protein homeostasis defect in cells simultaneously lacking mcm5 and s2 wobble uridine modification that could account for growth impairment and mainly originates from tRNALysUUU hypomodification and malfunction.

Prion Protein is Expressed on Long-term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells and is Necessary for their Self-renewal

We show that the prion protein (PrP) is expressed on the surface of bone marrow cell populations enriched in long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Affinity purification of the PrP-positive and PrP-negative fractions from these populations, followed by competitive reconstitution assays, show that all long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells express PrP. Hematopoietic stem cells from PrP null bone marrow exhibit impaired self-renewal in serial competitive transplantation experiments, and premature exhaustion when exposed to cell cycle-specific myelotoxic injury. Therefore, PrP is a novel marker for hematopoietic stem cells and regulates their self-renewal.

Protein Microarray: "Theory" to "Real Practice"

Fueled by ever-growing genomic information and rapid developments of proteomics–the large scale analysis of proteins and mapping its functional role has become one of the most important disciplines for characterizing complex cell function. For building functional linkages between the biomolecules, and for providing insight into the mechanisms of biological processes, last decade witnessed the exploration of combinatorial and chip technology for the detection of bimolecules in a high throughput and spatially addressable fashion. Among the various techniques developed, the protein chip technology has been rapid. Recently we demonstrated a new platform called “Spacially addressable protein array” (SAPA) to profile the ligand receptor interactions. To optimize the platform, the present study investigated various parameters such as the surface chemistry and role of additives for achieving high density and high-throughput detection with minimal nonspecific protein adsorption. In summary the present poster will address some of the critical challenges in protein micro array technology and the process of fine tuning to achieve the optimum system for solving real biological problems.

SCAPA (Spacially Addressable Protein Array) – a Novel Protein Array for the Differential Profiling of Ligand-receptor Induced Signalling

While protein microarray technology has been successful in demonstrating its usefulness for large scale high-throughput proteome profiling, performance of antibody/antigen microarrays has been only moderately productive. Immobilization of either the capture antibodies or the protein samples on solid supports has severe drawbacks. Denaturation of the immobilized proteins as well as inconsistent orientation of antibodies/ligands on the arrays can lead to erroneous results. This has prompted a number of studies to address these challenges by immobilizing proteins on biocompatible surfaces, which has met with limited success. Our strategy relates to a multiplexed, sensitive and high-throughput method for the screening quantification of intracellular signalling proteins from a complex mixture of proteins. Each signalling protein to be monitored has its capture moiety linked to a specific oligo ‘tag’. The array involves the oligonucleotide hybridization-directed localization and identification of different signalling proteins simultaneously, in a rapid and easy manner. Antibodies have been used as the capture moieties for specific identification of each signaling protein. The method involves covalently partnering each antibody/protein molecule with a unique DNA or DNA derivatives oligonucleotide tag that directs the antibody to a unique site on the microarray due to specific hybridization with a complementary tag-probe on the array. Particular surface modifications and optimal conditions allowed high signal to noise ratio which is essential to the success of this approach.