Diferentes aferições do diâmetro abdominal sagital e do perímetro da cintura na predição do HOMA-IR

FUNDAMENTO: A correlação entre aumento de gordura visceral e de resistência à insulina coloca o diâmetro abdominal sagital e o perímetro da cintura como instrumentos potenciais para a predição de resistência à insulina. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade de diferentes aferições do diâmetro abdominal sagital e do perímetro da cintura e analisar o poder discriminante dos mesmos para predizer resistência à insulina. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 190 homens adultos. O diâmetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura, maior diâmetro abdominal, nível umbilical e ponto médio entre as cristas ilíacas) e o perímetro da cintura (nível umbilical, menor cintura, imediatamente acima da crista ilíaca e ponto médio entre a crista ilíaca e a última costela) foram aferidos em quatro locais diferentes. A resistência à insulina foi avaliada pelo índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Todas as medidas apresentaram correlação intraclasse de 0,986-0,999. Tanto o diâmetro abdominal sagital aferido na menor cintura (r=0,482 e AUC=0,739±0,049) como o perímetro da cintura aferido no ponto médio entre a última costela e a crista ilíaca (r=0,464 e AUC=0,746±0,05) apresentaram maiores correlações com o HOMA-IR, bem como um melhor poder discriminante para o HOMA-IR segundo a análise ROC (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O diâmetro abdominal sagital e o perímetro da cintura mostraram-se altamente reprodutíveis. O diâmetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura) e o perímetro da cintura (ponto médio crista ilíaca e última costela) apresentaram melhor desempenho em predizer o HOMA-IR. Investigações em outros grupos da população brasileira devem ser realizadas para viabilizar a utilização desses indicadores de resistência à insulina na população como um todo de forma padronizada.

Role of microRNAs 221/222 on Statin Induced Nitric Oxide Release in Human Endothelial Cells

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has been largely associated with cardiovascular protection through improvement of endothelial function. Recently, new evidence about modulation of NO release by microRNAs (miRs) has been reported, which could be involved with statin-dependent pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties related to vascular endothelium function. Objective: To evaluate the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs including the inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis, atorvastatin and simvastatin, and the inhibitor of cholesterol absorption ezetimibe on NO release, NOS3 mRNA expression and miRs potentially involved in NO bioavailability. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to atorvastatin, simvastatin or ezetimibe (0 to 5.0 μM). Cells were submitted to total RNA extraction and relative quantification of NOS3 mRNA and miRs -221, -222 and -1303 by qPCR. NO release was measured in supernatants by ozone-chemiluminescence. Results: Both statins increased NO levels and NOS3 mRNA expression but no influence was observed for ezetimibe treatment. Atorvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe down-regulated the expression of miR-221, whereas miR-222 was reduced only after the atorvastatin treatment. The magnitude of the reduction of miR-221 and miR-222 after treatment with statins correlated with the increment in NOS3 mRNA levels. No influence was observed on the miR-1303 expression after treatments. Conclusion: NO release in endothelial cells is increased by statins but not by the inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, ezetimibe. Our results provide new evidence about the participation of regulatory miRs 221/222 on NO release induction mediated by statins. Although ezetimibe did not modulate NO levels, the down-regulation of miR-221 could involve potential effects on endothelial function.

A new species of Leiostracus from Bahia, Brazil (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Orthalicidae)

A remarkable new species of pulmonate snail was recently collected in a small Atlantic Rainforest fragment near the city of Canavieiras, state of Bahia, Brazil, an area known for a high diversity of land snails. It is described herein as Leiostracus fetidus sp. nov. and can be easily identified by its color pattern of irregular brown to black axial stripes on a white to yellow background, a reddish axial band "separating" the white peristome from the rest of the shell and a broad brown spiral band surrounding the umbilical region. Other diagnostic features include a relatively small size, a proto columellar fold and two very weak folds delimiting the basal region of the aperture. This discovery is a reminder of how little this fauna is known and also an alarm for proper conservation of these forest fragments.

