An additional basal sauropodomorph specimen from the Upper Triassic Caturrita Formation, southern Brazil, with comments on the biogeography of plateosaurids

We describe an additional saurischian specimen from the Caturrita Formation (Norian) of the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. This material was collected in the 1950s and remained unstudied due to its fragmentary condition. Detailed comparisons with other saurischians worldwide reveal that some characters of the ilium, including the low ventral projection of the medial wall of the acetabulum and its concave ventral margin, together with the short triangular shape of the pre-acetabular process and its mound-like dorsocaudal edge, resemble those of sauropodomorphs such as Plateosaurus and Riojasaurus. This set of traits suggests that MN 1326-V has affinities with basal Sauropodomorpha, probably closer to plateosaurians than to Saturnalia-like taxa. Previous records of this clade in the Caturrita Formation include Unaysaurus, which has been related to Plateosaurus within Plateosauridae. Alternative schemes suggest that plateosaurids include Plateosaurus plus the Argentinean 'prosauropods' Coloradisaurus and Riojasaurus. Both hypotheses raise biogeographic questions, as a close relationship between faunas from South America and Europe excluding Africa and North America is not supported by geological and biostratigraphical evidence. Additionally, the absence of plateosaurids in other continents suggests that the geographical distribution of this taxon is inconsistent with the geological history of western Pangaea, and this demands further investigations of the phylogeny of sauropodomorphs or improved sampling.

Biogeographic and diversification patterns of Neotropical Troidini butterflies (Papilionidae) support a museum model of diversity dynamics for Amazonia

Background: The temporal and geographical diversification of Neotropical insects remains poorly understood because of the complex changes in geological and climatic conditions that occurred during the Cenozoic. To better understand extant patterns in Neotropical biodiversity, we investigated the evolutionary history of three Neotropical swallowtail Troidini genera (Papilionidae). First, DNA-based species delimitation analyses were conducted to assess species boundaries within Neotropical Troidini using an enlarged fragment of the standard barcode gene. Molecularly delineated species were then used to infer a time-calibrated species-level phylogeny based on a three-gene dataset and Bayesian dating analyses. The corresponding chronogram was used to explore their temporal and geographical diversification through distinct likelihood-based methods. Results: The phylogeny for Neotropical Troidini was well resolved and strongly supported. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that the extant lineages of Neotropical Troidini have a late Eocene (33-42 Ma) origin in North America. Two independent lineages (Battus and Euryades + Parides) reached South America via the GAARlandia temporary connection, and later became extinct in North America. They only began substantive diversification during the early Miocene in Amazonia. Macroevolutionary analysis supports the "museum model" of diversification, rather than Pleistocene refugia, as the best explanation for the diversification of these lineages. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that: (i) current Neotropical biodiversity may have originated ex situ; (ii) the GAARlandia bridge was important in facilitating invasions of South America; (iii) colonization of Amazonia initiated the crown diversification of these swallowtails; and (iv) Amazonia is not only a species-rich region but also acted as a sanctuary for the dynamics of this diversity. In particular, Amazonia probably allowed the persistence of old lineages and contributed to the steady accumulation of diversity over time with constant net diversification rates, a result that contrasts with previous studies on other South American butterflies.

Gran hidráulica y ocupación de la geografía árida de Norteamérica: una aproximación histórica, 1860-1960

[ES] Este trabajo tiene como propósito realizar una primera aproximación al proceso histórico de ocupación de la geografía árida de Norteamérica (1860-1960) que integra la frontera norte de México con el sureste de los Estados Unidos. Se hace énfasis en el impacto general que en este proceso jugó la revolución industrial y tecno-científica que la acompañó y específicamente el papel desempeñado de la Gran Hidráulica en la explotación de los recursos hídricos a gran escala, habilitando el desarrollo productivo y social. Como parte del cambio histórico se expone también la emergencia de un moderno marco jurídico-institucional en torno al agua. Se cierra con la exposición de dos casos regionales para mostrar las crecientes rivalidades por los recursos hídricos ante sus nuevos usos modernos y su explotación intensiva, así como las diferentes modalidades de gestión resultantes y sus impactos en el largo plazo. [EN] This work aims to make a first approach to the historical process of occupation of the arid geography of North America (1860-1960) that integrates the northern border of Mexico with the southeast of the United States. Emphasis on the general impact that this process played the industrial and technoscientific revolution that accompanied it and specifically the role of the great hydraulic in the exploitation of large-scale water resources, enabling productive and social development. As part of the historic change is also the emergence of a modern legal- institutional framework around water. It closes with the exhibition of two regional cases to show the growing rivalries for water resources to its new modern uses and its intensive exploitation, as well as the different forms of management resulting and their impacts in the long term.

