La influencia del Consejo de Seguridad en la aplicación de medidas contra el terrorismo por parte de la Unión Europea.

Los atentados terroristas del 11 de septiembre provocaron que el Consejo de Seguridad aprobara una serie de resoluciones con varias medidas antiterroristas. Inmediatamente, la Unión Europea aprobó un Plan de Acción contra el terrorismo e integró en el derecho comunitario las medidas aprobadas por el Consejo de Seguridad a pesar de no tener ninguna obligación de adoptarlas. El objetivo de este trabajo es ver cuáles son las condiciones y mecanismos internos de la Unión Europea que facilitan la propagación de la influencia de las normas del Consejo de Seguridad y que alteran la conducta de los actores europeos

Medidas do tendão do calcâneo no primeiro ano de vida

OBJETIVO: Determinar as espessuras e larguras dos tendões do calcâneo (tendão de Aquiles) em crianças eutróficas de ambos os gêneros, aos 2, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte deste estudo prospectivo e descritivo 38 meninos e 31 meninas. As medidas dos tendões foram obtidas por meio de ultrassonografia, utilizando transdutor linear de 14 MHz, na altura do maléolo medial. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que as espessuras dos tendões nos meninos foram de 2,4 mm, 2,3 mm, 2,4 mm e 2,4 mm, aos 2, 6, 9 e 12 meses, respectivamente. As larguras do tendão do calcâneo foram de 6,0 mm, 6,4 mm, 6,7 mm e 7,1 mm, respectivamente. Nas meninas, as espessuras obtidas aos 2, 6 e 9 meses foram de 2,4 mm, e aos 12 meses encontrou-se o valor de 2,5 mm. As quatro medidas da largura foram de 5,7 mm, 6,2 mm, 6,5 mm e 6,5 mm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença na espessura do tendão do calcâneo ao longo do primeiro ano de vida para ambos os gêneros, entretanto, houve diferença nas medidas da largura.

Making Things Technical: Paul Samuelson at MIT

This article examines how Samuelson defined his own role as an economist as a technical expert, who walked what he called the "middle of the road" to-seemingly-stay out of the realm of politics. As point of entry I discuss the highly tempting offers made by Theodore M. Schultz in the 1940s to come over to Chicago, which Schultz persistently repeated over three years and despite strong Chicago faculty resistance. A contrast between Schultz's own experiences as an economic expert at Iowa State, Samuelson's work as an external consultant for the National Resources Planning Board during the Second World War, and the firm support of the MIT administration for Samuelson's research serves to pinpoint the meaning of being technical for Samuelson, and the relation of the technical economic expert to the realm of politics.

Autorinszenierungen : Paul Nizons und Hugo Loetschers autobiographisch geprägtes Schreiben im Kontext des Archivs

In Autorinszenierungen wird Paul Nizons und Hugo Loetschers autobiographisch geprägtes Schreiben untersucht. Dabei wird gezeigt, wie sich beide - jeder auf seine Weise - bestimmte Autorselbstbildnisse modellieren. Während sich Nizon in den achtziger Jahren zum ,,Autobiographie-Fiktionär" (Am Schreiben gehen, S. 133) proklamiert hat, und all seine Bücher um die Erschreibung eines Ich kreisen, bilden Loetschers autobiographisch geprägten Texte nur einen Teil seines Werkes. Bekannt ist Loetscher vor allem für sein journalistisches Schaffen, in welchem das Ich durchaus einen wichtigen Stellenwert einnimmt. Die Art und Weise, wie beide Autoren in ihren Büchern das Ich schreiben, ist aber verschieden: Nizon erfindet sich in seinen Texten als Figur neu, indem er die Erinnerungsdistanz schreibend überspringt. Loetscher behält die Erzähldistanz als Autor dagegen stets bei, um aus seinem Leben ein Narrativ zu machen. Da die Begriffe der Autofiktion und der Autonarration diese Unterschiede auf einer theoretischen Ebene beinhalten, bilden sie ein passendes Instrumentarium, um Nizons und Loetschers Texte zu benennen und zu befragen. Obwohl es zwischen Nizons autofiktionalen und Loetschers autonarrativen Texten Unterschiede gibt, lassen sich auch Gemeinsamkeiten herausarbeiten. In einem für diese Doktorarbeit wegweisenden Artikel schrieb Roman Bucheli, die ,,Selbstbefragung" fungiere bei beiden als ,,gemeinsamer Nenner" (Ferne Bekannte, S. 57). In dieser Dissertation wird Bucheiis Feststellung aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt, indem gezeigt wird, dass die erwähnte ,,Selbstbefragung" sowohl bei Nizon als auch bei Loetscher in einer vergleichbaren Selbstgestaltung mündet. Selbst wenn das Resultat dieser Gestaltung bei beiden Autoren dann wiederum verschieden ist, resultiert sie aus einem ähnlichen Arbeitsverfahren heraus, das textgenetisch betrachtet wird. Als archivalisch denkende Autoren erschreiben sich beide bestimmte Autorselbstbildnisse, indem sie ältere Texte aufgreifen, überarbeiten und daraus neue Bücher gewinnen. Ziel der hier zusammengefassten Doktorarbeit ist es also, Paul Nizons und Hugo Loetschers autobiographisch geprägtes Schreiben im Kontext des Archivs über die Begriffe der Autofiktion und der Autonarration wechselseitig gegeneinander zu profilieren. Durch die genaue Analyse des Textmaterials wird gezeigt, wie sich Paul Nizon zum Autofiktionär inszeniert und Hugo Loetscher zum Schriftsteller.

Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793), cientista e tradutor de Newton

Although Jean Paul Marat (1743-1793) is known as a political activist and as a founder of the controversial journal L'Ami du Peuple during the French Revolution, an important period of his life was spent as a medical practionner, and as a scientist. In 1765 he went to England, where he remained for eleven years mostly dedicated to medical practice and publications on that subject and on political and moral questions. Returning to France in 1776 he iniciated his researches on fire, electricity and light, that lasted practically until the French Revolution. In 1787 he published a translation of Newton's Opticks. In this article we describe in some detail his medical and scientific practice giving particular emphasis to his experiments on optics and to his theory about colors which strongly departs from newtonian theory, fully accepted by the French scientific community of the time.

Construção de uma cela de fluxo para medidas por espectrofotometria em fase sólida

A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.

Uso de espectrometria de massas em medidas eletroquímicas - a técnica de DEMS

The combination of cyclic voltammetry and on line mass spectrometry, called differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), is already a well established method for on line identification and quantitative detection of the products and intermediates of electrochemical reactions. This article aims to show the principles of the method and how this technique have been used to study electrochemical problems such the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules, as methanol and ethanol, at noble metal electrodes.

Medidas de resistividade elétrica DC em sólidos: como efetuálas corretamente

This paper deals with the most common methods for determining the dc electrical resistivity in solid materials. A brief overview of the fundamental concepts related to the electrical resistivity on materials is introduced. Undoubtedly, the most common and useful procedure to determine the electrical resistivity (rho) is the fourpoint probe method. Some crucial mistakes regarding the experimental procedure and the appropriated correction factors are found in the literature. Thus, the correction factor for the most common sample geometries were gathered and revised in order to provide an easy way to use and apply them.

Desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de baixo custo para medidas por quimiluminescência

A simple and low cost device (ca. US$ 150) that comprises two photodiodes fixed in lab-made Perspex flow cell is proposed for chemiluminescence measurements. The characteristics of the device (large observation window and reduced thickness) allow maximizing the amount of the emitted radiation detected. A sensitivity improvement of ca. 50 % was observed by employing two photodiodes for signal measurements. The performance of the device was assessed by the oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide, yielding a linear response within the range of 2.50 to 500 µmol L-1 H2O2. The detection limit was estimated as 0.8 µmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide which is comparable with those obtained by using equipments based on photomultipliers.

Sistema de alimentação gás-líquido para medidas de atividade catalítica

This note has as objective to present the advantages of the use of syringe-type pumps for the feeding of liquid reactants, together with mass flow controllers for gases, instead of the saturators, as it is generally accomplished. Among the advantages, the system with syringe pumps presents a greater flexibility in flow control as well as in composition compared with the system that uses saturator. In addition, the flow of the liquid reactants is known with precision in the syringe pump system.

Amônia (NH3) atmosférica: fontes, transformação, sorvedouros e métodos de análise

Ammonia is the most common alkaline gas of the atmosphere, being important in the neutralization of various processes that occur in the atmosphere. Its main sources of emission are the decomposition of organic matter and dejections of animals. Ammonia is used by man in diverse activities of production, therefore it is a gas that can contaminate work environments. Measurements of ammonia concentration in some parts of the world have shown great spatial and weather variation. This large variability makes it difficult to estimate the input of reduced nitrogen to different ecosystems from measurements.

Determinação da concentração micelar crítica de ácidos húmicos por medidas de condutividade e espectroscopia

The aim of this study was the determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant using spectroscopic and conductimetric determinations and to compare these methodologies in the determination of the CMC of different humic acids (HA). The CMC obtained by conductimetric determination was satisfactory. By spectroscopic determination two values of the CMC were obtained for HA. These values can be to due the intra and intermolecular interactions in the HA structure.