A Fotografia Documental na Imprensa Nacional: o Real e o Verosímil

Nos últimos trinta anos da imprensa nacional, assiste-se a inúmeras mudanças no papel que a fotografia assume nas práticas editoriais dos jornais, influência da crescente generalização da fotografia digital. No final da década de 80 e início de 90 do século XX, investe-se na fotografia e compreende-se porquê. Ela é uma ferramenta poderosa para a criação de uma identidade editorial e para fidelizar leitores. Nunca a autoria do fotógrafo fora tão reconhecida nas redações como neste período, geralmente, sem comprometer o ideal do rigor jornalístico. A partir do século XXI, assiste-se a uma regressão. Esta tese pretende investigar a importância que foi atribuída à fotografia e ao fotojornalismo na imprensa, nas últimas três décadas, procurando determinar qual o grau de consciência que o fotógrafo tem das escolhas assumidas no ato fotográfico; como é que as opções do autor interferem na imagem final e como é que a fotografia jornalística lida com a questão do real e do verosímil? Para responder a estas e outras perguntas realizou-se noventa entrevistas que foram depois submetidas a uma análise qualitativa. Por mais consciência que o fotógrafo tenha da necessidade de ser objetivo e de retratar a verdade do acontecimento, pessoa ou lugar, a fotografia de imprensa é sempre a perspetiva de alguém que escolhe fragmentos da realidade para reportar ou documentar um acontecimento. O observador, com um olhar ingénuo e sem adotar uma atitude crítica perante a mimese do real, recebe a imagem como sendo a prova irrefutável de um momento que o texto, por si só, não consegue autentificar. É como se o Homem precisasse da legitimação visual para encontrar o seu lugar no mundo e nem a facilidade de edição na era do digital parece retirar à fotografia a crença numa verdade que os olhos não puderam testemunhar. Ironicamente e contra a ideia do senso-comum, a História prova que a dupla essência da fotografia de ser espelho e construção do real - mesmo na imprensa - não resiste à adulteração. Seja instrumentalizada pelo poder, seja para criar dramatismo ou atribuir heroicidade em determinadas cenas, em vez do registo da realidade, a fotografia mostra uma realidade verosímil. A História também demonstra que essa subversão acontece, mas não é um procedimento consciente. Isto porque o fotógrafo de imprensa assume diversas escolhas subjetivas de enquadramento, foco e composição sobre uma cena, não com o intuito de manipular, mas para arrumar o seu olhar sobre o mundo e mostrar o acontecimento numa moldura talhada pelo código ético e deontológico da profissão e pela linha editorial do órgão de comunicação onde exerce funções. Acima de tudo, esta investigação ambiciona confirmar se a confiança que o público deposita na imagem jornalística lhe é merecida

Estudo clínico-radiológico de crianças e adolescentes indígenas Suruí, Região Amazônica

INTRODUÇÃO: Entre os Suruí de Rondônia foram registradas incidências médias de TB > 2.500/100.000 habitantes, entre 1991-2002. Aproximadamente 50% desses casos foram notificados em < 15 anos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo clínico-epidemiológico que teve como objetivo descrever as características clínico-radiológicas em crianças e adolescentes identificados como contatos de doentes de TB. Além disto, aplicar o sistema de pontuação para o diagnóstico de TB na infância e verificar se as condutas adotadas no nível local foram concordantes com as diretrizes nacionais. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 52 Rx de 37 indígenas. Deste conjunto, 48,1% foram normais e 51,9% anormais. Alguns dos Rx apresentaram duas ou mais alterações, totalizando 36 eventos independentes. Observou-se infiltrados (38,9%), calcificações (38,9%), cavitações (11,1%) e atelectasias/derrame pleural (11,1%). Nas imagens anormais, 22,2% eram TB provavelmente ativa e 33,3% sequelas. A confrontação com as diretrizes constatou 52,6% de condutas discordantes. CONCLUSÕES: A presença da infecção tuberculosa latente (ITBL) e TB ativa, entre crianças e adolescentes, são indicadores de transmissão ativa e continuada do Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os Rx mostrando alta frequência de infiltrados e calcificações é compatível com primo-infecção em idade precoce. Entretanto, essas alterações não são diferentes daquelas observadas entre outros grupos, não sugerindo comprometimento imunológico. As discordâncias apontadas indicam que o momento ideal para o tratamento da ITBL passou despercebido. Conclui-se que é fundamental a utilização do sistema de pontuação para o correto diagnóstico de TB na infância, assim como a realização de baciloscopia e cultura de escarro em adolescentes capazes de expectorar.