Ensaios de micologia: contribuição dos cogumelos patogênicos em Minas Gerais

O autor diz que, de outubro de 1941 a dezembro de 1943, insulou numerosos fungos patogênicos de lesões as mais variadas. Obteve culturas puras de 5 casos de Rinocladiose, 3 de Moléstia de Lutz, apurou um Actinomyces minutissimus, 2 de Malassezia furfur e 2 Actinomyces, ainda em estudos, etc. Uma das observações de Esporotricose merece referência especial. Tratava-se de um indivíduo, morador em Governador Valadares, que apresentava uma lesão gomosa, nodular e verrucóide, fistulosa, localizada na região umbilical, provocada pela dentada de um peixe, de espécie ignorada, que atacou o paciente quando êste se banhava, completamente despido, nas águas do Rio Doce. O ponto da dentada sangrou ligeiramente e pouco depois começavam a aparecer os nódulos, que se sucederam progressivamente sem perturbar o estado geral do paciente. As sementeiras do pus de uma dessas gomas deram culturas puras do Rhinocladium Beurmanni, única espécie que o autor até hoje insulou, em 55 casos de Esporotricose em Minas Gerais. O autor já havia registrado a moléstia pela dentada de ratos, pelos ferimentos de espinhos de roseiras, pedaços de madeira, facas de cozinha, marteladas etc. Pensa, porém, que a moléstia produzida pela dentada de peixe é a primeira vez que se faz referência na literatura. Referiu-se depois o autor aos casos de Otomicoses que lhe chegaram às mãos em 1942, no serviço do Prof. ILDEU DUARTE. Dá o resumo das observações e concluiu que se tratava de lesões produzidas pelo Aspergillus fumigatus de FRESENIUS, 1841, de acôrdo com as lesões histopatológicas e as culturas que obteve.

Alterações fisiológicas do sistema nervoso central de rã pelas toxinas de Cl. perfringens, Cl. oedematiens e Cl. septicum

The authors carried on experiences in order to confirm the neurotoxic theory of gas gangrene explained by Pacheco & Costa, uning preparations of isolated cord-posterior train of Leptodactylus ocellatus as described by OZORIO DE ALMEIDA & Cols. Frogs were intoxicated 3 days before the test with parcially purified toxins of Cl. perfringens, Cl. oedematiens and Cl. septicum. The intoxication produced a shortening of spinal reflexes duration time of such preparations, showing a typical alteration of the reflex activity of the spinal cord.

Alterações do sistema nervoso central pelas toxinas do Clostridium perfringens

The progressive intoxication of dogs with Clostridium perfringens toxin promotes degenerative neural lesions analogous to that found in acute intoxication. In progressive intoxication, the neuroglia is more proliferative and the myeline sheats are altered. The alterations were not circunscribed to spinal cord and medulla but were extensive to other nervous organs.

Sôbre a patogenia da Grangrena gasona

Since von Hibler gas grangrene has been considered a local infection with systemic symptoms. When we consider some of the symptoms of gas gangrene, those of the central nervous system are in evidence beeing similar to those observed in tetanus and botulism. It is likely therefore that gas gangrene intoxication and the disease caused by it are of neurotoxic nature. With Almeida Cardoso and Araujo Costa we were able to demonstrate lesions in the central nervous system of animals wich had been intoxicated during a short period of time as well in those with intoxication of longer duration. In acute intoxication, after intracreneal inoculation, severe alterations were seen within 20 to 30 minutes in the cells of the spinal cord, specially in motor cells and also in some cells of the posterior cord and spinal bulb. The changes consisted in chromatolysis and picnosis and were more marked in animals intoxicated with Clostridium histolyticum and Cl. perfringens toxines. Myelin sheet was unchanged. in delayed intoxication with greater and repeated dosis lesions of the central nervous system (brain, protuberance, medula ablongate and medula spinal) were observed. They consisted in hyperemia, perivascular hemorrages in white and grey substances, oedema, accumulation of glia cells with enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei, fragmentation of the myelin sheet and balooning degeneration of the described by Spielmeyer. Such changes were found in the swollen and hemorragic zones and were generally similar to those found in the acute type of Spielmeyer 9acute swelling and liquefation). Other changes found sometimes were agglutination of Nissl's bodies, sinous appearence of the dendritic endings, shruncken cells of Spielmeyer and neuronophagy around "ghost" cells. In short the changes...