La città che cambia: la diffusione urbana. Mobilità residenziale e stili di vita emergenti nel Comune di Argelato (Bologna)

Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha per oggetto il tema della diffusione urbana. Dopo una breve ricostruzione delle varie definizioni presenti in letteratura sul fenomeno - sia qualitative che quantitative - e una descrizione dei limiti di volta in volta presenti all’interno di tali definizioni, si procede con la descrizione dell’evoluzione storica dello sprawl urbano all’interno del mondo occidentale. Una volta definito e contestualizzato storicamente l’oggetto della ricerca, ne vengono analizzate le cause e il complesso sistema di conseguenze che tale fenomeno urbano porta con sé. Successivamente vengono presentate le principali teorie sociologiche attraverso le quali può essere interpretato il fenomeno dello sprawl urbano e vengono descritte le varie forme con cui si può esprimere lo sprawl urbano: non esiste infatti uniformità tra i vari paesaggi suburbani, ma una grande diversità interna alle varie forme in cui si manifesta il fenomeno della dispersione insediativa. Se quanto finora esaminato, soprattutto a livello bibliografico, è riconducibile alla letteratura nordamericana, arrivati a questo punto del lavoro, l’attenzione viene spostata sul continente europeo, prendendo in esame l’emergere del periurbano all’interno del nostro continente e tentando di descrivere sia le contiguità che le differenze tra il fenomeno dell’urban sprawl e quello del periurbano. Infine, adottando un procedimento “ad imbuto”, il lavoro si sofferma sulla situazione del nostro paese in merito alla tematica in questione. L’ultima sezione della ricerca prevede una parte di lavoro empirico. Se, come è emerso nel quadro teorico, molti sono gli elementi che caratterizzano il tema dello sprawl urbano e del periurbano, si è voluto andare a verificare se, ed eventualmente quali, degli elementi descritti, sono presenti in un’area ben delimitata del territorio bolognese, per cercare di capire se si possa parlare di un “periurbano bolognese” e quali caratteristiche esso presenti.

Entwicklung einer Kryokonservierungsmethode für Spermien der Honigbiene, Apis mellifera

Die westliche Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) ist von großer ökologischer und ökonomischer Bedeutung. Seit Jahren zeichnen sich in Nordamerika sowie in manchen Teilen Europas rückläufige Bienenvölkerzahlen und eine abnehmende Artenvielfalt innerhalb der Bienenfamilie ab. Mittlerweile ist von einer globalen Bestäuberkrise die Rede und es wird verstärkt nach Möglichkeiten gesucht, um dieser Krise entgegenzuwirken. Eine Konservierung von Bienenspermien in flüssigem Stickstoff ohne Fruchtbarkeitsreduzierung würde die Bienenzucht revolutionieren und stark beschleunigen, da räumliche und zeitliche Restriktionen bei der Wahl des Bienenspermas wegfielen. Zudem wäre eine Möglichkeit zur Sicherung der genetischen Diversität geschaffen. Im Rahmen des hier vorgestellten Projektes wurde eine solche Methode erarbeitet. In umfangreichen Abkühl- und Einfrierversuchen konnte eine neue Konservierungstechnik entwickelt werden, bei der das Kryoprotektivum mittels Dialyse dem Bienensperma zugesetzt wird. Dieses Verfahren erhält die native Spermaform, in der die Spermien parallel und inaktiv in dicht gepackten Clustern vorliegen, und erzielt bisher unerreichte Besamungserfolge. So konnten durchschnittlich 1,25 Mio. Spermien in den Spermatheken besamter Königinnen gezählt werden und davon waren ungefähr 90% motil. Besonders vielversprechend ist jedoch, dass 79,4% der Brut weiblich waren. Ein so hoher Anteil weiblicher Brut konnte bislang nicht erreicht werden und wäre für züchterische Zwecke ausreichend.

