Effect of strain and magnetic field on the critical current and electric resistance of the joints between HTS coated conductors

Engineering of devices and systems such as magnets, fault current limiters or cables, based on High Temperature Superconducting wires requires a deep characterization of the possible degradation of their properties by handling at room temperature as well as during the service life thus establishing the limits for building up functional devices and systems. In the present work we report our study regarding the mechanical behavior of spliced joints between commercial HTS coated conductors based on YBCO at room temperature and service temperature, 77 K. Tensile tests under axial stress and the evolution of the critical current and the electric resistance of the joints have been measured. The complete strain contour for the tape and the joints has been obtained by using Digital Image Correlation. Also, tensile tests under external magnetic field have been performed and the effect of the applied field on the critical current and the electric resistance of the joints has been studied. Additionally, fatigue tests under constant cyclic stress and loading-unloading ramps have been carried out in order to evaluate the electromechanical behavior of the joints and the effect of maximum applied stress on the critical current. Finally, a preliminary numerical study by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM) of the electromechanical behavior of the joints between commercial HTS is presented.

Mechanical behavior of 2G REBCO HTS at 77 and 300 K

El gran esfuerzo realizado durante la última década con el fin de integrar los diferentes materiales superconductores en el campo de los sistemas eléctricos y en otras aplicaciones tecnológicas ha dado lugar a un campo de investigación amplio y prometedor. El comportamiento eléctrico de los Superconductores de Alta Temperatura (SAT) crítica (masivo y cintas) depende de diferentes parámetros desde su fabricación hasta la aplicación final con imanes o cables. Sin embargo, las aplicaciones prácticas de estos materiales están fuertemente vinculadas con su comportamiento mecánico tanto a temperatura ambiente (manipulación durante fabricación o instalación) como a temperaturas criogénicas (condiciones de servicio). En esta tesis se ha estudiado el comportamiento mecánico de materiales masivos y cintas de alta temperatura crítica a 300 y 77 K (utilizando nitrógeno líquido). Se han obtenido la resistencia en flexión, la tenacidad de fractura y la resistencia a tracción a la temperatura de servicio y a 300 K. Adicionalmente, se ha medido la dureza mediante el ensayo Vickers y nanoindentación. El módulo Young se midió mediante tres métodos diferentes: 1) nanoindentación, 2) ensayos de flexión en tres puntos y 3) resonancia vibracional mediante grindosonic. Para cada condición de ensayo, se han analizado detalladamente las superficies de fractura y los micromecanismos de fallo. Las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales se han comparado con el fin de entender la influencia de las técnicas de procesado y de las características microestructurales de los monocristales en su comportamiento mecánico. Se ha estudiado el comportamiento electromecánico de cintas comerciales superconductoras de YBCO mediante ensayos de tracción y fatiga a 77 y 300 K. El campo completo de deformaciones en la superficie del material se ha obtenido utilizando Correlación Digital de Imágenes (DIC, por sus siglas en inglés) a 300 K. Además, se realizaron ensayos de fragmentación in situ dentro de un microscopio electrónico con el fin de estudiar la fractura de la capa superconductora y determinar la resistencia a cortante de la intercara entre el substrato y la capa cerámica. Se ha conseguido ver el proceso de la fragmentación aplicando tensión axial y finalmente, se han implementado simulaciones mediante elementos finitos para reproducir la delaminación y el fenómeno de la fragmentación. Por último, se han preparado uniones soldadas entre las capas de cobre de dos cintas superconductoras. Se ha medido la resistencia eléctrica de las uniones con el fin de evaluar el metal de soldadura y el proceso. Asimismo, se ha llevado a cabo la caracterización mecánica de las uniones mediante ensayos "single lap shear" a 300 y 77 K. El efecto del campo magnético se ha estudiado aplicando campo externo hasta 1 T perpendicular o paralelo a la cinta-unión a la temperatura de servicio (77 K). Finalmente, la distribución de tensiones en cada una de las capas de la cinta se estudió mediante simulaciones de elementos finitos, teniendo en cuenta las capas de la cinta mecánicamente más representativas (Cu-Hastelloy-Cu) que influyen en su comportamiento mecánico. The strong effort that has been made in the last years to integrate the different superconducting materials in the field of electrical power systems and other technological applications led to a wide and promising research field. The electrical behavior of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) materials (bulk and coated conductors) depends on different parameters since their processing until their final application as magnets or cables. However, practical applications of such materials are strongly related with their mechanical performance at room temperature (handling) as well as at cryogenic temperatures (service conditions). In this thesis, the mechanical behavior of HTS bulk and coated conductors was investigated at 300 and 77 K (by immersion in liquid nitrogen). The flexural strength, the fracture toughness and the tensile strength were obtained at service temperature as well as at 300 K. Furthermore, their hardness was determined by Vickers measurements and nanoindentation and the Young's modulus was measured by three different techniques: 1) nanoindentation, 2) three-point bending tests and 3) vibrational resonance with a grindosonic device. The fracture and deformation micromechanics have been also carefully analyzed for each testing condition. The comparison between the studied materials has been performed in order to understand the influence of the main sintering methods and the microstructural characteristics of the single grains on the macroscopic mechanical behavior. The electromechanical behavior of commercial YBCO coated conductors was studied. The mechanical behavior of the tapes was studied under tensile and fatigue tests at 77 and 300 K. The complete strain field on the surface of the sample was obtained by applying Digital Image Correlation (DIC) at 300 K. Addionally, in situ fragmentation tests inside a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were carried out in order to study the fragmentation of the superconducting layer and determine the interfacial shear strength between substrate and ceramic layer. The fragmentation process upon loading of the YBCO layer has been observed and finally, Finite Element Simulations were employed to reproduce delamination and fragmentation phenomena. Finally, joints between the stabilizing Cu sides of two coated conductors have been prepared. The electrical resistivity of the joints was measured for the purpose of qualifying the soldering material and evaluating the soldering process. Additionally, mechanical characterization under single lap shear tests at 300 and 77 K has been carried out. The effect of the applied magnetic field has been studied by applying external magnetic field up to 1 T perpendicular and parallel to the tape-joint at service temperature (77 K). Finally, finite element simulations were employed to study the distribution of the stresses in earch layer, taking into account the three mechanically relevant layers of the coated conductor (Cu-Hastelloy-Cu) that affect its mechanical behavior

