Confiabilidade do exame de VDRL no diagnóstico da sífilis e responsabilidade do médico na interpretação - relato de casos no PSF Vila Norma

A sífilis é uma Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível (IST) de interesse em saúde pública causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum subespécie pallidum. Seu controle é feito por meio de ações e medidas eficazes de saúde pública, em virtude de apresentar testes diagnósticos sensíveis, tratamento efetivo e de baixo custo. Se não tratada, a doença pode evoluir a estágios que comprometem a pele e órgãos internos, como o coração, fígado e sistema nervoso central. A sífilis congênita é decorrente da disseminação hematogênica do Treponema pallidum da gestante não tratada ou inadequadamente tratada para o seu concepto, por via transplacentária. A transmissão pode ocorrer em qualquer fase da gestação e em qualquer estágio da doença, com probabilidade alta na sífilis primária e secundária, média na sífilis latente precoce e baixa na sífilis latente tardia. O presente projeto visa alertar os profissionais de saúde para a avaliação criteriosa dos sintomas dos pacientes, especialmente das gestantes e parceiros, bem como para a leitura crítica de qualquer exame laboratorial dado que fui motivado por um número muito alto de pacientes que apresentaram VDRL positivo na minha prática médica. Os resultados me intrigaram, e solicitei repetições em outro laboratório, que retornaram com resultado negativo mesmo sem tratamento ou realizado incompletamente. Assim, proponho estratégias de minimização dos impactos negativos da sífilis gestacional, causados por resultados falso-positivos em unidade de saúde da família do Município de São João de Meriti por meio de teste de rápido de triagem e grupos de promoção da saúde.

Acompanhamento clínico dos pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica na Unidade de Saúde da Familia Alvorada, Patos de Minas - MG

Hipertensão arterial (HAS) é uma doença crônica de evolução progressiva, caracterizada por níveis elevados e sustentados de pressão arterial (PA). Pode culminar em inúmeras complicações, embora o acompanhamento e a abordagem adequada contribuam para minimizá-las.Tendo em vista o compromisso de atenção integral das abordagens em saúde da família, o presente texto apresenta uma proposta de intervenção para melhorar o acompanhamento e a atenção à saúde de portadores de HAS. Para elaborar a proposta, fez-se o diagnóstico situacional do trabalho em uma equipe de saúde da família (ESF), seguido de revisão bibliográfica e elaboração de um plano de ação fundamentado no Planejamento Estratégico Situacional Simplificado. Os nós críticos relacionados ao atendimento ao hipertenso foram: ineficiência na programação de atividades; falta de organização das informações em saúde, o número excessivo de consultas e falta de busca ativa de pacientes sem acompanhamento. Foram propostas as seguintes medidas: criação de reserva de vagas de consulta para agendamento exclusivo para hipertensos; organização dos prontuários e classificação de risco dos pacientes com diagnóstico de HAS; padronização do acompanhamento dos hipertensos pela adoção da Linha-Guia "Atenção à Saúde do Adulto: Hipertensão e Diabetes"; implementação de um sistema de acolhimento e busca ativa dos hipertensos inscritos na ESF Alvorada. Espera-se que haja uma reorganização de todo o processo de trabalho da ESF, com melhora significativa na qualidade do acompanhamento dos pacientes portadores de HAS

Diagnóstico e Manejo dos Pacientes com Cefaleia Primária em Unidade Básica de Saúde no Município de Mauriti – Ceará

A cefaleia ou dor de cabeça é um complexo sintomático agudo ou componente de uma doença em desenvolvimento. É um dos sintomas clínicos mais presentes nas emergências e nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS). Uma das principais queixas encontradas nas UBS podemos defini-la como uma sensação de desconforto ou dor na extremidade cefálica, e que pode ser de caráter agudo ou crônico, pulsátil, latejante, em aperto de localização diversificada com a presença ou ausência de sintomas associados. São inúmeras as consequências dos diversos tipos de cefaleias, dentre elas: ausência das atividades escolares e profissionais, isolamento social, depressão, mau humor, diminuição do rendimento e aumento das despesas com a saúde. De acordo com o ranking da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) a enxaqueca é a 19a moléstia mais causadora de incapacitância na população mundial e dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaléia afirmam que a enxaqueca tem prevalência de 15% na população brasileira, sendo responsável por 35% das consultas neurológicas.