Map-it – Mapeamento tridimensional de interiores

A perceção tridimensional é uma área em crescente desenvolvimento. Não existindo uma tecnologia ideal capaz de percecionar todo o tipo de cenários, têm surgido estudos sobre a aplicabilidade de diferentes tecnologias de forma a obter modelos que melhor se aproximem da realidade. Propõe-se nesta dissertação o desenvolvimento de um sistema de baixo-custo de percepção tridimensional que seja portátil e acessível na sua aplicabilidade, de forma a ter a capacidade de percecionar tridimensionalmente espaços interiores com pouca iluminação, tais como as divisões de um edifício ou os canais de uma mina subterrânea. Utilizou-se a triangulação entre uma câmara digital, os pontos de uma linha laser e um emissor laser para a obtenção dos dados tridimensionais do cenário. Para isso, recorreu-se a metodologias de processamento digital de imagens para a construção dos modelos dos cenários. Para se obter a validação desta dissertação, realizaram-se testes do protótipo de forma a determinar as suas capacidades percecionais. Em primeiro lugar realizou-se uma bateria de testes de calibração onde, repetidamente, se estudaram isoladamente pontos do cenário para verificar a precisão do sensor. Após esta calibração, estudou-se a capacidade de transformação de uma linha laser projetada num conjunto de coordenadas. Finalmente testou-se a capacidade de perceção tridimensional por rotação do sensor, de forma a realizar a transformação de múltiplas projeções de linhas laser num conjunto de coordenadas em torno do sensor. Verificou-se: no teste de calibração, a obtenção de distâncias com erro médio relativo inferior a 1%; no teste da linha laser, a capacidade de perceção de profundidade de múltiplos pontos ao longo da mesma; no teste de rotação, a aquisição de múltiplos conjuntos de linhas de profundidade no cenário, por rotação do sensor. Os resultados dos testes de validação permitiram concluir a viabilidade de utilizar a triangulação na aquisição de conjuntos de coordenadas de espaços interiores.

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs in the City of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil, using the PCR technique to list the hot spots of infected dogs in the city and associate their occurrence to significant environmental changes at capture sites. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood of dogs, and the PCR were performed with primers RV1/RV2. After screening the population studied, the regions of the city that had the highest occurrence of canine infection were detected. These sites were visited, and ecological parameters denoting anthropogenic disturbance were evaluated. RESULTS: Some important features were listed in the regions visited, such as low urbanization, lack of public collection of sewage, limited garbage collection, vacant lots with tall vegetation, decaying organic matter, and, most importantly, the occurrence of stray dogs and poultry in homes. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for screening the population was very efficient, especially in evaluating a large number of individuals in a short time, with a high degree of automation. The results indicate an association between the observed parameters and the occurrence of infection in dogs. The model presented in the city is ideal for studies of disease progression and expansion and for the evaluation of control measures adopted for canine VL.

Seroepidemiological monitoring in sentinel animals and vectors as part of arbovirus surveillance in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: From February-September 2010, seroepidemiological surveys were conducted on non-human primates and transmitter vector capture was used to investigate the possible circulation of arboviruses in the municipalities of Bonito, Campo Grande, and Jardim, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 65 primates from the wild and captivity were used, and potential vectors were captured using Castro and dip nets. Serum samples were tested at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, State of Pará, using the hemagglutination inhibition test to detect total antibodies against 19 different arboviruses. Virus isolation was attempted from serum samples and arthropod suspensions using newborn mice and the C6/36 cell line clone. In addition, identification of the vector species was conducted. RESULTS: From the 19 serum samples from Campo Grande, 1 sample had a 1:20 titer for Flavivirus. From the 35 samples collected in Bonito, 17 samples had antibodies to arboviruses, 4 (11.4%) were positive for Alphavirus, and 5 (14.2%) were positive for Flavivirus. Monotypic reactions were observed for the Mayaro (n = 10) and Oropouche (n = 5) viruses, and 6 (17.1%) samples had titers for >1 virus. We captured 120 Culicidae individuals that were potential arbovirus transmitters in Jardim; however, all the samples were negative for the viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Mato Grosso do Sul has a variety of vertebrate hosts and transmission vectors, thereby providing ideal conditions for the emergence or reemergence of arboviruses, including some pathogenic to human beings.