Recent developments for surgical aortic valve replacement: the concept of sutureless valve technology

Aortic stenosis has become the most frequent type of valvular heart disease in Europe and North America and presents in the large majority of patients as calcified aortic stenosis in adults of advanced age. Surgical aortic valve replacement has been recognized to be the definitive therapy which improves considerably survival for severe aortic stenosis since more than 40 years. In the most recent period, operative mortality of isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis varies between 1–3% in low-risk patients younger than 70 years and between 4 and 8% in selected older adults. Long-term survival following aortic valve replacement is close to that observed in a control population of similar age. Numerous observational studies have consistently demonstrated that corrective surgery in symptomatic patients is invariably followed by a subjective improvement in quality of life and a substantial increase in survival rates. More recently, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been demonstrated to be feasible in patients with high surgical risk using either a retrograde transfemoral or transsubclavian approach or an antegrade, transapical access. Reported 30-day mortality ranges between 5 and 15%) and is acceptable when compared to the risk predicted by the logistic EuroSCORE (varying between 20 and 35%) and the STS Score, although the EuroScore has been shown to markedly overestimate the effective operative risk. One major concern remains the high rate of paravalvular regurgitation which is observed in up to 85% of the patients and which requires further follow-up and critical evaluation. In addition, long-term durability of these valves with a focus on the effects of crimping remains to be addressed, although 3-5 year results are promising. Sutureless biological valves were designed to simplify and significantly accelerate the surgical replacement of a diseased valve and allow complete excision of the calcified native valve. Until now, there are 3 different sutureless prostheses that have been approved. The 3f Enable valve from ATS-Medtronic received CE market approval in 2010, the Perceval S from Sorin during Q1 of 2011 and the intuity sutureless prosthesis from Edwards in 2012. All these devices aim to facilitate valve surgery and therefore have the potential to decrease the invasivness and to shorten the conventional procedure without compromise in term of excision of the diseased valve. This review summarizes the history and the current knowledge of sutureless valve technology.

The Assertion of Identity: Storytelling and Testimony in the Works of Edwidge Danticat

Haitian-American author Edwidge Danticat evokes the Haitian tradition of storytelling in many of her novels and short story collections. A tradition formulated by vodou religion and the amalgamation of African cultures, storytelling acts to entertain, educate and enlighten the people of Haiti. Additionally, her novels are often written in the context of traumatic events in Haitian history. While Danticat's works have been studied with focus on their depiction of storytelling and of trauma, little has been done on the restorative power that storytelling provides. In this thesis, I seek to examine the potential for Danticat's characters and works to create narratives that build community, present testimony, and aid traumatized individuals in recovery.

Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients up to 5 years after initiation of HAART: collaborative analysis of prospective studies

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prognosis over 5 years of HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive patients starting HAART, taking into account the immunological and virological response to therapy. DESIGN: A collaborative analysis of data from 12 cohorts in Europe and North America on 20,379 adults who started HAART between 1995 and 2003. METHODS: Parametric survival models were used to predict the cumulative incidence at 5 years of a new AIDS-defining event or death, and death alone, first from the start of HAART and second from 6 months after the start of HAART. Data were analysed by intention-to-continue-treatment, ignoring treatment changes and interruptions. RESULTS: During 61 798 person-years of follow-up, 1005 patients died and an additional 1303 developed AIDS. A total of 10 046 (49%) patients started HAART either with a CD4 cell count of less than 200 cells/microl or with a diagnosis of AIDS. The 5-year risk of AIDS or death (death alone) from the start of HAART ranged from 5.6 to 77% (1.8-65%), depending on age, CD4 cell count, HIV-1-RNA level, clinical stage, and history of injection drug use. From 6 months the corresponding figures were 4.1-99% for AIDS or death and 1.3-96% for death alone. CONCLUSION: On the basis of data collected routinely in HIV care, prognostic models with high discriminatory power over 5 years were developed for patients starting HAART in industrialized countries. A risk calculator that produces estimates for progression rates at years 1 to 5 after starting HAART is available from www.art-cohort-collaboration.org.

Multi-detector row CT of the small bowel: peak enhancement temporal window--initial experience

PURPOSE: To prospectively determine quantitatively and qualitatively the timing of maximal enhancement of the normal small-bowel wall by using contrast material-enhanced multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. After information on radiation risk was given, written informed consent was obtained from 25 participants with no history of small-bowel disease (mean age, 58 years; 19 men) who had undergone single-level dynamic CT. Thirty seconds after the intravenous administration of contrast material, a serial dynamic acquisition, consisting of 10 images obtained 5 seconds apart, was performed. Enhancement measurements were obtained over time from the small-bowel wall and the aorta. Three independent readers qualitatively assessed small-bowel conspicuity. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed during the arterial phase, the enteric phase (which represented peak small-bowel mural enhancement), and the venous phase. Statistical analysis included paired Student t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. A P value less than .05 was used to indicate a significant difference. RESULTS: The mean time to peak enhancement of the small-bowel wall was 49.3 seconds +/- 7.7 (standard deviation) and 13.5 seconds +/- 7.6 after peak aortic enhancement. Enhancement values were highest during the enteric phase (P < .05). Regarding small-bowel conspicuity, images obtained during the enteric phase were most preferred qualitatively; there was a significant difference between the enteric and arterial phases (P < .001) but not between the enteric and venous phases (P = .18). CONCLUSION: At multi-detector row CT, peak mural enhancement of the normal small bowel occurs on average about 50 seconds after intravenous administration of contrast material or 14 seconds after peak aortic enhancement.

