Application of Similarity Theory to the Characterization of Non-Transferred Laminar Plasma Jet Generation

Laminar-flow non-transferred DC plasma jets were generated by a torch with an inter-electrode insert by which the arc column was limited to a length of about 20 mm. Current–voltage characteristics, thermal efficiency and jet length, a parameter which changes greatly with the generating parameters in contrast with the almost unchangeable jet length of the turbulent plasma, were investigated systematically, by using the similarity theory combined with the corresponding experimental examination. Formulae in non-dimensional forms were derived for predicting the characteristics of the laminar plasma jet generation, within the parameter ranges where no transfer to turbulent flow occurs. Mean arc temperature in the torch channel and mean jet-flow temperature at the torch exit were obtained, and the results indicate that the thermal conductivity feature of the working gas seems to be an important factor affecting thermal efficiency of laminar plasma generation.

Strain gradient theory with couple stress for crystalline solids

A new phenomenological strain gradient theory for crystalline solid is proposed. It fits within the framework of general couple stress theory and involves a single material length scale Ics. In the present theory three rotational degrees of freedom omega (i) are introduced, which denote part of the material angular displacement theta (i) and are induced accompanying the plastic deformation. omega (i) has no direct dependence upon u(i) while theta = (1 /2) curl u. The strain energy density omega is assumed to consist of two parts: one is a function of the strain tensor epsilon (ij) and the curvature tensor chi (ij), where chi (ij) = omega (i,j); the other is a function of the relative rotation tensor alpha (ij). alpha (ij) = e(ijk) (omega (k) - theta (k)) plays the role of elastic rotation reason The anti-symmetric part of Cauchy stress tau (ij) is only the function of alpha (ij) and alpha (ij) has no effect on the symmetric part of Cauchy stress sigma (ij) and the couple stress m(ij). A minimum potential principle is developed for the strain gradient deformation theory. In the limit of vanishing l(cs), it reduces to the conventional counterparts: J(2) deformation theory. Equilibrium equations, constitutive relations and boundary conditions are given in detail. For simplicity, the elastic relation between the anti-symmetric part of Cauchy stress tau (ij), and alpha (ij) is established and only one elastic constant exists between the two tensors. Combining the same hardening law as that used in previously by other groups, the present theory is used to investigate two typical examples, i.e., thin metallic wire torsion and ultra-thin metallic beam bend, the analytical results agree well with the experiment results. While considering the, stretching gradient, a new hardening law is presented and used to analyze the two typical problems. The flow theory version of the present theory is also given.

Experimental Study of the Earthquake Recurrence Period and the Trend of Post-Seismic Development

In order to study the earthquake recurrence and the characteristics of earthquake series, rupture tests of rock samples and plexiglass samples were made. On rock samples, a number of acoustic emission (AE) and strain measuring points were deployed; the load was one side direct shear. The variation characteristics of AE and strain at different detecting points around the extra large fracture were observed and studied. On plexiglass samples, a series of inclined cracks were prefabricated by a small-scale compressive testing machine. The samples were then loaded on a shockproof platen, when the samples were loaded, the stress intensity factor (SIF) was determined by the laser interferometric technique and shadow optical method of caustics. The fracture conditions such as material toughness around the extra large fracture were also studied. From those experimental results and the theory of fracture mechanics, the earthquake recurrence period and the trend of post-seismic development were studied.

The Flow Theory of Mechanism-Based Strain Gradient Plasticity

The flow theory of mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) plasticity is established in this paper following the same multiscale, hierarchical framework for the deformation theory of MSG plasticity in order to connect with the Taylor model in dislocation mechanics. We have used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to study micro-indentation hardness experiments. The difference between deformation and flow theories is vanishingly small, and both agree well with experimental hardness data. We have also used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to investigate stress fields around a stationary mode-I crack tip as well as around a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip. At a distance to crack tip much larger than dislocation spacings such that continuum plasticity still applies, the stress level around a stationary crack tip in MSG plasticity is significantly higher than that in classical plasticity. The same conclusion is also established for a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip, though only the flow theory can be used because of unloading during crack propagation. This significant stress increase due to strain gradient effect provides a means to explain the experimentally observed cleavage fracture in ductile materials [J. Mater. Res. 9 (1994) 1734, Scripta Metall. Mater. 31 (1994) 1037; Interface Sci. 3(1996) 169].

The Complete Proof of the Virial Theorem in the Refined TFD Theory for all Electrons of an Atom in a Solid

The complete proof of the virial theorem in refined Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theory for all electrons of an atom in a solid is given.