Prevalence of influenza and adherence to the anti-flu vaccination among elderly

INTRODUCTION: The flu, a condition that can affect the elderly by increasing the risk of serious complications can be prevented through vaccination. Estimate the prevalence of signs and symptoms suggestive of influenza in a group of elderly either vaccinated or unvaccinated against influenza was the objective this study. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed in a Brazilian City. A structured questionnaire was employed to identify the presence of signs and symptoms of influenza in individuals aged 60 years or over. For analysis of associations between variables the prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six participants were interviewed, of whom 57.7% were female. The average age was 69.7 years. About 25% of the vaccinated and 20% of the unvaccinated in 2009, and 25% of the vaccinated and 22.5% of the unvaccinated in 2010 reported having the flu. Among the vaccinated and unvaccinated in 2009 and 2010, there was no verified association between vaccination and influenza (PR=1.24; [95% CI: 0.63-2.43] and PR=1.11; [95% CI: 0.59-2.09], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, among the elderly selected, the vaccination coverage for influenza is below the ideal, even with projection of the best indices for 2011 (~ 84%). The data on vaccination and disease protection needs further research; however, the results point to the need for measures to better clarify to this population about the disease, its complications and the benefits of vaccination, in addition to combatting the stigma related to low adherence.

Strategic design of There App’s business model: From product to multi-sided platform

The following work project illustrates the strategic issues There App, a mobile application, faces regarding the opportunity to expand from its current state as a product to a multisided platform. Initially, a market analysis is performed to identify the ideal customer groups to be integrated in the platform. Strategic design issues are then discussed on how to best match its value proposition with the identified market opportunity. Suggestions on how the company should organize its resources and operational processes to best deliver on its value proposition complete the work.

Internationalization strategy of reliance to Brazil

This Work Project was focused, firstly, in an internal analysis to assess the possible competitive advantage sources of the firm and to identify the key weakness that the firm should improve before advancing with the internationalization strategy. Completed the analysis was possible to verify that the source of sustainable competitive advantage of Relance is the use of specific raw materials and that its biggest weaknesses are the lack of capacity and the excessive dependence on key employees. Overall, it was possible to conclude that the firm is in position of competing in the international markets. Secondly, due to its crucial importance, the country selection was made with a deep objective analysis, resulting with the selection of Brazil as the country with the highest market potential. Regarding the strategy to actually enter in Brazil’s market, after the study of 12 modes of entry it was possible to conclude that there is no ideal mode. However, the study performed allowed to undertake the conclusion that in order to obtain long-term optimization on the process, the adaptation, to the firm´s situation, of the Uppsala model progressive stages is the ideal. At the course of this Work Project it was inferred that the critical success factors are the choice of the distributor and the promotion of Relance as a premium brand.

Leadership in Angola and Mozambique: How Portuguese leaders overcome the human resources challenge and contribute to organizational success

This Work Project presents human resources as one of the major challenges that Portuguese leaders meet in Angola and Mozambique. The main goal is to understand the role of leaders in translating this challenge into benefits for their own business and the African society. To conduct this study 13 leaders who work in Portugal and Africa were interviewed. Then, a framework was constructed based on the two ways these leaders recognize the importance of their employees for sustainable growth – financial incentives or/and personal development. The main conclusion here is that individually, incentives and personal development are not effective methods. Because of this, an employee empowerment process is proposed that encloses both, along with the leaders’ personal qualities needed to implement that “ideal” process.

