Towards a flexible and transparent database evolution

Applications refactorings that imply the schema evolution are common activities in programming practices. Although modern object-oriented databases provide transparent schema evolution mechanisms, those refactorings continue to be time consuming tasks for programmers. In this paper we address this problem with a novel approach based on aspect-oriented programming and orthogonal persistence paradigms, as well as our meta-model. An overview of our framework is presented. This framework, a prototype based on that approach, provides applications with aspects of persistence and database evolution. It also provides a new pointcut/advice language that enables the modularization of the instance adaptation crosscutting concern of classes, which were subject to a schema evolution. We also present an application that relies on our framework. This application was developed without any concern regarding persistence and database evolution. However, its data is recovered in each execution, as well as objects, in previous schema versions, remain available, transparently, by means of our framework.

Evolution of the application and database with aspects

Generally, the evolution process of applications has impact on their underlining data models, thus becoming a time-consuming problem for programmers and database administrators. In this paper we address this problem within an aspect-oriented approach, which is based on a meta-model for orthogonal persistent programming systems. Applying reflection techniques, our meta-model aims to be simpler than its competitors. Furthermore, it enables database multi-version schemas. We also discuss two case studies in order to demonstrate the advantages of our approach.

Isolamento do Toxoplasma gondii de exsudato peritoneal e órgãos de camundongos com infecção experimental

Foram examinados exsudatos peritoneais e órgãos (cérebro, coração, pulmão e músculo estriado) de 53 camundongos infectados experimentalmente pelo Toxoplasma gondii, sendo 21 na fase aguda e 32 na crônica. Camundongos albinos, machos, de cerca de 25 g e 2 meses de idade foram inoculados, por via intraperitoneal, com 0,5 ml de exsudato peritoneal (taquizoitas) ou macerado de cérebro (cistos) de camundongos previamente infectados. O exame a fresco foi feito no exsudato peritoneal, entre 3 e 12 dias após inoculação e no cérebro, após 10 dias. Foram realizadas inoculações de macerados de órgãos em novos camundongos (repiques) para a recuperação do parasita no exsudato ou no cérebro. Na infecção aguda as positividades foram, ao exame a fresco: exsudato peritoneal 19/19, pulmão 12/14, músculo 6/9, coração 4/9 e cérebro 1/3. Após inoculação: exsudato peritoneal 5/5, cérebro 2/2, coração 19/19, pulmão 13/13 e músculo 14/17. Após estes últimos resultados foram registrados 9 novos órgãos positivos. A positividade final (igual à recuperação do parasita) foi: exsudato peritoneal 19/19 (100%), coração 15/17 (88,5%), músculo 12/14 (85,7%), pulmão 14/14 (100%) e cérebro 2/3 (66,6%). Na infecção crônica, que transcorreu entre 10 e 495 dias, as positividades foram, ao exame a fresco: cérebro 28/32, coração 0/4 e músculo 0/4. Após repique: cérebro 6/6, coração 14/29 e músculo 16/26. Neste exame foi revelado um novo camundongo positivo elevando para 29 o total de camundongos positivos ou 90,6%. O resultado final foi: cérebro 28/32 (87,5%), músculo 16/28 (57,15%) e coração 14/31 (45,1%). No fim da pesquisa, aos 495 dias, o cérebro apresentava grandes cistos ao exame a fresco e coração e músculo mostravam-se positivos através da inoculação. Conclusões: 1º) nos camundongos o toxoplasma persistiu por 495 dias no cérebro, coração e músculo estriado; 2º) o exame a fresco do pulmão pode substituir ou confirmar o do exsudato peritoneal; 3º) a inoculação de órgãos é necessária pois pode revelar novos casos positivos; 4º) a atividade dos cistos foi demonstrada pelo aumento gradual do seu tamanho e pela recuperação do toxoplasma no cérebro, coração e músculo, após o longo tempo de infecção.

Evolution of subpatent parasitaemia in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice with the help of a cyclophosphamide amplification transfer assay

We have evaluated the sensitivity of the classical blood subinoculation method, modified through cyclophosphamide treatment of transferred mice, for the detection of occult parasitaemias in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice. Besides its simplicity, the method was shown to be highly sensitive for both the "chronic" phase parasites (99% of chronic cases were shown to harbour occult parasitaemias) and for the acute phase parasites (T. cruzi could be detected in 53.8% of animals transferred with one Y strain parasite and in 20% of animals transferred with one CL strain parasite). Using acute phase bloodforms, the assay proved to be more sensitive than conventional subinoculation when dealing with the CL, but not the Y strain of the parasite. With the help of this parasite detection tool, we have studied during a one year period, the evolution of subpatent parasitaemias in a group of mice which survived through chemotherapy from lethal acute phase of T. cruzi infection. Cyclophosphamide transfer assay revealed occult parasitaemias in 100% of the chronic animals, nevertheless, continuous and discontinuous patterns of positivity were observed.

