Studies on the energy band structures and chemical bond properties of LaX(X=N, P, As, Sb) crystals

The energy band structures of LaX(X=N, P, As, Sb) crystals have been studied by using LMTO-ASA method. The calculated energy gaps of these crystals are 2. 30 eV for LaN, 2. 05 eV for LaP, 1. 66 eV for LaAs and 1. 34 eV for LaSb. The results are in good agreement with experimental data, At the same time, using these calculated results of energy band structures of these crystals, the chemical bond properties have been analyzed and calculated, The covalency values of these crystals are 26.15% for LaN, 32.54% for LaP, 33.30% for LaAs and 36.49% for LaSb, which agree satisfactorily with the calculated ones by using PV (Phillips-Vechten) theory.

Bond-charge calculation of electro-optic coefficients of diatomic crystals

A theoretical method has been set up to calculate the electrooptic tensor coefficients r(ijk), based on the Phillips-Van Vechten (PV) dielectric theory and the Levine bond charge model, Starting from the crystal structure data and only introducing the experimentally determined optical permittivity and dielectric constant, the electro-optic tensor coefficients r(ijk) can be quantitatively predicted, The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with experiment in the case of zinc blende and wurtzite crystals, For zinc blende crystals, the effects of covalent radii on the linear electro-optic coefficients are discussed. (C) 1997 Academic Press.

Avaliação de produtos alternativos para o controle da mancha-bacteriana em tomateiro para processamento industrial.

O pôrometro de pós-colheita é um instrumento para medir transpiração, resistência difusiva e déficit de pressão de vapor por manometria a volume constante e por volumetria a pressão constante. É constituído de uma câmara de transpiração com fechamento hermético contendo um suporte de amostras sobre um ventilador e externamente um manômetro de coluna de água com pipeta graduada móvel. Sob temperatura constante, o déficit de pressão de vapor (.P), e o volume de vapor de água (.V) foram proporcionais aos volumes de água vaporizados. Com o uso de um excesso de água este aumento da pressão de vapor iguala-se, em módulo, ao déficit de pressão de vapor do ar na câmara de transpiração. Para amostras do ar atmosférico no laboratório, o déficit de pressão de vapor foi calculado a partir das temperaturas de bulbo seco e úmido em um psicrômetro ventilado e por manometria. A correlação entre estes dois métodos foi de 0,976. A acurácia das medidas de transpiração é tal que o produto do volume morto da câmara (V) pela declividade (.P/ .V) determinada pelo vapor de água liberado no processo iguala-se à pressão barométrica, com erro inferior a 1%. Um exemplo experimental do uso do porômetro de pós-colheita em cenoura é apresentado juntamente e os detalhes para obter a resistência difusiva e espessura da camada laminar. O porômetro de pós-colheita é um porômetro de difusão simples, robusto, que poderá ser usado em estudos de efeito de cêras, na seleção de cultivares e em variados outros estudos de fisiologia de pós-colheita.

Estimativas de parâmentros genéticos visando a seleção para resistência à queima-das-folhas em populações de cenoura do grupo Brasília.

2008

Influência de Bacillus subtilis na promoção de crescimento de plantas e nodulação de raízes de feijoeiro.

Linhagens de B. subtilis têm sido bem estudadas como agentes de controle biológico, e também como produtoras de antibióticos. Uma linhagem de B. subtilis 0G isolada de solos supressivos a Fusarium solani foi avaliada quanto à utilização conjunta com Rhizobium phaseoli em feijoeiro, visando aumento de biomassa e nodulação de raízes. Em condições de casa de vegetação, a aplicação de B. subtilis, via sementes, promoveu um aumento na nodulação, em mais de 100%, em solo natural quando aplicado isoladamente ou em conjunto com R. phaseoli e em mais de 160% em solo esterilizado, quando comparado com o tratamento onde o Rhizobium foi aplicado isoladamente. Em solos esterilizados, a aplicação de B. subtilis, em conjunto com Rhizobium, promoveu um aumento significativo no peso da matéria seca das raízes (89%) e da parte aérea (83%). O tratamento de sementes com B. subtilis não afetou a emergência de plântulas em nenhum dos solos estudados. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a utilização de B. subtilis é bastante promissora para aumentar a nodulação de raízes e promover o crescimento de plantas de feijoeiro.

