É possível gerar “insight” através do ensino dos pré-requisitos por contingências de reforçamento positivo em Rattus norvegicus?

As discussões sobre criatividade indicam uma dificuldade tanto na definição do que seria um padrão “original” ou “criativo” quanto de identificar que variáveis o controlariam. Dentre as interpretações deste fenômeno encontra-se a chamada “interconexão espontânea de repertórios”, quando dois ou mais repertórios diferentes, aprendidos em separado, podem se juntar em novas situações produzindo sequências originais de comportamento. A resolução de um problema de forma súbita através desta interconexão foi denominada de “Insight”. Um dos processos que participariam dessa interconexão seria a “Generalização Funcional”. O presente estudo replicou com algumas mudanças, utilizando três ratos (Rattus norvegicus) como sujeitos (S1, S2 e S3), o trabalho original de Epstein (1985b) e investigou o papel da “Generalização Funcional” na interconexão dos repertórios. Ao S1 e ao S2 foram ensinados separadamente três repertórios distintos. O S1 aprendeu a (1) empurrar um cubo de maneira direcionada, (2) a subir e se erguer sobre cubo e (3) a puxar uma corrente. O S2 aprendeu a (1) empurrar um cubo de maneira não direcionada, (2) a subir e se erguer sobre cubo e a (3) puxar uma corrente. O S3 aprendeu apenas a (1) subir e se erguer sobre cubo e (2) a puxar uma corrente. Após o treino foram colocados numa situaçãoproblema que exigiria a interconexão das habilidades aprendidas para que a resolução ocorresse. O S1 e o S2 resolveram o problema de maneiras distintas: o S1 resolveu de forma aleatória e o S2 resolveu após um treino adicional de subir e puxar a corrente que estabeleceu elos importantes para a resolução. O S3 não resolveu o problema. Os dados indicaram que a generalização funcional poderia ser explicada como generalização simples e que esta não seria um requisito fundamental para a resolução súbita do problema.

Configurações contemporâneas do complexo agroindustrial do leite: produção, industrialização e consumo no Estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Podridão vermelha da raiz em variedades de soja associada a níveis de irrigação e de compactação do solo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Optimality theory and historical phonology: an example from nasal harmony in Mundurukú

Este trabalho pretende mostrar que a Teoria da Otimidade proporciona novas formas para explicar mudanças de som que não a re-ordenação no ranqueamento deconstraints. Ele examina os aspectos diacrônicos de harmonia nasal na família Mundurukú, tronco Tupi. A comparação entre os sistemas modernos de Mundurukú e Kuruaya salienta que o sistema original, Proto-Mundurukú, tem propriedades semelhantes às atualmente observadas em Kuruaya. Em especial, os alvos do espalhamento de nasalidadeincluiamoclusivas sonoras e soantes, enquanto que as obstruintes surdas eram transparentes. Esse sistema evoluiu para outro em Pré-Munduruku, quando novos contrastes foram introduzidos na língua, transformando obstruintes em segmentos opacos e, portanto, bloqueando a nasalização. A análise, formalizada dentro da Teoria da Otimidade, demonstra que não houve uma re-ordenação dos constraints harmônicos; eles apenas se tornaram mais restritos, como mostra a cronologia relativa que deu origem ao sistema moderno de Mundurukú. Além disso, o estudo discute também as consequências dessa mudança para a gramática sincrônica, e como isso explica as irregularidades do processo.

O enteado, de Juan Saer: narrativa poética e romance histórico?

Em O enteado (2002), de Juan José Saer, tem-se um velho narrador que conta de forma poética a sua história, uma singular experiência de vida. Quando jovem, ele viajava como grumete num navio que costeava a Bacia do Rio da Prata, quando presenciou o ataque súbito e posterior massacre da tripulação do barco pelos índios da região. Como único sobrevivente da carnificina, é praticamente adotado pelos selvagens, passando a conviver com eles, sem saber ao certo a razão de ter sido poupado. Mas a maneira de viver daqueles índios revelou-se bem estranha, pois eram antropófagos, faziam sexo em grupo (orgias), morriam muito cedo, e a peculiar linguagem que praticavam dificultava o aprendizado da língua, e, conseqüentemente, da própria cultura. Assim, esse livro tacitamente promove um debate sobre a Conquista Hispânica da América, do ponto de vista particular de um narrador que constrói poeticamente a sua visão daquele passado, que não diz respeito a nenhum fato histórico preciso. Mas, enquanto a historicidade desse texto transparece nas suas entrelinhas, a sua imanente poesia define o seu aspecto de prosa poética, senão de narrativa poética, traços que apontam para um possível hibridismo literário nesse romance.