Mechanical characterization of GdBCO/Ag and YBCO single grains fabricated by top-seeded melt growth at 77 and 300 K

YBaCuO and GdBaCuO + 15 wt% Ag large, single-grain, bulk superconductors have been fabricated via the top-seeded, melt-growth (TSMG) process using a generic NdBCO seed. The mechanical behavior of both materials has been investigated by means of three-point bending (TPB) and transversal tensile tests at 77 and 300 K. The strength, fracture toughness and hardness of the samples were studied for two directions of applied load to obtain comprehensive information about the effect of microstructural anisotropy on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of these technologically important materials. Splitting (Brazilian) tests were carried out on as-melt-processed cylindrical samples following a standard oxygenation process and with the load applied parallel to the growth-facet lines characteristic of the TSMG process. In addition, the elastic modulus of each material was measured by three different techniques and related to the microstructure of each sample using optical microscopy. The results show that both the mechanical properties and the elastic modulus of both YBCO and GdBCP/Ag are improved at 77 K. However, the GdBCO/Ag samples are less anisotropic and exhibit better mechanical behavior due to the presence of silver particles in the bulk, superconducting matrix. The splitting tensile strength was determined at 77 K and both materials were found to exhibit similar behavior, independently of their differences in microstructure.

A “midinfrared” scenario for cuprate superconductivity

I conjecture that the mechanism of superconductivity in the cuprates is a saving, due to the improved screening resulting from Cooper pair formation, of the part of the Coulomb energy associated with long wavelengths and midinfrared frequencies. This scenario is shown to provide a plausible explanation of the trend of transition temperature with layering structure in the Ca-spaced compounds and to predict a spectacularly large decrease in the electron-energy-loss spectroscopy cross-section in the midinfrared region on transition to the superconducting state, as well as less spectacular but still surprisingly large changes in the optical behavior. Existing experimental results appear to be consistent with this picture.

Information processing in the human brain: magnetoencephalographic approach.

Rapid progress in effective methods to image brain functions has revolutionized neuroscience. It is now possible to study noninvasively in humans neural processes that were previously only accessible in experimental animals and in brain-injured patients. In this endeavor, positron emission tomography has been the leader, but the superconducting quantum interference device-based magnetoencephalography (MEG) is gaining a firm role, too. With the advent of instruments covering the whole scalp, MEG, typically with 5-mm spatial and 1-ms temporal resolution, allows neuroscientists to track cortical functions accurately in time and space. We present five representative examples of recent MEG studies in our laboratory that demonstrate the usefulness of whole-head magnetoencephalography in investigations of spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical signal processing.

