High-frequency climatic oscillations recorded in a Holocene coral reef at Leizhou Peninsula, South China sea

A detailed study of the Goniopora reef profile at Dengloujiao, Xuwen County, Leizhou Peninsula, the northern coast of the South China Sea suggests that a series of high-frequency, large-amplitude and abrupt cold events occurred during the Holocene Hypsithermal, an unusual phenomenon termed Leizhou Events in this paper. This period (corresponding to C-14 age of 6.2 -6.7 kaBP or calendar age of 6.7-7.2 kaBP), when the climatic conditions were ideal for coral. reefs to develop, can be divided into at least nine stages. Each stage (or called a climate optimum), lasting about 20 to 50 a, was terminated by an abrupt cold nap and (or) a sea-level lowering event in winter, leading to widespread emergence and death of the Goniopora corals, and growth discontinuities on the coral surface. Such a cyclic process resulted in the creation of a > 4m thick Goniopora reef flat. During this period, the crust subsided periodically but the sea level was rising. The reef profile provides valuable archives for the study of decadal-scale mid-Holocene climatic oscillations in the tropical area of South China. Our results provide new evidence for high-frequency climate instability in the Holocene Hypsithermal, and challenge the traditional understanding of Holocene climate.

U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China

It has been established that modern humans were living in the Levant and Africa ca. 100 ka ago. Hitherto, this has contrasted with the situation in China where no unequivocal specimens of this species have been securely dated to more than 30 ka. Here we present the results of stratigraphic studies and U-series dating of the Tongtianyan Cave, the discovery site of the Liujiang hominid, which represents one of the few well-preserved fossils of modern Homo sapiens in China. The human fossils are inferred to come from either a refilling breccia or a primarily deposited gravel-bearing sandy clay layer. In the former case, which is better supported, the fossils would date to at least similar to 68 ka, but more likely to similar to 111-139 ka. Alternatively, they would be older than, similar to 153 ka. Both scenarios would make the Liujiang hominid one of the earliest modem humans in East Asia, possibly contemporaneous with the earliest known representatives from the Levant and Africa. Parallel studies on other Chinese localities have provided supporting evidence for the redating of Liujiang, which may have important implications for, the origin of modem humans. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Food safety and development of the beef industry in China

Food safety concerns have escalated in China as they have elsewhere, especially in relation to meats. Beef production and consumption has increased proportionately faster than all other meats over the last two decades. Yet the slaughtering, processing and marketing of beef remains, for the most part, extremely primitive when compared with Western beef supply chains. By comparing the economics of household slaughtering with that of various types of abattoirs, this paper explains why household slaughtering and wet markets still dominate beef processing and distribution in China. The negative economic, social and industry development implications of enforcing more stringent food safety regulations are highlighted. The willingness/capacity of consumers to pay the added cost of better inspection and other services to guarantee food safety is investigated. In this context, the paper also evaluates the market opportunities for both domestic and imported Green Beef. The paper questions the merit of policy initiatives aimed at modernising Chinese beef supply chains for the mass market along Western lines. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mathematical modelling of schistosomiasis japonica: comparison of control strategies in the People's Republic of China

We present the first mathematical model on the transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum. The work extends Barbour's classic model of schistosome transmission. It allows for the mammalian host heterogeneity characteristic of the S. japonicum life cycle, and solves the problem of under-specification of Barbour's model by the use of Chinese data we are collecting on human-bovine transmission in the Poyang Lake area of Jiangxi Province in China. The model predicts that in the lake/marshland areas of the Yangtze River basin: (1) once-early mass chemotherapy of humans is little better than twice-yearly mass chemotherapy in reducing human prevalence. Depending on the heterogeneity of prevalence within the population, targeted treatment of high prevalence groups, with lower overall coverage, can be more effective than mass treatment with higher overall coverage. Treatment confers a short term benefit only, with prevalence rising to endemic levels once chemotherapy programs are stopped (2) depending on the relative contributions of bovines and humans, bovine treatment can benefit humans almost as much as human treatment. Like human treatment, bovine treatment confers a short-term benefit. A combination of human and bovine treatment will dramatically reduce human prevalence and maintains the reduction for a longer period of time than treatment of a single host, although human prevalence rises once treatment ceases; (3) assuming 75% coverage of bovines, a bovine vaccine which acts on worm fecundity must have about 75% efficacy to reduce the reproduction rate below one and ensure mid-term reduction and long-term elimination of the parasite. Such a vaccination program should be accompanied by an initial period of human treatment to instigate a short-term reduction in prevalence, following which the reduction is enhanced by vaccine effects; (4) if the bovine vaccine is only 45% efficacious (the level of current prototype vaccines) it will lower the endemic prevalence, but will not result in elimination. If it is accompanied by an initial period of human treatment and by a 45% improvement in human sanitation or a 30% reduction in contaminated water contact by humans, elimination is then possible. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of China in the quest to define and control severe acute respiratory syndrome