Analysis and implementation of a multi-ratio switched capacitor DC-DC converter for a supercapacitor power supply

An energy harvesting system requires an energy storing device to store the energy retrieved from the surrounding environment. This can either be a rechargeable battery or a supercapcitor. Due to the limited lifetime of rechargeable batteries, they need to be periodically replaced. Therefore, a supercapacitor, which has ideally a limitless number of charge/discharge cycles can be used to store the energy; however, a voltage regulator is required to obtain a constant output voltage as the supercapacitor discharges. This can be implemented by a Switched-Capacitor DC-DC converter which allows a complete integration in CMOS technology, although it requires several topologies in order to obtain a high efficiency. This thesis presents the complete analysis of four different topologies in order to determine expressions that allow to design and determine the optimum input voltage ranges for each topology. To better understand the parasitic effects, the implementation of the capacitors and the non-ideal effect of the switches, in 130 nm technology, were carefully studied. With these two analysis a multi-ratio SC DC-DC converter was designed with an output power of 2 mW, maximum efficiency of 77%, and a maximum output ripple, in the steady state, of 23 mV; for an input voltage swing of 2.3 V to 0.85 V. This proposed converter has four operation states that perform the conversion ratios of 1/2, 2/3, 1/1 and 3/2 and its clock frequency is automatically adjusted to produce a stable output voltage of 1 V. These features are implemented through two distinct controller circuits that use asynchronous time machines (ASM) to dynamically adjust the clock frequency and to select the active state of the converter. All the theoretical expressions as well as the behaviour of the whole system was verified using electrical simulations.

Fábricas criativas : o trabalho ontem e hoje. O caso da Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Santo Tirso

Temos vindo a assistir no ocidente, na sequência de um processo de reestruturação produtiva à escala global, à proliferação de estratégias de regeneração urbana de base cultural que têm nas fábricas criativas uma das suas manifestações mais recentes. Advogando uma mudança de paradigma ao nível do trabalho e do desenvolvimento económico a partir da promoção das designadas indústrias criativas, estes novos usos económicos do património industrial têm proliferado em Portugal, particularmente no norte do país, por iniciativa municipal e recurso a programas de financiamento europeu. Considerando a precarização laboral crescente e a forma como esta «viragem criativa» tem sido associada aos discursos de empreendedorismo na promoção de flexibilidade laboral, este projeto propõe olhar para as atuais transformações do trabalho à luz da figura do artista, questionando até que ponto este se assume atualmente como modelo ideal de trabalho perante o sistema económico vigente. Para tal, recorre-se às fábricas criativas como dispositivo epistemológico, enquanto lugares fortemente enraizados na memória coletiva da população em que se inserem, e às duas vidas que estas encerram. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir do caso específico de requalificação da antiga Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Santo Tirso, sendo constituído por duas partes, memória escrita e filme.

Texto(s) e competência textual

A investigação de que resulta o presente trabalho foi desenvolvida em Teoria do texto - área de especialização em Linguística criada na FCSH - UNL pela Professora Luísa Opitz. Os contornos teóricos e epistemológicos da configuração disciplinar assim designada merecem naturalmente uma atenção particular. Pode dizer-se que os primeiros contributos, no sentido de uma abordagem linguística do texto, se devem aos vários trabalhos que, sobretudo na Holanda e na Alemanha, desde o início dos anos setenta, preconizavam o alargamento do quadro generativista para além do domínio da frase. A estes projectos de gramática de texto convém também associar. como se pode compreender, a noção de competência textual - enquanto sistema de regras susceptíveis de derivarem qualquer texto, numa determinada lingua natural. Veja-se o paralelismo da definição proposta por Petôfi (um dos autores em destaque, nesta perspectiva): Its direct aim [of the grammatical theory of verbal texts] is to describe the knowledge of the 'ideal native speaker/listener' concernmg the grammatical structuredness of verbal texts (i.e. his verbal grammatical competence). PETÔFI 1973:206 Quase em simultâneo com a convicção generativista, ou decorrendo de alguma insatisfacão que se ia instalando, outras tendências menos formalizantes se faziam também sentir. Pode destacar-se, em particular, o ponto de vista de P. Hartmann, no prefácio que assina para Studies in Text Grammar, editado por J.S. Petôfi e H. Rieser em 1973. Assinalando a mudança, em termos de interesses epistemológicos, associada ao facto de se tratar de objectos cuja descrição requer mais dimensões do que as contempladas por uma gramática de frase, Hartmann afirma: Se a nogão de texto aparece associada å de fungão (ou funções), uma e outra são fundamentalmente determinadas pela decisão relativa aos objectos sujeitos a observação - isto é, pelo facto de se tomarem em consideração os textos efectivamente produzidos em situações de comunicação, não sujeitos, portanto, a reduções metodológicas.