Virtualização com o Xen: instalando e configurando o ambiente.

O documento descreve o processo de instalação de ambientes virtuais para servidores, utilizando o hypervisor Xen e tendo-se um sistema Linux Ubuntu (Lucid release) como Dom0. Descreve-se o processo de instalação do Xen 3.3 e 4.0 e também a instalação de hóspedes HVM (totalmente virtualizados) e PV (paravirtualizados). São apresentados também alguns testes comparando o desempenho de sistemas rodando em máquinas reais e em máquinas virtuais.

Avaliação de cultivares de bananeiras nas condições edafoclimáticas de Manaus-AM.

Avaliacao do comportamento de cultivares de bananas, nas condicoes edafoclimaticas de Manaus-AM, quanto aos aspectos fitossanitarios e de producao. O experimento foi instalado no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, em ecossistema de terra firme. O clima local e' tropical chuvoso, altitude media de 50m, 3°8' de latitude Sul e 59°52' de longitude Oeste; solo do tipo Latossolo Amarelo muito argiloso. Foram introduzidos os cultivares 'Prata', 'Prata-ana', 'Ouro da Mata', 'Maca', 'Thap Maeo', 'Nam', 'Caipira', 'Nanica', platano 'Pacova' e os hibridos 'PV 03-44', 'PA 03-22' e "JV 03-15'. 'Prata', 'Prata-ana' e 'Ouro da Mata' nao complementaram o ciclo de producao devido ao intenso ataque de sigatoka amarela. Os cultivares que mais se destacaram foram 'Thap maeo', 'Nam' e 'Caipira' foram os cultivares que mais se destacaram, com peso medio dos cachos de 23,3kg, 18,4kg e 18,6kg, respectivamente. 'PV 03-44', 'PA 03-22' e 'JV 03-15' apresentaram peso medio dos cachos 13,8kg, 9,7kg e 10,8kg, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados, foi verificado que 'Caipira' e 'PV 03-44' receberam as maiores notas para qualidade fruto.

Solar photovoltaic system applications: a guidebook for off-grid electrification.

Presenting a complete guide for the planning, design and implementation of solar PV systems for off-grid applications, this book features analysis based on the authors’ own laboratory testing as well as their in the field experiences. Incorporating the latest developments in smart-digital and control technologies into the design criteria of the PV system, this book will also focus on how to integrate newer smart design approaches and techniques for improving the efficiency, reliability and flexibility of the entire system. The design and implementation of India’s first-of its-kind Smart Mini-Grid system (SMG) at TERI premises, which involves the integration of multiple renewable energy resources (including solar PV) through smart controllers for managing the load intelligently and effectively is presented as a key case study. Maximizing reader insights into the performance of different components of solar PV systems under different operating conditions, the book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers, PV designers, planners, and practitioners working in the area of solar PV design, implementation and assessment.

Sistemas fotovoltaicos este-oeste con capacidad de almacenamiento en la industria

El objetivo de este proyecto fin de carrera es ajustar el perfil generado por un sistema fotovoltaico con orientación este-oeste que dispone de una batería al perfil de demanda de distintas industrias en Alemania. Se ha puesto especial énfasis a los siguientes paquetes de trabajo: • Comparación de la eficiencia de un sistema fotovoltaico este-oeste frente a los resultados obtenidos con la típica orientación sur • Simulación de una instalación fotovoltaica este-oeste con una batería en una industria, basada en el software MATLAB / Simulink • Optimización económica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que nunca es económico instalar un campo fotovoltaico este-oeste en vez de una instalación con orientación sur, en caso de que la única ventaja esperada sea el ensanche de la curva de generación de potencia.

