Age-related immune reconstitution during highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected children in whom highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) controlled viral replication and to assess the existence of a relation between the magnitude of this restoration and age. METHODS: All HIV-1-infected children in whom a new HAART decreased plasma viral load below 400 copies/ml after 3 months of therapy were prospectively enrolled in a study of their immune reconstitution. Viral load, lymphocyte phenotyping, determination of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell receptor repertoires and proliferative responses to mitogens and recall antigens were assessed every 3 months during 1 year. RESULTS: Nineteen children were evaluated. Naive and memory CD4+ percentages were already significantly increased after 3 months of HAART. In contrast to memory CD4+ percentages, naive CD4+ percentages continued to rise until 12 months. Age at baseline was inversely correlated with the magnitude of the rise in naive CD4+ cells after 3, 6 and 9 months of therapy but not after 12 months. Although memory and activated CD8+ cells were already decreasing after 3 months, abnormalities of the CD8 T cell receptor repertoire and activation of CD8+ cells persisted at 1 year. HAART increased the response to mitogens as early as 3 months after starting therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In children the recovery of naive CD4+ cells occurs more rapidly if treatment is started at a younger age, but after 1 year of viral replication control, patients of all ages have achieved the same level of restoration. Markers of chronic activation in CD8+ cells persist after 1 year of HAART.

Cellular immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children: Is immune restoration by highly active anti-retroviral therapy comparable to non-progression?

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the restored immune functions of vertically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who were severely immunodeficient before the initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are comparable to those of untreated slow progressors. We therefore assessed T cell proliferation and cytokine [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13] secretions after mitogen, recall antigens and HIV-1-specific stimulation in 12 untreated slow progressors, 16 untreated progressors and 18 treated patients. Treated children were profoundly immunodeficient before the initiation of HAART and had long-lasting suppression of viral replication on treatment. We demonstrated that slow progressors are characterized not only by the preservation of HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses but also by the fact that these responses are clearly T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized. Children on HAART had proliferative responses to HIV-1 p24 antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus antigen similar to slow progressors and higher than those of progressors. However, in contrast to slow progressors, most treated children exhibited a release of Th2 cytokines accompanying the IFN-γ secretion in response to the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Moreover, despite higher proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than the two groups of untreated children, treated children had lower levels of IFN-γ secretion in response to PHA than slow progressors. These data show that in severely immunodeficient vertically HIV-infected children, a long-lasting HAART allows recovering lymphoproliferative responses similar to untreated slow progressors. However, alterations in IFN-γ secretion in response to the mitogen PHA persisted, and their cytokine release after HIV-specific stimulation was biased towards a Th2 response. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Immunology © 2011 British Society for Immunology.

Age-related immune reconstitution during highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children [2] (multiple letters)

SCOPUS: le.j

Bases moleculares de la interacción virus-planta : relación entre genes de defensa, ARNs pequeños y sintomatología

Los virus fitopatógenos producen alteraciones en el metabolismo y la fisiología de sus huéspedes provocadas principalmente por alteraciones en la expresión génica durante las infecciones. Numerosos cambios están asociados a respuestas de estrés y defensa y sus efectos secundarios son probablemente causantes de los síntomas. El uso de plantas transgénicas que expresan proteínas virales constituye un sistema útil para estudiar la complejidad de la interacción planta-virus. Con el fin de determinar patrones de expresión génica alterados, se emplearon líneas que expresan proteínas del TMV sin función supresora del silenciamiento: la proteína de cápside mutada (CPT42W), la proteína de movimiento (MP) y una línea co-expresante (MPxCPT42W) que mostró alteraciones morfológicas (semejantes a síntomas) y de acumulación de miARNs. Se realizó un microarreglo para detectar cambios transcripcionales asociados a la coexpresión de CPT42W y MP, utilizando como control una línea isogénica con ambos transgenes silenciados y fenotipo normal (mpxcpT42W*). Se estudiaron procesos biológicos cuyos genes mostraron alteraciones por la co-expresión de CPT42W y MP, focalizando en vías relacionadas a estrés oxidativo, inmunidad innata y vías degradación de ARN. Se demostró que CPT42W y MP modularon la defensa innata de un modo complejo: MP parecería actuar como inductor de defensa, alterando los niveles de ERO y SA mientras que CP jugaría un rol antagónico, inhibiendo la expresión de PR-1 y RDR1. Por otro lado, estudios funcionales en vías de degradación de ARN, demostraron que genes componentes del ARN exosoma, inducidos por la expresión de MP y CPT42W, estarían implicados en la alteración de miARNs y constituirían mecanismos alternativos subyacentes a la generación de síntomas en infecciones virales. Este trabajo constituye un importante aporte al entendimiento de los mecanismos de defensa antiviral y de producción de síntomas, proporcionando herramientas para diseñar nuevas estrategias biotecnológicas de control de virosis en cultivos de interés agronómico.

Los virus en especies forestales

p.93-98

First report of the occurence of East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) in Angola

No abstract is available for this article.