Untersuchungen mit Bodenpilzen aus der Rebstock-Rhizosphäre unterschiedlich bewirtschafteter Rebanlagen des Rheingaus unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Pathogenität

Ziel der Untersuchungen war, Pilze aus geschädigtem und ungeschädigtem Wurzelmaterial konventionell und ökologisch bewirtschafteter Weinbergsböden zu isolieren und diese auf ihre Durchsetzungsfähigkeit gegenüber den anderen Arten bzw. deren Pilzmetabolitsuspensionen unter unterschiedlichen Nahrungsbedingungen zu prüfen und eine eventuelle substratabhängige Verhaltensänderung bei den Spezies in Interaktion festzustellen. Zudem wurde in weiteren In-vitro- Versuchen das pathogene Potenzial der gefundenen Arten gegenüber Vitis spp. getestet. Hintergrund dieser Untersuchungen war die Hypothese, dass Absterbeerscheinungen in Rebanlagen nicht durch die Reblaus per se verursacht werden, sondern dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Bewirtschaftungsmethode und dem Schadbild in reblausbefallenen Rebanlagen besteht und dessen Entstehung auf pathogenkonduktive und –suppressive Eigenschaften des Bodens zurückgeführt werden kann. Aus rund 2400 Wurzelproben konnten insgesamt 49 Pilzarten isoliert und bestimmt und mehr als die Hälfte davon in Wurzeln beider Versuchsflächen nachgewiesen werden. Ein Großteil der Pilze wurde sowohl in geschädigten als auch in ungeschädigten Wurzelgeweben identifiziert. Darunter waren Arten, die in der Literatur als Parasiten und Saprobier beschrieben werden, aber auch Arten, die eine andere Lebensweise pflegen oder deren Lebensweise nicht bekannt ist. Mit Hilfe von Interaktionsversuchen auf unterschiedlichen Nährmedien (einem Voll- und einem Mangelmedium) konnte bei den untersuchten Arten teilweise starke substratabhängige Verhaltensänderung in Interaktion mit bestimmten Pilzkolonien festgestellt und auf die Verfügbarkeit von organischem Kohlenstoff zurückgeführt werden. Starke Konkurrenz um organischen Kohlenstoff und dadurch entstehende fungistatische und antibiotische Effekte können in diesem Zusammenhang pathogenkonduktive bzw. pathogensuppressive Bodeneigenschaften fördern oder hemmen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass alle 15 in vitro an Vitis spp. inokulierten Pilze (Absidia glauca, Acremonium kiliense, Aspergillus ustus, Cylindrocarpon magnusianum, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium culmorum, F. detonianum, F. oxysporum, F. sacchari, F. semitectum, Gliocladium roseum, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Penicillium expansum, Trichoderma harzianum, T. pseudokoningii), unter denen sich auch als Saprobier bekannte Arten befanden (P. expansum, T. harzianum), selbst bei Verfügbarkeit organischer Kohlenstoffverbindungen im Substrat, gegenüber Vitis spp. ein fakultativ pathogenes Potenzial besitzen. Diese aus In-vitro-Interaktionsversuchen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse geben Hinweise darauf, welchen Einfluss die Bewirtschaftung, insbesondere die Versorgung der Weinbergsböden mit organischem Kohlenstoff, auf fakultativ pathogene Sekundärparasiten in Form von Bodenpilzen und folglich auf die Entwicklung von Schadbildern an durch die Reblaus prädispositionierten Rebpflanzen in vivo haben kann.

Effects of Global Warming on Berry Composition of cv. Sangiovese: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects and Agronomical Adaptation Approaches

Wine grape must deal with serious problems due to the unfavorable climatic conditions resulted from global warming. High temperatures result in oxidative damages to grape vines. The excessive elevated temperatures are critical for grapevine productivity and survival and contribute to degradation of grape and wine quality and yield. Elevated temperature can negatively affect anthocyanin accumulation in red grape. Particularly, cv. Sangiovese was identified to be very sensitive to such condition. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were slightly repressed by high temperature. Also, the heat stress repressed the expression of the transcription factor “VvMYBA1” that activates the expression of UFGT. Moreover, high temperatures had repressing effects on the activity of the flavonoids biosynthetic enzymes “PAL” and “UFGT”.Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin is due to the balance between its synthesis and oxidation. In grape cv. Sangiovese, the gene transcription and activity of peroxidases enzyme was elevated by heat stress as a defensive mechanism of ROS-scavenging. Among many isoforms of peroxidases genes, one gene (POD 1) was induced in Sangiovese under thermal stress condition. This gene was isolated and evaluated via the technique of genes transformation from grape to Petunia. Reduction in anthocyanins concentration and higher enzymatic activity of peroxidase was observed in POD 1 transformed Petunia after heat shock compared to untrasformed control. Moreover, in wine producing regions, it is inevitable for the grape growers to adopt some adaptive strategies to alleviate grape damages to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this thesis, the technique of post veraison trimming was done to improve the coupling of phenolic and sugar ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Sangiovese. Trimming after veraison showed to be executable to slow down the rate of sugar accumulation in grape (to decrease the alcohol potential in wines) without evolution of the main berry flavonoids compounds.