A mechanistic study of anodic formation of porous InP

When porous InP is anodically formed in KOH electrolytes, a thin layer ~40 nm in thickness, close to the surface, appears to be unmodified. We have investigated the earlier stages of the anodic formation of porous InP in 5 mol dm-3 KOH. TEM clearly shows individual porous domains which appear triangular in cross-section and square in plan view. The crosssections also show that the domains are separated from the surface by a ~40 nm thick, dense InP layer. It is concluded that the porous domains have a square-based pyramidal shape and that each one develops from an individual surface pit which forms a channel through this near-surface layer. We suggest that the pyramidal structure arises as a result of preferential pore propagation along the <100> directions. AFM measurements show that the density of surface pits increases with time. Each of these pits acts as a source for a pyramidal porous domain, and these domains eventually form a continuous porous layer. This implies that the development of porous domains beneath the surface is also progressive in nature. Evidence for this was seen in plan view TEM images. Merging of domains continues to occur at potentials more anodic than the peak potential, where the current is observed to decrease. When the domains grow, the current density increases correspondingly. Eventually, domains meet, the interface between the porous and bulk InP becomes relatively flat and its total effective surface area decreases resulting in a decrease in the current density. Quantitative models of this process are being developed.

Integrated magnetic components for high-power high-current dc-dc converters

This thesis is focused on the design and development of an integrated magnetic (IM) structure for use in high-power high-current power converters employed in renewable energy applications. These applications require low-cost, high efficiency and high-power density magnetic components and the use of IM structures can help achieve this goal. A novel CCTT-core split-winding integrated magnetic (CCTT IM) is presented in this thesis. This IM is optimized for use in high-power dc-dc converters. The CCTT IM design is an evolution of the traditional EE-core integrated magnetic (EE IM). The CCTT IM structure uses a split-winding configuration allowing for the reduction of external leakage inductance, which is a problem for many traditional IM designs, such as the EE IM. Magnetic poles are incorporated to help shape and contain the leakage flux within the core window. These magnetic poles have the added benefit of minimizing the winding power loss due to the airgap fringing flux as they shape the fringing flux away from the split-windings. A CCTT IM reluctance model is developed which uses fringing equations to accurately predict the most probable regions of fringing flux around the pole and winding sections of the device. This helps in the development of a more accurate model as it predicts the dc and ac inductance of the component. A CCTT IM design algorithm is developed which relies heavily on the reluctance model of the CCTT IM. The design algorithm is implemented using the mathematical software tool Mathematica. This algorithm is modular in structure and allows for the quick and easy design and prototyping of the CCTT IM. The algorithm allows for the investigation of the CCTT IM boxed volume with the variation of input current ripple, for different power ranges, magnetic materials and frequencies. A high-power 72 kW CCTT IM prototype is designed and developed for use in an automotive fuelcell-based drivetrain. The CCTT IM design algorithm is initially used to design the component while 3D and 2D finite element analysis (FEA) software is used to optimize the design. Low-cost and low-power loss ferrite 3C92 is used for its construction, and when combined with a low number of turns results in a very efficient design. A paper analysis is undertaken which compares the performance of the high-power CCTT IM design with that of two discrete inductors used in a two-phase (2L) interleaved converter. The 2L option consists of two discrete inductors constructed from high dc-bias material. Both topologies are designed for the same worst-case phase current ripple conditions and this ensures a like-for-like comparison. The comparison indicates that the total magnetic component boxed volume of both converters is similar while the CCTT IM has significantly lower power loss. Experimental results for the 72 kW, (155 V dc, 465 A dc input, 420 V dc output) prototype validate the CCTT IM concept where the component is shown to be 99.7 % efficient. The high-power experimental testing was conducted at General Motors advanced technology center in Torrence, Los Angeles. Calorific testing was used to determine the power loss in the CCTT IM component. Experimental 3.8 kW results and a 3.8 kW prototype compare and contrast the ferrite CCTT IM and high dc-bias 2L concepts over the typical operating range of a fuelcell under like-for-like conditions. The CCTT IM is shown to perform better than the 2L option over the entire power range. An 8 kW ferrite CCTT IM prototype is developed for use in photovoltaic (PV) applications. The CCTT IM is used in a boost pre-regulator as part of the PV power stage. The CCTT IM is compared with an industry standard 2L converter consisting of two discrete ferrite toroidal inductors. The magnetic components are compared for the same worst-case phase current ripple and the experimental testing is conducted over the operation of a PV panel. The prototype CCTT IM allows for a 50 % reduction in total boxed volume and mass in comparison to the baseline 2L option, while showing increased efficiency.

