An Evaluation of the area stratification used for sampling tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean and implications for estimating total annual catches

The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) staff has been sampling the size distributions of tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) since 1954, and the species composition of the catches since 2000. The IATTC staff use the data from the species composition samples, in conjunction with observer and/or logbook data, and unloading data from the canneries to estimate the total annual catches of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tunas. These sample data are collected based on a stratified sampling design. I propose an update of the stratification of the EPO into more homogenous areas in order to reduce the variance in the estimates of the total annual catches and incorporate the geographical shifts resulting from the expansion of the floating-object fishery during the 1990s. The sampling model used by the IATTC is a stratified two-stage (cluster) random sampling design with first stage units varying (unequal) in size. The strata are month, area, and set type. Wells, the first cluster stage, are selected to be sampled only if all of the fish were caught in the same month, same area, and same set type. Fish, the second cluster stage, are sampled for lengths, and independently, for species composition of the catch. The EPO is divided into 13 sampling areas, which were defined in 1968, based on the catch distributions of yellowfin and skipjack tunas. This area stratification does not reflect the multi-species, multi-set-type fishery of today. In order to define more homogenous areas, I used agglomerative cluster analysis to look for groupings of the size data and the catch and effort data for 2000–2006. I plotted the results from both datasets against the IATTC Sampling Areas, and then created new areas. I also used the results of the cluster analysis to update the substitution scheme for strata with catch, but no sample. I then calculated the total annual catch (and variance) by species by stratifying the data into new Proposed Sampling Areas and compared the results to those reported by the IATTC. Results showed that re-stratifying the areas produced smaller variances of the catch estimates for some species in some years, but the results were not significant.

Helmholtz Fermi surface harmonics: an efficient approach for treating anisotropic problems involving Fermi surface integrals

We present a new efficient numerical approach for representing anisotropic physical quantities and/or matrix elements defined on the Fermi surface (FS) of metallic materials. The method introduces a set of numerically calculated generalized orthonormal functions which are the solutions of the Helmholtz equation defined on the FS. Noteworthy, many properties of our proposed basis set are also shared by the FS harmonics introduced by Philip B Allen (1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 1416), proposed to be constructed as polynomials of the cartesian components of the electronic velocity. The main motivation of both approaches is identical, to handle anisotropic problems efficiently. However, in our approach the basis set is defined as the eigenfunctions of a differential operator and several desirable properties are introduced by construction. The method is demonstrated to be very robust in handling problems with any crystal structure or topology of the FS, and the periodicity of the reciprocal space is treated as a boundary condition for our Helmholtz equation. We illustrate the method by analysing the free-electron-like lithium (Li), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and magnesium diboride (MgB2)

Comparação do Gasto energético de repouso obtido pela calorimetria indireta com as equações de predição em pacientes idosos em tratamento crônico de hemodiálise

Assim como na população geral, as necessidades energéticas diárias dos pacientes em tratamento crônico de hemodiálise (HD) podem ser calculadas multiplicando-se o gasto energético de repouso (GER) pelo nível de atividade física. Até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram se as equações de predição são precisas para se estimar o GER de idosos em HD. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concordância entre o GER obtido pela calorimetria indireta e as equações de predição de Harris&Benedict, Schofield e a proposta pelo documento da Organização Mundial de Saúde de 1985 (FAO 1985) nos pacientes idosos em HD. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, onde foi avaliado o GER de 57 pacientes idosos não institucionalizados (> 60anos) em tratamento crônico de HD mensurado pela calorimetria indireta e comparado com as equações de predição de Harris&Benedict, Schofield e FAO 1985.A concordância entre o GER medido e as equações foi realizada pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e pela análise de Bland-Altman. Neste estudo pode-se observar que o GER estimado pelas 3 equações foi significantemente maior do que o obtido pela calorimetria indireta. Um grau de reprodutibilidade moderado foi observado entre a calorimetria indireta e as equações. A superestimação foi o principal erro observado, sendo presente na metade dos pacientes. A subestimação foi vista em aproximadamente em 10 % dos pacientes. Com base nesses achados podemos concluir que as 3 equações tiveram uma performance similar ao estimar o GER. E estas podem ser utilizadas para calcular o GER de idosos em HD, na medida em que os nutricionistas reconheçam seus possíveis erros, principalmente quando as equações de predição subestimam o GER medido.