Técnica para a observação do comportamento do Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) em uma miniatura de casa de pau-a-pique e sapê

Com o objetivo de observar e registrar o comportamento do Triatoma infestans quanto a movimentos, posturas e estados fisiológicos, como preconizam os etólogos, foi construída uma réplica de uma casa de paua-pique e sapê com uma proteção externa de acrílico transparente. Para o registro das atividades empregou-se a cinematografia com lapso de tempo, através de uma filmadora super-8 sincronizada a um flash eletrônico e programada para disparos simultâneos de 1 fotograma a cada 30 segundos. A análise dos dados foi feita com um projetor super-8 e um editor, que permitiu observar cada fotograma. Com um período de registros durante 6 dias ininterruptos, os resultados permitiram concluir que: a) na ausência de estímulo alimentar, não ocorre atividade locomotora no T. infestans, independente de ser dia ou noite, mesmo com o inseto privado de alimentos; b) em presençaa do estímulo alimentar a atividade locomotora ocorre durante as 24 horas do dia, embora em proporção significantemente maior no período de obscuridade.

Marcação individual de triatomíneos para estudos comportamentais e ecologicos

Idealizou-se uma técnica de marcação de insetos adultos, visando principalmente à identificação individual de triatomineos, que consiste na elaboração de códigos correspondentes a números, através de cinco cores basicas (vermelho, branco, azul, verde e amarelo) representadas por pintas coloridas feitas com tinta esmalte e depositadas do pronoto ao escutelo do inseto manualmente, com um fino pincel de seda. As pintas não devem se estender às asas sobrepostas, porque estas mudam constantemente de posição, encobrindo assim a marcação. A tinta é indelével e, por não apresentar toxicidade, não afeta a longevidade e o comportamento dos insetos. A técnica pode ser utilizada tanto para insetos no laboratório quanto no campo principalmente em trabalhos relacionados à Ecologia e ao Comportamento.

Physa Marmorata Guilding, 1828 (Pulmonata: Physidae)

A description of Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828, based on material collected at its type-locality, the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, is presented. The shell is thin, horn-colored, surface very glossy, diaphanous. Spire acute, elevated; protoconch distinct, rounded-conical, reddish-brown; five not shouldered, broadly convex whorls with subobsolete spiral lines and thin growth lines. Aperture elongated, 1.4-2.0 times as long as the remaining shell length, narrow obovate-lunate; upper half acute-angled,lower half oval,narrowly rounded at the base, outer lip sharp, inner lip completely closing the umbilical region; a very distinct callus on the parietal wall; columellar lip with a low ridge gradually merging into the callus. ratios: shell width/shell length = 0.44 - 0.52 (mean 0.47); spire length /shell lenght = 0.33-0.41 (mean 0.39); aperture length/shell lenght = 0.59-0.67 (mean 0.62). Oral lappets laterally mucronate, foot spatulate with deeply pigmented acuminate tail. Mantle reflection with 6-10 short triangular dentations covering nearly half the right surface of the body whorl, and 4-6 covering a part of the ventral wall. Body surface with tiny dots of greenish-yellow pigment besides melanin. Renal tube tightly folded in toa zigzag course. Ovotestis diverticula acinous, laterally pressed against each other around a collecting canal. Ovispermiduct with well-developed seminal vesicle. oviduct highly convoluted, merging into a less convoluted nidamental gland which narrows to a funnel-shaped uterus and a short vagina. Spermathecal body oblong, more or less constricted in the middle and somewhat curved; spermathecal duct uniformly narrow, a little longer than be body. About 20 prostatic diverticula, simple, bifurcate or divided into a few short branches, distalmost ones assembled into a cluster. Penis long, nearly uniformly narrow; penial canal with lateral opening about the junction of its middle and lower thirds. Penial sheath with a bulbous terminal expasion the tip of which isinserted into the caudal end of the prepuce. Prepuce shouldered, much wider than the narrow portion of the penial sheath. Penial sheath/prepuce ratio about 2.08 (1.45-2.75). The main extrinsic muscles of the penial complex are a retractor, with a branch attached to the bulb, and another to the caudal end of the penial sheath; and a protractor, with a branch attached to the shoulder of the prepuce and adjoining area of the penial sheath, and another to the caudal end of the penial sheath. Egg capsule C-shaped, with 10-30 elliptical eggs (snails 10mm long) measuring about 1.10 mm (0.90-1.32) through the long axis and surrounded by an inner and an outer lamellate membranes. Jaw a simple obtusely V-shaped plate. radula will be described separately.