Development of a field method to assess root parasites of woody plants - ecological analyses of the grapevine-phylloxera interaction

The development and the growth of plants is strongly affected by the interactions between roots, rootrnassociated organisms and rhizosphere communities. Methods to assess such interactions are hardly torndevelop particularly in perennial and woody plants, due to their complex root system structure and theirrntemporal change in physiology patterns. In this respect, grape root systems are not investigated veryrnwell. The aim of the present work was the development of a method to assess and predict interactionsrnat the root system of rootstocks (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia) in field. To achieve this aim, grapernphylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) was used as a graperoot parasitizingrnmodel.rnTo develop the methodical approach, a longt-term trial (2006-2009) was arranged on a commercial usedrnvineyard in Geisenheim/Rheingau. All 2 to 8 weeks the top most 20 cm of soil under the foliage wallrnwere investigated and root material was extracted (n=8-10). To include temporal, spatial and cultivarrnspecific root system dynamics, the extracted root material was analyzed digitally on the morphologicalrnproperties. The grape phylloxera population was quantified and characterized visually on base of theirrnlarvalstages (oviparous, non oviparous and winged preliminary stages). Infection patches (nodosities)rnwere characterized visually as well, partly supported by digital root color analyses. Due to the knownrneffects of fungal endophytes on the vitality of grape phylloxera infested grapevines, fungal endophytesrnwere isolated from nodosity and root tissue and characterized (morphotypes) afterwards. Further abioticrnand biotic soil conditions of the vineyards were assessed. The temporal, spatial and cultivar specificrnsensitivity of single parameters were analyzed by omnibus tests (ANOVAs) and adjacent post-hoc tests.rnThe relations between different parameters were analyzed by multiple regression models.rnQuantitative parameters to assess the degeneration of nodosity, the development nodosity attachedrnroots and to differentiate between nodosities and other root swellings in field were developed. Significantrndifferences were shown between root dynamic including parameters and root dynamic ignoringrnparameters. Regarding the description of grape phylloxera population and root system dynamic, thernmethod showed a high temporal, spatial and cultivar specific sensitivity. Further, specific differencesrncould be shown in the frequency of endophyte morphotypes between root and nodosity tissue as wellrnas between cultivars. Degeneration of nodosities as well as nodosity occupation rates could be relatedrnto the calculated abundances of grape phylloxera population. Further ecological questions consideringrngrape root development (e.g. relation between moisture and root development) and grape phylloxerarnpopulation development (e.g. relation between temperature and population structure) could be answeredrnfor field conditions.rnGenerally, the presented work provides an approach to evaluate vitality of grape root systems. Thisrnapproach can be useful, considering the development of control strategies against soilborne pests inrnviticulture (e.g. grape phylloxera, Sorospheara viticola, Roesleria subterranea (Weinm.) Redhaed) as well as considering the evaluation of integrated management systems in viticulture.

Untersuchungen zur Esca-Erkrankung von Weinpflanzen : Pilz-Pflanze und antagonistische Interaktionen