A Amazônia revisitada: de Manaus a Belém e Macapá, com interlúdio no sudoeste do Pará

Entre abril e maio de 2008, o jornalista espanhol Bernardo Gutiérrez realizou, por barco, uma viagem de Manaus a Belém, com escalas em várias cidades do baixo Amazonas. O relato da viagem constitui Calle Amazonas: de Manaos a Belém por el Brasil olvidado, publicado na Espanha, em 2010. O presente trabalho mostra como Gutiérrez entrelaça em seu livro o relato de três viagens. A primeira é o deslocamento pelo emaranhado de cursos de água, descrevendo os lugares visitados. A esta viagem articula-se um recorrido pela narrativa de outros viajantes, uma biblioteca que constitui a memória cultural da região. A terceira seria a aventura da escrita. Valendo-se da experiência do percurso realizado e das leituras sobre o tema, o jornalista constrói, no limiar entre história e ficção, realidade e fantasia, elementos concernentes à Amazônia desde seu descobrimento, o relato que constitui seu livro.

Air flow humidification for air-assisted boom sprayer

The air-assisted ground spray is fairly widespread. However, due to the unpredictable weather conditions, the operational efficiency is impaired by stops on grounds of low humidity and high temperatures. The aim of this work was to assess an air humidification method and evaluate its impact on temperature and air humidity for the air curtain of the air-assisted sprayer. With respect to relative air humidity, it has increased in 6.59%, being the maximum change when inserting 1.92 L min-1. So, it is concluded that the pipeline humidification might significantly reduce temperature and enhance air humidity. The treatments performed in this study consisted of a varied flow of a humidity device, related to weather conditions. Temperature and relative air humidity were measured at 1.0 m height from right to left of middle point of the machine, corresponding to the end of the spray boom, in the middle and end of right spray boom. The readings were also performed at three different distances from the end of the pipeline and at 0.25 and 0.50 m from that to the soil. The results show that 0.48 L min-1 in the humidification system has promoted a better efficiency in reducing air-temperature, on average 2.52 ºC when compared to the non-humidified one.

Pateo do Collegio: um lugar na cidade de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Estudo da estabilidade produtiva de compostos bioativos em linhagem mutante de Streptomyces clavuligerus

Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ

Erosion of an active fault scarp leads to drainage capture in the Amazon region, Brazil

Far from the continental margin, drainage basins in Central Amazonia should be in topographic steady state; but they are not. Abandoned remnant fluvial valleys up to hundreds of square kilometers in size are observed throughout Amazonia, and are evidence of significant landscape reorganization. While major Late Miocene drainage shifts occurred due to initiation of the transcontinental Amazon River, local landscape change has remained active until today. Driven either by dynamic topography, tectonism, and/or climatic fluctuations, drainage captures in Amazonia provide a natural experiment for assessing the geomorphic response of low-slope basins to sudden, capture related base-level falls. This paper evaluates the timing of geomorphic change by examining a drainage capture event across the Baependi fault scarp involving the Cuieiras and TarumA-Mirim River basins northwest of the city of Manaus in Brazil. A system of capture-related knickpoints was generated by base-level fall following drainage capture; through numerical modeling of their initiation and propagation, the capture event is inferred to have occurred between the middle and late Pleistocene, consistent with other studies of landscape change in surrounding areas. In low-slope settings like the Amazon River basin, base-level fall can increase erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, and moderate to large river basins can respond to episodes of base-level fall over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Critical Water Effect on the Plasmon Band and Visible Light Activity of Au/ZnO Nanocomposites

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A novel association between Rhodnius neglectus and the Livistona australis palm tree in an urban center foreshadowing the risk of Chagas disease transmission by vectorial invasions in Monte Alto City, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Polymer Matrix-Based Piezoelectric Composite for Structural Health Monitoring

Structural health monitoring (SHM) refers to the procedure of assessing the structure conditions continuously so it is an alternative to conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques [1]. With the growing developments in sensor technology acoustic emission (AE) technology has been attracting attention in SHM applications. AE are characterized by waves produced by the sudden internal stress redistribution caused by the changes in the internal structure, such as fatigue, crack growth, corrosion, etc. Piezoelectric materials such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) ceramic have been widely used as sensor due to its high electromechanical coupling factor and piezoelectric d coefficients. Because of the poor mechanical characteristic and the lack in the formability of the ceramic, polymer matrix-based piezoelectric composites have been studied in the last decade in order to obtain better properties in comparison with a single phase material. In this study a composite film made of polyurethane (PU) and PZT ceramic particles partially recovered with polyaniline (PAni) was characterized and used as sensor for AE detection. Preliminary results indicate that the presence of a semiconductor polymer (PAni) recovering the ceramic particles, make the poling process easier and less time consuming. Also, it is possible to observe that there is a great potential to use such type of composite as sensor for structure health monitoring.