Physa cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839 (Pulmonata: Physidae)

A description of Physa cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839, based on 15 speciments collected in Havana, Cuba, is presented. The shell, measuring 9.0 x 4,8mm to 12.3 x 6.4mm, is ovate-oblong, thin, diaphanous, horncolored, shining. Spire elevated, broadly conical; protoconch distinct, roundish, reddish-brown. About five moderately shouldered, roundly convex whorls, penultimate whorl expanded; spiral striation subobsolete; growth line faint on the intermediate whorls, clearly visible on the body whorl, crowded here and there. Suture well impressed. Aperture elongated 2.05 - 2.67 (mean 2.27) times as long as the remaining length of the shell, narrow obovulate-lunate; upper half acute-angled, lower half oval, narrowly rounded at the base; outer lip sharp, inner lip completely closing the umbilical region; a thick callus on the parietal wall; columellar plait well marked. Ratios: shell width/shell length - 0.52-0.61 (mean 0.55); spire length/shell length = 0.27 - 0.33 (mean 0.31); aperture length/shell length = 0.67 - 0.73 (mean 0.69). Oral lappets laterally mucronate; foot spatulate with acuminate tail. Mantle relection with 6 - 8 short triangular dentations in the right lobe (columellar side) and 4 - 6 in the left lobe (near the pneumostome). Renal tube tightly folded into a zigzag course. Ovotestis, ovispermiduct, seminal vesicle, oviduct, nidamental gland, uterus and vagina as in Physa marmorata (see Paraense, 1986, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 81: 459-469). Spermathecal body egg-shaped or pear-shaped; spermathecal ducta uniformly narrow with expanded base, a little longer than the body. Spermiduct, prostate and vas deferens as in P. marmorata (Paraense, loc. cit.). Penis wide proximally, narrowing gradually apicad; penial canal with subterminal outlet. Penial sheath following the width of the penis and ending up by a bulbous expansion somewhat narrower than the proximal portion. Penaial sheath/prepuce ration = 1,25 - 1,83 (mean 1.49). Prepuce much wider than the bulb of the penial shealth, moderately shouldered owing to the intromission of the bulb, and with a large gland in one side of its proximal half occupating about a third of its length. Extrinsic muscles of the penial complex as in P. marmorata. Jaw a simple obtusely V-shaped plate. Radula to be described separetely.

Desenvolupament d'hidrogels superficials que contenen motius d'adhesió cel·lular

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada al Departament d’Enginyeria Química del Massachusetts Institute of Technology entre abril i octubre del 2006. S’ha dissenyat i sintetitzat uns nous films polimèrics, amb aplicacions en l’àmbit de l’enginyeria de teixits, utilitzant la tècnica anomenada iCVD (initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition), prèviament desenvolupada pel grup receptor. Es tracta d’uns hidrogels superficials de gruix controlable, que incorporen un monòmer fluorat, el qual s’havia estudiat extensament en el grup d’origen. Aquest monòmer es caracteritza per reaccionar molt fàcilment amb pèptids, de manera que aquests queden units covalentment a la superfície. Diferents estratègies pel desenvolupament d’aquests copolímers han estat avaluades, tant des del punt de vista purament sintètic com de la pròpia aplicació. Les condicions de polimerització han estat optimitzades i els hidrogels s’han caracteritzat químicament per tècniques espectroscòpiques (FTIR, XPS), i físicament per angle de contacte i el·lipsometria. D’aquesta manera, s’ha estudiat la capacitat dels hidrogels d’absorbir aigua i alhora augmentar el seu gruix, depenent de la quantitat d’agent reticulant introduït i de la incorporació del nou monòmer. A continuació, s’han optimitzat les condicions de reacció d’aquestes superfícies amb pèptids que incorporen una molècula fluorescent, la qual permet detectar fàcilment per microscòpia de fluorescència si la reacció ha tingut lloc. Una vegada la plataforma ha estat posada a punt, s’han iniciat assajos cel·lulars tant amb fibroblasts embriònics de ratolí com amb cèl·lules humanes umbilicals. Els resultats preliminars suggereixen una morfologia diferent de les cèl·lules segons si es cultiven sobre films modificats amb pèptids que promouen l’adhesió cel·lular o sobre les seves seqüències permutades no actives. Però, el més interessant és que també s’han observat certes diferències depenent si els films contenen el component hidrogel o no, fet que suggeriria un paper actiu d’aquests noves superfícies en el comportament cel·lular.