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein besseres Verständnis für die molekularen und biochemischen Grundlagen der Esca-Krankheit an Reben zu erarbeiten. Hierzu wurden sechs Teilprojekte durchgeführt. Die beiden Pilze Pm. chlamydospora und Pa. aleophilum wurden submers kultiviert um die gewonnenen Extrakte auf phytotoxische Substanzen zu untersuchten. Dabei wurden Metabolite isoliert, die zum ersten mal mit der Esca-Krankheit assoziiert werden konnten, wie Siderophoren und Kaempferol-3-O-Glukosid. Diese können das Verständnis der Pilz-Pflanze-Interaktion um neue Aspekte ergänzen. Die Glykosylierung von Kaempferol durch Pm wurde erstmals nachgewiesen und die hier dargelegten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der Pilz in der Lage ist, die von der Pflanze als Abwehrantwort produzierte Substanz, seinerseits zu nutzen. Dies bedeutet, dass Pm einen pflanzlichen Abwehrstoff durch Glykosylierung umwandelt und für die Wirtspflanze toxifiziert. Die durchgeführten Injektionstests in vivo in Weinpflanzen zeigten zudem, dass Esca-ähnliche Symptome durch K3G hervorgerufen werden können. Abseits dieser neuen Erkenntnisse konnten auch literaturbekannte Phytotoxine in den Extrakten identifiziert werden.rnIm zweiten Teilprojekt dieser Arbeit wurden Polyketidsynthase-Gene der beiden Pilze Pm und Pa inaktiviert. Zusätzlich wurde der veränderte Sekundärstoffwechsel bzw. die Reaktion der Insertionsmutanten auf abiotischen Stress und Infektionsfähigkeit von Vitis-Pflanzen untersucht. Damit ist es in dieser Arbeit erstmals gelungen selektiv Gene der Esca-assoziierten Pathogene zu inaktivieren. Es zeigte sich, dass die Mutanten sensitiver als die Wildtyp-Stämme bezüglich Salz-, Trocken- und oxidativen Stress reagieren. Die Infektionsfähigkeit bleibt jedoch unverändert.rnDie Analyse der Infektionsmechanismen sollte auch bei der Transformation der Pilze mit Fluoreszenzgenen im Fokus stehen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gelang es GFP-Mutanten der Pilze Pm, Pa und El zu generieren um das Wachstum nach Infektion von Weinpflanzen zu erfassen. Mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzmutanten war es möglich ein neues Verfahren zur Suche nach potentiellen Antagonisten zu erstellen. Mit dem Vitis Shoot Assay konnten die Esca-assoziierten Pilze und Fungizide, endophytische Pilze, Trichoderma spp. und Bakterien-Stämme in einem Testverfahren auf Schnittwunden untersucht werden. Dabei konnten erste biologische Wundschutzmittel auf Basis ganzer Organismen identifiziert werden. Es zeigte sich, dass der durchgeführte Antagonistentest und das hier beschriebene innovative Vitis Shoot Assay nicht immer äquivalente Ergebnisse generierten und dass sich die beiden Verfahren ergänzen.rnDes Weiteren wurde eine Interaktionsstudie der vier Esca-assoziierten Pilze unter Stressbedingungen und verschiedenen Temperaturen durchgeführt um den Einfluss äußere biotischer und abiotischer Faktoren auf das Zusammenwirken dieser Erreger zu untersuchen. Die Pilze reagieren sehr unterschiedlich in den durchgeführten Stresstests und die Dominanz einzelner Erreger hängt stark von der Temperatur und den osmotischen Verhältnissen ab. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass veränderte klimatische Bedingungen zur veränderten Zusammensetzung des Erregerspektrums führen kann.rnDie in dieser Arbeit generierten Ergebnisse geben neue Einblicke in die Esca Erkrankung von Weinreben und ermöglichen die weitere Forschung einiger weiterer Aspekte.

Genome-wide investigation reveals high evolutionary rates in annual model plants

Background: ;Rates of molecular evolution vary widely among species. While significant deviations from molecular clock have been found in many taxa, effects of life histories on molecular evolution are not fully understood. In plants, annual/perennial life history traits have long been suspected to influence the evolutionary rates at the molecular level. To date, however, the number of genes investigated on this subject is limited and the conclusions are mixed. To evaluate the possible heterogeneity in evolutionary rates between annual and perennial plants at the genomic level, we investigated 85 nuclear housekeeping genes, 10 non-housekeeping families, and 34 chloroplast;genes using the genomic data from model plants including Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula for annuals and grape (Vitis vinifera) and popular (Populus trichocarpa) for perennials.;Results: ;According to the cross-comparisons among the four species, 74-82% of the nuclear genes and 71-97% of the chloroplast genes suggested higher rates of molecular evolution in the two annuals than those in the two perennials. The significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rate between annuals and perennials was consistently found both in nonsynonymous sites and synonymous sites. While a linear correlation of evolutionary rates in orthologous genes between species was observed in nonsynonymous sites, the correlation was weak or invisible in synonymous sites. This tendency was clearer in nuclear genes than in chloroplast genes, in which the overall;evolutionary rate was small. The slope of the regression line was consistently lower than unity, further confirming the higher evolutionary rate in annuals at the genomic level.;Conclusions: ;The higher evolutionary rate in annuals than in perennials appears to be a universal phenomenon both in nuclear and chloroplast genomes in the four dicot model plants we investigated. Therefore, such heterogeneity in evolutionary rate should result from factors that have genome-wide influence, most likely those associated with annual/perennial life history. Although we acknowledge current limitations of this kind of study, mainly due to a small sample size available and a distant taxonomic relationship of the model organisms, our results indicate that the genome-wide survey is a promising approach toward further understanding of the;mechanism determining the molecular evolutionary rate at the genomic level.