Building the New Society in the Shell of the Old: Finnish-Canadian Hall Socialism and the Canadian Industrial Unionist Support League

The literature on Finnish immigrant working-class movements in North America frequently makes reference to the phenomenon of "hall socialism," so-called because of the central position that the socialist or labor hall occupied in the political, associational, and cultural life of many Finnish communities throughout the twentieth-century. In the 1930s, over 80 such Finnish halls were spread across Canada, and many people associated with these halls vigorously supported the mission of organized labor. This paper will examine the history, ideas, and practices of the Industrial Workers of the World-influenced Canadan Teollisuusunionistien Kannatus Liitto (CTKL; Canadian Industrial Unionist Support League), and its connections to Finnish Canadian hall socialism. The paper will consider the role of the CTKL in supporting workers' struggles, the significance of the hall as a part of the infrastructural bedrock that sustained this support, and the broader interaction between social and radical organizing commitments.

Exhibit: "Michigan-I-O": Alan Lomax and the 1938 Library of Congress Folk-Song Expedition"

In 1938, a young folk music collector named Alan Lomax—destined to become one of the legendary folklorists of the 20th century recorded Michigan’s richly varied folk music traditions for the Archive of American Folk-Song at the Library of Congress. Michigan in the 1930s was experiencing a golden age of folksong collecting, as local folklorists mined the trove of ballads remembered by aging lumbermen and Great Lakes schoonermen. In addition to the ballads of these north woods singers, Lomax recorded a vibrant mix of ethnic music from Detroit to the western Upper Peninsula. The multimedia performance event Folksongs from Michigan-i-o combines live performance with historic images, color movie footage, and recorded sound from the Great Depression. Some of these materials haven’t been heard or seen by the general public for more than seven decades. The traveling exhibition Michigan Folksong Legacy: Grand Discoveries from the Great Depression brings Alan Lomax’s 1938 field trip to life through words, song lyrics, photographs, and sound recordings. Ten interpretive banners explore themes and each panel contains a QR code that links to related sound recordings from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Exhibit: "Michigan-I-O": Alan Lomax and the 1938 Library of Congress Folk-Song Expedition"

In 1938, a young folk music collector named Alan Lomax—destined to become one of the legendary folklorists of the 20th century recorded Michigan’s richly varied folk music traditions for the Archive of American Folk-Song at the Library of Congress. Michigan in the 1930s was experiencing a golden age of folksong collecting, as local folklorists mined the trove of ballads remembered by aging lumbermen and Great Lakes schoonermen. In addition to the ballads of these north woods singers, Lomax recorded a vibrant mix of ethnic music from Detroit to the western Upper Peninsula. The multimedia performance event Folksongs from Michigan-i-o combines live performance with historic images, color movie footage, and recorded sound from the Great Depression. Some of these materials haven’t been heard or seen by the general public for more than seven decades. The traveling exhibition Michigan Folksong Legacy: Grand Discoveries from the Great Depression brings Alan Lomax’s 1938 field trip to life through words, song lyrics, photographs, and sound recordings. Ten interpretive banners explore themes and each panel contains a QR code that links to related sound recordings from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Exhibit: "Michigan-I-O": Alan Lomax and the 1938 Library of Congress Folk-Song Expedition

In 1938, a young folk music collector named Alan Lomax—destined to become one of the legendary folklorists of the 20th century recorded Michigan’s richly varied folk music traditions for the Archive of American Folk-Song at the Library of Congress. Michigan in the 1930s was experiencing a golden age of folksong collecting, as local folklorists mined the trove of ballads remembered by aging lumbermen and Great Lakes schoonermen. In addition to the ballads of these north woods singers, Lomax recorded a vibrant mix of ethnic music from Detroit to the western Upper Peninsula. The multimedia performance event Folksongs from Michigan-i-o combines live performance with historic images, color movie footage, and recorded sound from the Great Depression. Some of these materials haven’t been heard or seen by the general public for more than seven decades. The traveling exhibition Michigan Folksong Legacy: Grand Discoveries from the Great Depression brings Alan Lomax’s 1938 field trip to life through words, song lyrics, photographs, and sound recordings. Ten interpretive banners explore themes and each panel contains a QR code that links to related sound recordings from the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Tropospheric ozone and CO over North Atlantic for the past decade