Leucoencefalomalácia em equídeos da região Leste de Mato Grosso

Background: Fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides are among the most important medical mycotoxins known. The intake of concentrate based on corn and corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins can cause severe poisoning in horses. The injuries are observed mainly in the white matter of the brain, and the disease is known as Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM). This study aims to describe and discuss the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of an outbreak of ELEM occurred in three farms in the municipalities of Canarana and Agua Boa, in the eastern region of Mato Grosso, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The outbreak occurred between May and August 2010. The disease affected six horses and four mules of different ages and sex. Clinical examination was only possible in animals with chronic evolution of the disease. All the affected animals showed neurological clinical signs such as ataxia and recumbency, which progressed to death or sudden death. Histopathological analysis showed foci of necrosis that predominantly affected the white matter, and the presence of gitter cells. Degenerative lesions were observed in the liver of the animals. Mortality rate ranged from 12.5 to 71%, and lethality reached 100%. The cases were preceded by sudden drops in the weather temperature. Fumonisins levels of 6.6 ppm were detected in the feed of the animals.Discussion: The presumptive diagnosis of leukoencephalomalacia was consistent and based on clinical and epidemiological studies. However, the definitive diagnosis was based upon the histological features of the brain including the presence of extensive areas of malacia. Moreover, the animals were being fed with corn or corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins levels considered to be toxic to equids. The mortality and lethality rates are in agreement with outbreaks described in previous studies. The animals showed neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation, with gait ataxia followed by recumbency, prostration and death between 24 h and 29 days. Similarly to other reports, the disease was more frequent in adult animals, which succumbed in 24-48 h. Conversely, the evolution of the disease in young animals was of 10 to 29 days. Sudden death was more prevalent in the mules. Previous studies have shown a predominance of cerebral and brainstem lesions in horses, whereas in mules the clinical signs are related to brainstem lesions. Corn and corn by-products are commonly used as energy supplementation to horses in the southern of Mato Grosso state, but outbreaks of the disease are uncommon. This may be influenced by the prevalence of hot climate conditions, which does not favor the production of toxin by the fungus. The atypical low weather temperatures (9-11 degrees C) observed prior to the outbreak could have contributed to the mycotoxin production by F. verticillioides, which requires temperatures between 8-12 degrees C to produce toxins. However, the disease in the region may be underestimated, considering that the practice of necropsies is not common among field technicians, mainly in the occurrence of sporadic deaths among horses intended for work. Preventive measures include avoiding the use of corn and corn by-products for horses after periods of sudden drops in temperature in the region. Furthermore, clinical and epidemiological surveys and post-mortem and histopathological analyses are undoubtedly important for appropriate differential diagnosis, especially in equids with neurological signs.

Search for gravitational wave ringdowns from perturbed intermediate mass black holes in LIGO-Virgo data from 2005-2010

We report results from a search for gravitational waves produced by perturbed intermediate mass black holes ( IMBH) in data collected by LIGO and Virgo between 2005 and 2010. The search was sensitive to astrophysical sources that produced damped sinusoid gravitational wave signals, also known as ringdowns, with frequency 50 <= f(0)/Hz <= 2000 and decay timescale 0.0001 less than or similar to tau/s less than or similar to 0.1 characteristic of those produced in mergers of IMBH pairs. No significant gravitational wave candidate was detected. We report upper limits on the astrophysical coalescence rates of IMBHs with total binary mass 50 <= M/ M circle dot <= 450 and component mass ratios of either 1: 1 or 4: 1. For systems with total mass 100 <= M/M circle dot <= 150, we report a 90% confidence upper limit on the rate of binary IMBH mergers with nonspinning and equal mass components of 6.9 x 10(-8) Mpc(-3) yr(-1). We also report a rate upper limit for ringdown waveforms from perturbed IMBHs, radiating 1% of their mass as gravitational waves in the fundamental, l = m = 2, oscillation mode, that is nearly three orders of magnitude more stringent than previous results.