The past ecology of Abies alba provides new perspectives on future responses of silver fir forests to global warming

Paleoecology can provide valuable insights into the ecology of species that complement observation and experiment-based assessments of climate impact dynamics. New paleoecological records (e.g., pollen, macrofossils) from the Italian Peninsula suggest a much wider climatic niche of the important European tree species Abies alba (silver fir) than observed in its present spatial range. To explore this discrepancy between current and past distribution of the species, we analyzed climatic data (temperature, precipitation, frost, humidity, sunshine) and vegetation-independent paleoclimatic reconstructions (e.g., lake levels, chironomids) and use global coupled carbon-cycle climate (NCAR CSM1.4) and dynamic vegetation (LandClim) modeling. The combined evidence suggests that during the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago), prior to humanization of vegetation, A. alba formed forests under conditions that exceeded the modern (1961-1990) upper temperature limit of the species by 5-7°C (July means). Annual precipitation during this natural period was comparable to today (>700-800 mm), with drier summers and wetter winters. In the meso-Mediterranean to sub-Mediterranean forests A. alba co-occurred with thermophilous taxa such as Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Olea europaea, Phillyrea, Arbutus, Cistus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, Hedera helix, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus, and Vitis. Results from the last interglacial (ca. 130 000-115 000 BP), when human impact was negligible, corroborate the Holocene evidence. Thermophilous Mediterranean A. alba stands became extinct during the last 5000 years when land-use pressure and specifically excessive anthropogenic fire and browsing disturbance increased. Our results imply that the ecology of this key European tree species is not yet well understood. On the basis of the reconstructed realized climatic niche of the species, we anticipate that the future geographic range of A. alba may not contract regardless of migration success, even if climate should become significantly warmer than today with summer temperatures increasing by up to 5-7°C, as long as precipitation does not fall below 700-800 mm/yr, and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., fire, browsing) does not become excessive. Our finding contradicts recent studies that projected range contractions under global-warming scenarios, but did not factor how millennia of human impacts reduced the realized climatic niche of A. alba.

Eine tragfähige Datenbrücke – Phänologische Beobachtungen im Amtsblatt des Kantons Schaffhausen 1876–1950

The international standardisation of national meteorological networks in the late nineteenth century excluded biotic and abiotic observations from the objects to be henceforth published in the yearbooks. Skilled amateurs being in charge of three meteorological stations in Canton Schaffhausen (Switzerland) and their successors managed to continuously publish phenological observations gathered in the station environment alongside with meteorological data in the official gazette of this Canton from 1876 to 1950, i.e. up to the onset of phenological network observations in Switzerland. At least ten observations are available for 51 plant and animal phenological phases. Long series were assembled (N → = 30) for 14 plant phenological observations, among them for the first flowering of snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), of hazel (Corylus avellana), of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), of winter rye (Secale cereale) and of grape vine (Vitis vinifera) as well as the beginning of hay, winter rye and grape harvesting. Only the bare data were published without any metadata. The quality of 10 long series (N →=60) was checked by investigating the biographical and biological background of key observers and submitting their evidence to graphical (meteorological plausibility check of outliers) and statistical verification. The long term observers, mostly schoolteachers and high school professors, had a good knowledge of botany and the quality of their observations – disregarding obvious printing errors – is surprisingly good. A number of long series (seven) was completed with applicable data from the Swiss Phenological Network up to 2011. Besides anthropogenic shifts (beginning of hay and grape harvest) there is a contrast between a global warming-related earlier flowering of snowdrop and hazel and a later occurrence of grape vine flowering.