We investigate how declines in US emissions of CO and O3 precursors have impacted the lower free troposphere over the North Atlantic. We use seasonal observations for O3 and CO from the PICO-NARE project for the period covering 2001 to 2010. Observations are used to verify model output generated by the GEOS-Chem 3-D global chemical transport model. Additional satellite data for CO from AIRS/Aqua and for O3 from TES/Aura were also used to provide additional comparisons; particularly for fall, winter, and spring when PICO-NARE coverage is sparse. We find GEOS-Chem captures the seasonal cycle for CO and O3 well compared to PICO-NARE data. For CO, GEOS-Chem is biased low, particularly in spring which is in agreement with findings from previous studies. GEOS-Chem is 24.7 +/- 5.2 ppbv (1-σ) low compared to PICO-NARE summer CO data while AIRS is 14.2 +/- 6.6 ppbv high. AIRS does not show nearly as much variation as seen with GEOS-Chem or the Pico data, and goes from being lower than PICO-NARE data in winter and spring, to higher in summer and fall. Both TES and GEOS-Chem match the seasonal ozone cycle well for all seasons when compared with observations. Model results for O3 show GEOS-Chem is 6.67 +/- 2.63 ppbv high compared to PICO-NARE summer measurements and TES was 3.91 +/- 4.2 ppbv higher. Pico data, model results, and AIRS all show declines in CO and O3 for the summer period from 2001 to 2010. Limited availability of TES data prevents us from using it in trend analysis. For summer CO Pico, GEOS-Chem, and AIRS results show declines of 1.32, 0.368, and 0.548 ppbv/year respectively. For summer O3, Pico and GEOS-Chem show declines of -0.726 and -0.583 ppbv/year respectively. In other seasons, both model and AIRS show declining CO, particularly in the fall. GEOS-Chem results show a fall decline of 0.798 ppbv/year and AIRS shows a decline of 0.8372 ppbv/year. Winter and spring CO declines are 0.393 and 0.307 for GEOS-Chem, and 0.455 and 0.566 for AIRS. GEOS-Chem shows declining O3 in other seasons as well; with fall being the season of greatest decrease and winter being the least. Model results for fall, winter, and spring are 0.856, 0.117, and 0.570 ppbv/year respectively. Given the availability of data we are most confident in summer results and thus find that summer CO and O3 have declined in lower free troposphere of the North Atlantic region of the Azores. Sensitivity studies for CO and O3 at Pico were conducted by turning off North American fossil fuel emissions in GEOS-Chem. Model results show that North America fossil fuel emissions contribute 8.57 ppbv CO and 4.03 ppbv O3 to Pico. The magnitude of modeled trends declines in all seasons without North American fossil fuel emissions except for summer CO. The increase in summer CO declines may be due to a decline of 5.24 ppbv/year trend in biomass burning emissions over the study period; this is higher than the 2.33 ppbv/year North American anthropogenic CO model decline. Winter O3 is the only season which goes from showing a negative trend to a positive trend.

Common and unexpected findings in mummies from ancient Egypt and South America as revealed by CT

Computed tomography (CT) has proved to be a valuable investigative tool for mummy research and is the method of choice for examining mummies. It allows for noninvasive insight, especially with virtual endoscopy, which reveals detailed information about the mummy's sex, age, constitution, injuries, health, and mummification techniques used. CT also supplies three-dimensional information about the scanned object. Mummification processes can be summarized as "artificial," when the procedure was performed on a body with the aim of preservation, or as "natural," when the body's natural environment resulted in preservation. The purpose of artificial mummification was to preserve that person's morphologic features by delaying or arresting the decay of the body. The ancient Egyptians are most famous for this. Their use of evisceration followed by desiccation with natron (a compound of sodium salts) to halt putrefaction and prevent rehydration was so effective that their embalmed bodies have survived for nearly 4500 years. First, the body was cleaned with a natron solution; then internal organs were removed through the cribriform plate and abdomen. The most important, and probably the most lengthy, phase was desiccation. After the body was dehydrated, the body cavities were rinsed and packed to restore the body's former shape. Finally, the body was wrapped. Animals were also mummified to provide food for the deceased, to accompany the deceased as pets, because they were seen as corporal manifestations of deities, and as votive offerings. Artificial mummification was performed on every continent, especially in South and Central America.