Uma análise comparativa do conceito de trauma em Winnicott e Kohut

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção do grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Essays on bounded rationality: Individual decision and strategic interaction

Economics is a social science which, therefore, focuses on people and on the decisions they make, be it in an individual context, or in group situations. It studies human choices, in face of needs to be fulfilled, and a limited amount of resources to fulfill them. For a long time, there was a convergence between the normative and positive views of human behavior, in that the ideal and predicted decisions of agents in economic models were entangled in one single concept. That is, it was assumed that the best that could be done in each situation was exactly the choice that would prevail. Or, at least, that the facts that economics needed to explain could be understood in the light of models in which individual agents act as if they are able to make ideal decisions. However, in the last decades, the complexity of the environment in which economic decisions are made and the limits on the ability of agents to deal with it have been recognized, and incorporated into models of decision making in what came to be known as the bounded rationality paradigm. This was triggered by the incapacity of the unboundedly rationality paradigm to explain observed phenomena and behavior. This thesis contributes to the literature in three different ways. Chapter 1 is a survey on bounded rationality, which gathers and organizes the contributions to the field since Simon (1955) first recognized the necessity to account for the limits on human rationality. The focus of the survey is on theoretical work rather than the experimental literature which presents evidence of actual behavior that differs from what classic rationality predicts. The general framework is as follows. Given a set of exogenous variables, the economic agent needs to choose an element from the choice set that is avail- able to him, in order to optimize the expected value of an objective function (assuming his preferences are representable by such a function). If this problem is too complex for the agent to deal with, one or more of its elements is simplified. Each bounded rationality theory is categorized according to the most relevant element it simplifes. Chapter 2 proposes a novel theory of bounded rationality. Much in the same fashion as Conlisk (1980) and Gabaix (2014), we assume that thinking is costly in the sense that agents have to pay a cost for performing mental operations. In our model, if they choose not to think, such cost is avoided, but they are left with a single alternative, labeled the default choice. We exemplify the idea with a very simple model of consumer choice and identify the concept of isofin curves, i.e., sets of default choices which generate the same utility net of thinking cost. Then, we apply the idea to a linear symmetric Cournot duopoly, in which the default choice can be interpreted as the most natural quantity to be produced in the market. We find that, as the thinking cost increases, the number of firms thinking in equilibrium decreases. More interestingly, for intermediate levels of thinking cost, an equilibrium in which one of the firms chooses the default quantity and the other best responds to it exists, generating asymmetric choices in a symmetric model. Our model is able to explain well-known regularities identified in the Cournot experimental literature, such as the adoption of different strategies by players (Huck et al. , 1999), the inter temporal rigidity of choices (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003) and the dispersion of quantities in the context of di cult decision making (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003). Chapter 3 applies a model of bounded rationality in a game-theoretic set- ting to the well-known turnout paradox in large elections, pivotal probabilities vanish very quickly and no one should vote, in sharp contrast with the ob- served high levels of turnout. Inspired by the concept of rhizomatic thinking, introduced by Bravo-Furtado & Côrte-Real (2009a), we assume that each per- son is self-delusional in the sense that, when making a decision, she believes that a fraction of the people who support the same party decides alike, even if no communication is established between them. This kind of belief simplifies the decision of the agent, as it reduces the number of players he believes to be playing against { it is thus a bounded rationality approach. Studying a two-party first-past-the-post election with a continuum of self-delusional agents, we show that the turnout rate is positive in all the possible equilibria, and that it can be as high as 100%. The game displays multiple equilibria, at least one of which entails a victory of the bigger party. The smaller one may also win, provided its relative size is not too small; more self-delusional voters in the minority party decreases this threshold size. Our model is able to explain some empirical facts, such as the possibility that a close election leads to low turnout (Geys, 2006), a lower margin of victory when turnout is higher (Geys, 2006) and high turnout rates favoring the minority (Bernhagen & Marsh, 1997).

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens against Gram-negative bacteria isolated in a Brazilian teaching hospital

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.