Human and climatic impact on mires: a case study of Les Amburnex mire, Swiss Jura Mountains

Modern period long-term human and climatic impacts on a small mire in the Jura Mountains were assessed using testate amoebae, macrofossils and pollen. This multiproxy data analysis permitted detailed interpretations of local and regional environmental change and thus a partial disentanglement of the different variables that influence long-term mire development. From the Middle Ages until a.d. 1700 the mire vegetation was characterised by ferns, Caltha and Vaccinium, but then abruptly changed into the modern vegetation characterised by Cyperaceae, Potentilla and Sphagnum. The cause for this change was most probably deforestation, possibly enhanced by climatic cooling. A decrease in trampling intensity by domestic animals from a.d. 1950 onwards allowed Sphagnum growth and climatic warming in the a.d. 1980s and 1990s may have been responsible for considerable changes in the species composition. The mire investigated is an example of the rapid changes in mire vegetation and peat development that occurred throughout the central European mountain region during the past centuries as a result of changing climate and land-use practice. These processes are still active today and will determine the future development of high-altitude mires.

Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland

1 Pollen and charcoal analysis at two lakes in southern Switzerland revealed that fire has had a prominent role in changing the woodland composition of this area for more than 7000 years. 2 The sediment of Lago di Origlio for the period between 5100 and 3100 bc cal. was sampled continuously with a time interval of about 10 years. Peaks of charcoal particles were significantly correlated with repeated declines in pollen of Abies, Hedera, Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus excelsior t., Fagus and Vitis and with increases in Alnus glutinosa t., shrubs (e.g. Corylus, Salix and Sambucus nigra t.) and several herbaceous species. The final disappearance of the lowland Abies alba stands at around 3150 bc cal. may be an example of a fire-caused local extinction of a fire-intolerant species. 3 Forest fires tended to diminish pollen diversity. The charcoal peaks were preceded by pollen types indicating human activity. Charcoal minima occurred during periods of cold humid climate, when fire susceptibility would be reduced. 4 An increase of forest fires at about 2100 bc cal. severely reduced the remaining fire-sensitive plants: the mixed-oak forest was replaced by a fire-tolerant alder–oak forest. The very strong increase of charcoal influx, and the marked presence of anthropogenic indicators, point to principally anthropogenic causes. 5 We suggest that without anthropogenic disturbances Abies alba would still form lowland forests together with various deciduous broadleaved tree taxa.

Genetic diversity and differentiation follow secondary succession in a multi-species study on woody plants from subtropical China

Aims: Species diversity and genetic diversity may be affected in parallel by similar environmental drivers. However, genetic diversity may also be affected independently by habitat characteristics. We aim at disentangling relationships between genetic diversity, species diversity and habitat characteristics of woody species in subtropical forest. Methods: We studied 11 dominant tree and shrub species in 27 plots in Gutianshan, China, and assessed their genetic diversity (Ar) and population differentiation (F’ST) with microsatellite markers. We tested if Ar and population specific F’ST were correlated to local species diversity and plot characteristics. Multi-model inference and model averaging were used to determine the relative importance of each predictor. Additionally we tested for isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-elevation by regressing pairwise F’ST against pairwise spatial and elevational distances. Important findings: Genetic diversity was not related to species diversity for any of the study species. Thus, our results do not support joint effects of habitat characteristics on these two levels of biodiversity. Instead, genetic diversity in two understory shrubs, Rhododendron simsii and Vaccinium carlesii, was affected by plot age with decreasing genetic diversity in successionally older plots. Population differentiation increased with plot age in Rhododendron simsii and Lithocarpus glaber. This shows that succession can reduce genetic diversity within, and increase genetic diversity between populations. Furthermore, we found four cases of isolation-by-distance and two cases of isolation-by-elevation. The former indicates inefficient pollen and seed dispersal by animals whereas the latter might be due to phenological asynchronies. These patterns indicate that succession can affect genetic diversity without parallel effects on species diversity and that gene flow in a continuous subtropical forest can be restricted even at a local scale.

Ausst. 89 - Die Leidenswerkzeuge Christi, das Heilige Grab mit Magdalena und zwei Heilige

Vorbesitzer: Augustinerkloster Mariastein bei Eichstätt; Bartholomaeusstift Frankfurt am Main;

Ausst. 91/93 - Panis quotidianus de sanctis

Vorbesitzer: Hieronymus von Rebendorf (Besitzvermerk hinterer Spiegel); Augustinerinnenkloster Marienstein Eichstätt (Besitzvermerk beide Spiegel); Kartause Astheim (Besitzvermerk 1v, hinterer Spiegel); Bartholomaeusstift Frankfurt am Main (Besitzvermerk 12r); Karmeliterkloster Frankfurt am Main (Besitzstempel Ir);