Evolution of Iberia during the Cenozoic with special emphasis on the formation of the Betic Cordillera and its relation with the western Mediterranean

The extensional process affecting Iberia during the Triassic and Jurassic times change from the end of the Cretaceous and, throughout the Palaeocene, the displacement between the African and European plates was clearly convergent and part of the future Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera was affected. To the west, the Atlantic continued to open as a passive margin and, to the north, no significant deformation occurred. During the Eocene, the entire Iberian plate was subjected to compression. which caused major deformations in the Pyrenees and also in the Alpujarride and Nevado-Filabride, Internal Betic, complexes. In the Oligocene continued this situation, but in addition, the new extensional process ocurring in the western Mediterranean area, together with the constant eastward drift of Iberia due to Atlantic opening, compressed the eastern sector of Iberia, giving rise to the structuring of the Iberian Cordillera. The Neogene was the time when the Betic Cordillera reached its fundamental features with the westward displacement of the Betic-Rif Internal Zone, expelled by the progressive opening of the Algerian Basin, opening prolonged till the Alboran Sea. From the late Miocene onwards, all Iberia was affected by a N-S to NNW-SSE compression, combined in many points by a near perpendicular extension. Specially in eastern and southern Iberia a radial extension superposed these compression and extension.

Avaliação da atividade terapêutica do itraconazol nas infecções crônicas, experimental e humana, pelo Trypanosoma cruzi

Alguns pesquisadores demonstraram que o intraconzol, "in vitro" e na infecção aguda de animais, possui atividade antiparasitária referente ao Trypanosoma cruzi. Diante dessas observações, decidimos empreender estudo sobre e etapa crônica da parasitose devida a esse protozoário, considerando que ela é mais proeminente sob o ponto de vista médico-assistencial. A propósito, efetuamos apreciações baseadas em modelo composto por camundongos infectados e, também, relacionadas com indivíduos acometidos de doença de Chagas. Usamos 100 mg/kg/dia, por meio de sonda gástrica, durante três meses, e 100 ou 200 mg/dia, pela via oral, respectivamente, no decurso de igual período, sem evidenciarmos efeitos benéficos, pelo menos conforme a metodologia adotada

Tertiary evolution of the São Vicente and Setúbal submarine canyons, Southwest Portugal: insights from seismic stratigraphy

The Setúbal and São Vicente canyons are two major modern submarine canyons located in the southwest Iberian margin of Portugal. Although recognised as Pliocene to Quaternary features, their development during the Tertiary has not been fully understood up to date. A grid of 2D seismic data has been used to characterise the sedimentary deposits of the adjacent flanks to the submarine canyons. The relationship between the geological structure of the margin and the canyon's present location has been investigated. The interpretation of the main seismic units allowed the recognition of three generations of ravinements probably originated after middle Oligocene. Six units grouped in two distinctive seismic sequences have been identified and correlated with offshore stratigraphic data. Seismic Sequence 2 (SS2), the oldest, overlies Mesozoic and upper Eocene deformed units. Seismic Sequence I (SS1) is composed of four different seismic packages separated from SS2 by an erosional surface. The base of the studied sediment ridges is marked by an extensive erosional surface derived from a early/middle Oligocene relative sea-level fall. Deposition in the adjacent area to the actual canyons was reinitiated in late Oligocene in the form of transgressive and channel-fill deposits. A new depositional hiatus is recorded onshore during the Burdigalian, coincident with the unconformity separating SS1 and SS2. This can be correlated with the Arrábida unconformity and with the paroxysmal Burdigalian phase of the Betic domain. Presently, the Setúbal and São Vicente submarine canyons locally cut SS1 and SS2, forming distinctive channels from those recognised on the seismic data. On the upper shelf both dissect highly deformed areas subject to important erosion.

On the hydrogeology of the Lower Tagus Basin and its Cenozoic geologic evolution

The chemical features of the ground water in the Lower Tagus Cenozoic deposits are strongly influenced by lithology, by the velocity and direction of the water movement as well as by the localization of the recharge and discharge zones. The mineralization varies between 80 and 900 mg/l. It is minimal in the recharge zones and in the Pliocene sand and maximum in the Miocene carbonated and along the alluvial valley. Mineralization always reflects the time of permanence, the temperature and the pressure. The natural process of water mineralization is disturbed in agricultural areas because the saline concentration of the infiltration water exceeds that of the infiltrated rainwater. In the discharge zones, the rise of the more mineralized, some times thermal deep waters related to tectonic accidents give rise to anomalies in the distribution of the aquiferous system mineralization model. The diversity of the hydrochemical facies of the ground water may be related to several factors whose identification is some times difficult.