High-efficiency photovoltaics through mechanically stacked integration of solar cells based on the InP lattice constant

Solar Energy is a clean and abundant energy source that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels around which questions still persist about their contribution to climate and long-term availability. Monolithic triple-junction solar cells are currently the state of the art photovoltaic devices with champion cell efficiencies exceeding 40%, but their ultimate efficiency is restricted by the current-matching constraint of series-connected cells. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the use of solar cells with lattice constants equal to InP in order to reduce the constraint of current matching in multi-junction solar cells. This was addressed by two approaches: Firstly, the formation of mechanically stacked solar cells (MSSC) was investigated through the addition of separate connections to individual cells that make up a multi-junction device. An electrical and optical modelling approach identified separately connected InGaAs bottom cells stacked under dual-junction GaAs based top cells as a route to high efficiency. An InGaAs solar cell was fabricated on an InP substrate with a measured 1-Sun conversion efficiency of 9.3%. A comparative study of adhesives found benzocyclobutene to be the most suitable for bonding component cells in a mechanically stacked configuration owing to its higher thermal conductivity and refractive index when compared to other candidate adhesives. A flip-chip process was developed to bond single-junction GaAs and InGaAs cells with a measured 4-terminal MSSC efficiency of 25.2% under 1-Sun conditions. Additionally, a novel InAlAs solar cell was identified, which can be used to provide an alternative to the well established GaAs solar cell. As wide bandgap InAlAs solar cells have not been extensively investigated for use in photovoltaics, single-junction cells were fabricated and their properties relevant to PV operation analysed. Minority carrier diffusion lengths in the micrometre range were extracted, confirming InAlAs as a suitable material for use in III-V solar cells, and a 1-Sun conversion efficiency of 6.6% measured for cells with 800 nm thick absorber layers. Given the cost and small diameter of commercially available InP wafers, InGaAs and InAlAs solar cells were fabricated on alternative substrates, namely GaAs. As a first demonstration the lattice constant of a GaAs substrate was graded to InP using an InxGa1-xAs metamorphic buffer layer onto which cells were grown. This was the first demonstration of an InAlAs solar cell on an alternative substrate and an initial step towards fabricating these cells on Si. The results presented offer a route to developing multi-junction solar cell devices based on the InP lattice parameter, thus extending the range of available bandgaps for high efficiency cells.