Direct angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation attenuates T-cell and microglia activation and prevents demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.

In the present study, we evaluated stimulation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) by the selective non-peptide agonist Compound 21 (C21) as a novel therapeutic concept for the treatment of multiple sclerosis using the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. C57BL-6 mice were immunized with myelin-oligodendrocyte peptide and treated for 4 weeks with C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day i.p.). Potential effects on myelination, microglia and T-cell composition were estimated by immunostaining and FACS analyses of lumbar spinal cords. The in vivo study was complemented by experiments in aggregating brain cell cultures and microglia in vitro. In the EAE model, treatment with C21 ameliorated microglia activation and decreased the number of total T-cells and CD4+ T-cells in the spinal cord. Fluorescent myelin staining of spinal cords further revealed a significant reduction in EAE-induced demyelinated areas in lumbar spinal cord tissue after AT2R stimulation. C21-treated mice had a significantly better neurological score than vehicle-treated controls. In aggregating brain cell cultures challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFNγ), AT2R stimulation prevented demyelination, accelerated re-myelination and reduced the number of microglia. Cytokine synthesis and nitric oxide production by microglia in vitro were significantly reduced after C21 treatment. These results suggest that AT2R stimulation protects the myelin sheaths in autoimmune central nervous system inflammation by inhibiting the T-cell response and microglia activation. Our findings identify the AT2R as a potential new pharmacological target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Distal dendrites of frog motor neurons: a computer-aided electron microscopic study of cobalt-filled cells.

With the aid of the cobalt labelling technique, frog spinal cord motor neuron dendrites of the subpial dendritic plexus have been identified in serial electron micrographs. Computer reconstructions of various lengths (2.5-9.8 micron) of dendritic segments showed the contours of these dendrites to be highly irregular, and to present many thorn-like projections 0.4-1.8 micron long. Number, size and distribution of synaptic contacts were also determined. Almost half of the synapses occurred at the origins of the thorns and these synapses had the largest contact areas. Only 8 out of 54 synapses analysed were found on thorns and these were the smallest. For the total length of reconstructed dendrites there was, on average, one synapse per 1.2 micron, while 4.4% of the total dendritic surface was covered with synaptic contacts. The functional significance of these distal dendrites and their capacity to influence the soma membrane potential is discussed.

Cellular schwannomas of the intracranial and intraspinal compartment: morphological and immunological characteristics compared with classical benign schwannomas.

The concept of cellular schwannoma as an unusual benign tumor is well established for peripheral nerves but has never been tested in neurosurgical series. In order to test the validity of this concept in cranial nerves and spinal roots we performed an analysis of the clinical and morphological characteristics of 12 cellular and 166 classical benign schwannomas. Immunohistochemical detection of antigen expression in Schwann cells including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also performed. This study shows that cellular schwannomas in neurosurgical series manifest at a lower age than the classical benign variant and occur mainly in the spinal roots. Mitotic activity and sinusoidal vessels appear more frequently in cellular schwannomas and constitute with high cellularity, the most valuable criteria separating both entities. The postoperative course in both types of tumors was free of metastases or sarcomatous changes. Immunoexpression of S-100 protein, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein is not statistically different between the two variants. In contrast, PCNA is more highly expressed in cellular schwannomas. These These results confirm the concept that cellular schwannomas are a clinico-pathological variant of benign schwannomas and provide significant support for the introduction of this entity in neurosurgical oncology.