Supercondutividade em ligas de Ta1-xZrx

No presente estudo, amostras policristalinas ricas em Ta e com estequiometrias Ta1-xZrx; x < 0.15; foram preparadas através da mistura apropriada dos elementos metálicos, os quais foram fundidos em forno a arco elétrico sobre uma placa de cobre refrigerada a água e sob atmosfera de argônio de alta pureza. Os padrões de difração de raios-X das ligas, como fundidas (as cast) e tratadas termicamente a 850 °C por 24 h, revelaram a ocorrência de uma estrutura cristalina cúbica de corpo centrada bcc, tipo W, e parâmetros de rede que aumentam suavemente com o aumento do teor de Zr nas ligas. Medidas de susceptibilidade magnética dc, conduzidas nas condições de resfriamento da amostra em campo zero (ZFC) e do resfriamento com o campo magnético aplicado (FC), indicaram que supercondutividade volumétrica é observada abaixo de ~ 5.8, 6.9, 7.0 K em amostras com x = 0.05, 0.08, e 0.10, respectivamente. Essas temperaturas críticas supercondutoras são bastante superiores àquela observada no Ta elementar ~ 4.45 K. Medidas de resistividade elétrica na presença de campos magnéticos aplicados de até 9 T confirmaram a temperatura crítica supercondutora das amostras estudadas. O campo crítico superior Hc2 e o comprimento de coerência E foram estimados a partir dos dados de magnetorresistência. Os valores estimados de Hc2 foram de ~ 0.46, 1.78, 3.85 e 3.97 T, resultando em valores de E ~ 26.0, 13.6, 9.2 e 9.1 nm para as ligas as cast com x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.08 e 0.10, respectivamente. A partir dos dados experimentais do calor específico Cp das ligas, magnitudes estimadas do salto em Cp nas vizinhanças das transições supercondutoras indicaram valores maiores que o previsto pela teoria BCS. Utilizando as equações analíticas derivadas da teoria do acoplamento forte da supercondutividade foi então proposto que o aumento da temperatura de transição supercondutora nas ligas devido a substituição parcial do Ta por Zr está intimamente relacionado ao aumento do acoplamento elétron-fônon, visto que a densidade de estados eletrônicos no nível de Fermi foi estimada ser essencialmente constante através da série Ta1-xZrx com x < 0.10.

Magnetization reversal of ferromagnetic nanowires studied by magnetic force microscopy

The magnetization reversal of two-dimensional arrays of parallel ferromagnetic Fe nanowires embedded in nanoporous alumina templates has been studied. By combining bulk magnetization measurements (superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry) with field-dependent magnetic force microscopy (MFM), we have been able to decompose the macroscopic hysteresis loop in terms of the irreversible magnetic responses of individual nanowires. The latter are found to behave as monodomain ferromagnetic needles, with hysteresis loops displaced (asymmetric) as a consequence of the strong dipolar interactions between them. The application of field-dependent MFM provides a microscopic method to obtain the hysteresis curve of the array, by simply registering the fraction of up and down magnetized wires as a function of applied field. The observed deviations from the rectangular shape of the macroscopic hysteresis loop of the array can be ascribed to the spatial variation of the dipolar field through the inhomogeneously filled membrane. The system studied proves to be an excellent example of the two-dimensional classical Preisach model, well known from the field of hysteresis modeling and micromagnetism.

Simulated magnetic field expulsion in neutron star cores

The study of long-term evolution of neutron star (NS) magnetic fields is key to understanding the rich diversity of NS observations, and to unifying their nature despite the different emission mechanisms and observed properties. Such studies in principle permit a deeper understanding of the most important parameters driving their apparent variety, e.g. radio pulsars, magnetars, X-ray dim isolated NSs, gamma-ray pulsars. We describe, for the first time, the results from self-consistent magnetothermal simulations considering not only the effects of the Hall-driven field dissipation in the crust, but also adding a complete set of proposed driving forces in a superconducting core. We emphasize how each of these core-field processes drive magnetic evolution and affect observables, and show that when all forces are considered together in vectorial form, the net expulsion of core magnetic flux is negligible, and will have no observable effect in the crust (consequently in the observed surface emission) on megayear time-scales. Our new simulations suggest that strong magnetic fields in NS cores (and the signatures on the NS surface) will persist long after the crustal magnetic field has evolved and decayed, due to the weak combined effects of dissipation and expulsion in the stellar core.