Programa de controle do tabagismo na Unidade de Saúde da Família Antônio Pimenta II, Montes Claros - Minas Gerais

O tabagismo é amplamente reconhecido como uma doença epidêmica resultante da dependência de nicotina, sendo fator causal de cerca de 50 doenças diferentes, dentre as quais doenças cardiovasculares, neoplasias e doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas. Sua alta prevalência no território, bem como a capacidade de enfrentamento real fizeram com que o problema fosse elencado como prioritário pela equipe de saúde da família atuante na unidade Antônio Pimenta II. Este trabalho descreve o processo de construção de um programa de controle do tabagismo na referida unidade, tendo como base os parâmetros definidos por portarias específicas que aprovaram o Plano de Implantação da Abordagem e Tratamento do Tabagismo na Rede do Sistema Único de Saúde e o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Dependência à Nicotina. Feito o diagnóstico situacional do território e elencado o tabagismo como problema prioritário, a execução dos passos descritos possibilitou a confecção de um plano de ação realista, com metas, prazos e atores bem definidos, e passível de execução pela equipe

Dos conceitos de morte aos critérios para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica

The authors present considerations about death and brain death concepts, as well the legal aspects for its diagnosis in Brazil. They also present the UNICAMP Protocol for the Diagnosis of Brain Death, revised and according with the current law, with standard techniques for the diagnostic exam. They emphasize the importance of a mature ethical position for this frequent and challenging situation.

Edema pulmonar neurogênico: relato de dois casos

Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare and serious complication in patients with head injury. It also may develop after a variety of cerebral insults such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumors and after epileptic seizures. Thirty six patients with severe head injury and four patients with cerebrovascular insults treated in Intensive Care Unit of HC-UNICAMP from January to September 1995 were evaluated. In this period there were two patients with neurogenic pulmonary edema, one with head injury and other with intracerebral hemorrhage. Diagnosis was made by rapid onset of pulmonary edema, severe hypoxemia, decrease of pulmonary complacence and diffuse pulmonary infiltrations, without previous history of tracheal aspiration or any other risk factor for developement of adult respiratory distress syndrom. In the first case, with severe head trauma, neurogenic pulmonary edema was diagnosed at admission one hour after trauma, associated with severe systemic inflammatory reaction, and good outcome in three days. The second case, with hemorragic vascular insult, developed neurogenic pulmonary edema the fourth day after drenage of intracerebral hematom and died.

Ressonância magnética e características clínicas em adultos com doenças desmielinizantes monofásicas: encefalomielite aguda disseminada ou uma variante da esclerose múltipla?

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a widespread monophasic inflamatory disease affecting the central nervous system, that usually follows an infection or vaccination. In this study, we present an analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and clinical aspects in four patients with clinical diagnosis of ADEM. The presence of MRI demyelinating lesions was crucial, but not in itself sufficient for definitive diagnosis. Clinical and MRI follow up, in order to exclude new lesions and to reevaluate the former ones, as well as CSF, were important for the differential diagnosis with other demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis. In addition, we have shown that early treatment with methylprednisolone after the initial symptoms was effective for improving clinical manifestations as well as for reducing MRI lesions.

Transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade: proposta de avaliação neuropsicológica para diagnóstico

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. The aim of this research was to contribute more precisely to the diagnosis of ADHD, to propose a battery of neuropsychological assessment and to analyze the contribution of each test. We studied 10 matched pairs of children with ADHD and normal controls (7 to 11 years). Inclusion criteria were: presence of ADHD typical behavior, positive diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-IV, normal IQ, normal neurological examination and parental consent. We used extensive neuropsychological battery. The results showed differential sensitivity for detection of attentional problems in children with ADHD, although most tests did not reach statistical significance. The item, errors, of WCST revealed statistically significant difference between the two groups: ADHD performance was inferior to controls . In conclusion the neuropsychological assessment battery used in this research contributed to the diagnosis of ADHD.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Sistema limpo em linha para extração em fase sólida de contaminantes emergentes em águas naturais

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

Métodos probabilístico e determinístico para diagnóstico da necessidade de subsolagem de solos agrícolas

This paper presents two techniques to evaluate soil mechanical resistance to penetration as an auxiliary method to help in a decision-making in subsoiling operations. The decision is based on the volume of soil mobilized as a function of the considered critical soil resistance to penetration in each case. The first method, probabilistic, uses statistical techniques to define the volume of soil to be mobilized. The other method, deterministic, determines the percentage of soil to be mobilized and its spatial distribution. Both cases plot the percentage curves of experimental data related to the soil mechanical resistance to penetration equal or larger to the established critical level and the volume of soil to be mobilized as a function of critical level. The deterministic method plots showed the spatial distribution of the data with resistance to penetration equal or large than the critical level. The comparison between mobilized soil curves as a function of critical level using both methods showed that they can be considered equivalent. The deterministic method has the advantage of showing the spatial distribution of the critical points.

Análise do investimento em climatização para bovinos de leite em sistema de alojamento free-stall

The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Sistema de sincronismo entre a colhedora de cana-de-açúcar e o veículo de transbordo

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

Sistema MINUS® - técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.