Self-management education for cystic fibrosis

Background: Self-management education may help patients with cystic fibrosis and their families to choose, monitor and adjust treatment requirements for their illness, and also to manage the effects of illness on their lives. Although self-management education interventions have been developed for cystic fibrosis, no previous systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness of these interventions has been conducted. Objectives: To assess the effects of self-management education interventions on improving health outcomes for patients with cystic fibrosis and their caregivers. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register (date of the last search: 22 August 2013). We also searched databases through EBSCO (CINAHL; Psychological and Behavioural Sciences Collection; PsychInfo; SocINDEX) and Elsevier (Embase) and handsearched relevant journals and conference proceedings (date of the last searches: 01 February 2014 ). Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing different types of self-management education for cystic fibrosis or comparing self-management education with standard care or no intervention. Data collection and analysis: Two authors assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias. Three authors extracted data. Main results: Four trials (involving a total of 269 participants) were included. The participants were children with cystic fibrosis and their parents or caregivers in three trials and adults with cystic fibrosis in one trial. The trials compared four different self-management education interventions versus standard treatment: (1) a training programme for managing cystic fibrosis in general; (2) education specific to aerosol and airway clearance treatments; (3) disease-specific nutrition education; and (4) general and disease-specific nutrition education. Training children to manage cystic fibrosis in general had no statistically significant effects on weight after six to eight weeks, mean difference -7.74 lb (i.e. 3.51 kg) (95% confidence interval -35.18 to 19.70). General and disease-specific nutrition education for adults had no statistically significant effects on: pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume at one second), mean difference -5.00 % (95% confidence interval -18.10 to 8.10) at six months and mean difference -5.50 % (95% confidence interval -18.46 to 7.46) at 12 months; or weight, mean difference - 0.70 kg (95% confidence interval -6.58 to 5.18) at six months and mean difference -0.70 kg (95% confidence interval -6.62 to 5.22) at 12 months; or dietary fat intake scores, mean difference 1.60 (85% confidence interval -2.90 to 6.10) at six months and mean difference 0.20 (95% confidence interval -4.08 to 4.48) at 12 months. There is some limited evidence to suggest that self-management education may improve knowledge in patients with cystic fibrosis but not in parents or caregivers. There is also some limited evidence to suggest that self-management education may result in positively changing a small number of behaviours in both patients and caregivers. Authors' conclusions: The available evidence from this review is of insufficient quantity and quality to draw any firm conclusions about the effects of self-management education for cystic fibrosis. Further trials are needed to investigate the effects of self-management education on a range of clinical and behavioural outcomes in children, adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis and their caregivers.

SDC: Scalable description coding for adaptive streaming media

Video compression techniques enable adaptive media streaming over heterogeneous links to end-devices. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and Multiple Description Coding (MDC) represent well-known techniques for video compression with distinct characteristics in terms of bandwidth efficiency and resiliency to packet loss. In this paper, we present Scalable Description Coding (SDC), a technique to compromise the tradeoff between bandwidth efficiency and error resiliency without sacrificing user-perceived quality. Additionally, we propose a scheme that combines network coding and SDC to further improve the error resiliency. SDC yields upwards of 25% bandwidth savings over MDC. Additionally, our scheme features higher quality for longer durations even at high packet loss rates.

Convergent differential regulation of parvalbumin in the brains of vocal learners.

Spoken language and learned song are complex communication behaviors found in only a few species, including humans and three groups of distantly related birds--songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds. Despite their large phylogenetic distances, these vocal learners show convergent behaviors and associated brain pathways for vocal communication. However, it is not clear whether this behavioral and anatomical convergence is associated with molecular convergence. Here we used oligo microarrays to screen for genes differentially regulated in brain nuclei necessary for producing learned vocalizations relative to adjacent brain areas that control other behaviors in avian vocal learners versus vocal non-learners. A top candidate gene in our screen was a calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). In situ hybridization verification revealed that PV was expressed significantly higher throughout the song motor pathway, including brainstem vocal motor neurons relative to the surrounding brain regions of all distantly related avian vocal learners. This differential expression was specific to PV and vocal learners, as it was not found in avian vocal non-learners nor for control genes in learners and non-learners. Similar to the vocal learning birds, higher PV up-regulation was found in the brainstem tongue motor neurons used for speech production in humans relative to a non-human primate, macaques. These results suggest repeated convergent evolution of differential PV up-regulation in the brains of vocal learners separated by more than 65-300 million years from a common ancestor and that the specialized behaviors of learned song and speech may require extra calcium buffering and signaling.