A micromechanical damage theory for brittle materials with small cracks

For brittle solids containing numerous small cracks, a micromechanical damage theory is presented which accounts for the interactions between different small cracks and the effect of the boundary of a finite solid, and includes growth of the pre-existing small cracks. The analysis is based on a superposition scheme and series expansions of the complex potentials. The small crack evolution process is simulated through the use of fracture mechanics incorporating appropriate failure criteria. The stress-strain relations are obtained from the micromechanics analysis. Typical examples are given to illustrate the potential capability of the proposed theory. These results show that the present method provides a direct and efficient approach to deal with brittle finite solids containing multiple small cracks. The stress-strain relation curves are evaluated for a rectangular plate containing small cracks.

Influences of strain rate and temperature variation on material intrinsic length of plasticity strain gradient theory

Cowper-Symonds and Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relations are used to study the influence of both strain rate effect and temperature variation on the material intrinsic length scale in strain gradient plasticity. The material intrinsic length scale decreases with increasing strain rates, and this length scale increases with temperature.

Theory and Application of the Transient Injection Well Test

Based on the theory of the pumping well test, the transient injection well test was suggested in this paper. The design method and the scope of application are discussed in detail. The mathematical models are developed for the short-time and long-time transient injection test respectively. A double logarithm type curve matching method was introduced for analyzing the field transient injection test data. A set of methods for the transient injection test design, experiment performance and data analysis were established. Some field tests were analyzed, and the results show that the test model and method are suitable for the transient injection test and can be used to deal with the real engineering problems.

Comportamiento agronómico e industrial de cinco variedades de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum mill) en el valle de Sébaco

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental "Raúl González” •del Valle de Sebaco. Con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento agronómico e industrial de cinco genotipos promisorios de tomate. ( Lycopersicum esculentum Mill ), usando como tratamientos los cultivares Martí, Topacio y Estela (de origen búlgaro) y UC-82 y VF-134 (de procedencia norteamericana), fue establecido un experimento en Bloques Completo al Azar, con cuatro repeticiones. El comportamiento agronómico de los diferentes genotipos en estudio en cuanto a crecimiento y desarrollo muestra que la variedad Martí presenta la mayor altura con promedio de 62.5 cm., la variedad VF - 134 el mayor ahijamiento con 19, y el mayor número de racimos por planta con promedio de 11; así mismo la variedad. UC - 62 muestra la mayor fructificación con promedio 42 fruto por planta; obteniéndose rendimientos comerciales, no comerciales y potenciales estadísticamente iguales, lo que demuestra que los cultivares de origen búlgaro tienen un comportamiento agronómico similar a las variedades ampliamente cultivadas en el país -UC-82 y VF-134-. El análisis químico de los parámetros agroindustria1es muestran que, UC - 82 y VF - 134 poseen el mayor contenido de sólidos solubles con 5.75 grados Brix. Los cultivares Martí y Estela presentan el coeficiente de acidez más bajo con 8.91% y 9.33% y un índice de madurez de 12.22% y 10.71% respectivamente. Topacio obtuvo la menor cantidad de Residuo Seco Útil con 4.94. El rendimiento teórico de posta, obtenido fue satisfactorio por encima del valores Stan dar establecido ( 22%) por toda las variedades, siendo UC- 62 el cultivar con el mayor valor con 23.53% en relación a los demás tratamientos.

Influencia de la fertilización nitrogenada y densidad de siembra en el rendimiento agronómico e industrial de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) variedades UC-82 y topacio en el Valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa

El presente estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental " Raúl González" del Valle de Sebaco en el período del 5 de junio al 16 de septiembre de 1992. Se evaluaron las variedades, UC-82 y Topacio, las densidades de siembra de 27,777 y 50,000 plantas/ha y cuatro niveles de nitrógeno, O Kg/ha, 75 Kg/ha, 150 Kg/ha y 225 Kg/ha. Se desarrolló el estudio con tres factores y se estableció un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar, evaluándose los parámetros de crecimiento del cultivo, así como, lo relacionado al rendimiento agronómico e industrial. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron al análisis de varianza y a la prueba de SNK al 5%, Los resultados en cuanto a crecimiento y desarrollo fueron los siguientes: La mayor altura la presentó la variedad UC-82 en combinación con la densidad de 50,OOO plantas/ha y con la aplicación de 75 Kg/ha de Nitrógeno; e1 mayor número de hijos se obtuvo con la misma variedad y densidad y la aplicación de 225 Kg/ha de Nitrógeno. En cuanto a floración y fructificación los mejores resultados se alcanzaron con la variedad UC-82, la densidad de 27,111 plantas/ha y con 75 Kg/ha de Nitrógeno. Respecto al rendimiento agronómico, el mejor tratamiento fue la variedad uc-82, con la densidad de 50,000 plantas/ha y una aplicación de 75 Kg/ha de Nitrógeno. En el rendimiento industrial la variedad Topacio, con la densidad de 50,000 plantas/ha y 225 Kg/ha de Nitrógeno reporta los mejores resultados.