China holds the key to solving many questions crucial to global control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease appears to have originated in Guangdong Province, and the causative agent, SARS coronavirus, is likely to have originated from an animal host, perhaps sold in public markets. Epidemiologic findings, integral to defining an animal-human linkage, may be confirmed by laboratory studies; once animal host(s) are confirmed, interventions may be needed to prevent further animal-to-human transmission. Community seroprevalence studies may help determine the basis for the decline in disease incidence in Guangdong Province after February 2002. China will also be able to contribute key data about how the causative agent is transmitted and how it is evolving, as well as identifying pivotal factors influencing disease outcome.

O impacto do modelo gerencial na Administra????o P??blica: um breve estudo sobre a experi??ncia internacional recente

Texto que focaliza o processo de surgimento e desenvolvimento do modelo gerencial (managerialism ou public management) no campo da administra????o p??blica, analisando seus limites e potencialidades, mediante a abordagem do caso ingl??s e americano de reformas administrativas de governo, ao longo das d??cadas de 80 e 90; ao final, al??m do perfil das principais mudan??as administrativas que t??m afetado o setor p??blico em escala mundial, um coment??rio breve sobre o caso brasileiro.

Nota informativa ACI/2014/001: constru????o de um marco anal??tico de avalia????o do projeto de coopera????o t??cnica internacional ???apoio ao desenvolvimento do setor algodoeiro do Cotton-4??? - ENAP/ABC

O texto possui quatro partes. A parte 1, Antecedentes, traz um hist??rico dos trabalhos conjuntos entre ENAP e ABC que justicam a solicita????o de apoio da ENAP para os desenvolvimentos sobre o projeto Cotton-4; a parte 2, A demanda da ABC a ENAP, contextualiza o projeto Cotton 4 e detalha a solicita????o original da ABC; a parte 3, Oportunidades para a ENAP, exp??e como a proposta foi complementada para potencializar outros trabalhos em curso da Escola. Finalmente, a parte 4, Implementa????o de a????es e seus principais resultados, resume os prop??sitos e a estrat??gia de execu????o do termo de coopera????o firmado entre ENAP e ABC

Disciplina 2.2 - economia internacional

A disciplina teve como conte??dos: no????es de pol??tica cambial e de com??rcio exterior. Globaliza????o e seus impactos nas economias nacionais. Multilateralismo (institui????es financeiras multilaterais). A import??ncia dos bancos centrais. Rela????es econ??micas internacionais. Integra????o econ??mica (blocos econ??micos). Perspectivas da economia mundial

Disciplina 2.2: economia internacional

No????es de pol??tica cambial e de com??rcio exterior. Globaliza????o e seus impactos nas economias nacionais. Multilateralismo (institui????es financeiras multilaterais). A import??ncia dos bancos centrais. Rela????es econ??micas internacionais. Integra????o econ??mica (blocos econ??micos). Perspectivas da economia mundial

Programa de capacita????o em coopera????o t??cnica internacional (PCCTI projeto)

Este projeto visa ?? elabora????o de um programa piloto de capacita????o para servidores p??blicos ou outros agentes que desempenham atividades de interesse p??blico na ??rea de Coopera????o T??cnica Internacional. Tem por objetivo central criar condi????es para desenvolver um Programa Piloto de Capacita????o em Coopera????o T??cnica Internacional, que poder?? ser ofertado regularmente pela ENAP. Para o desenho deste programa piloto, foram levantadas informa????es a partir de uma pesquisa de levantamento de perfil e mapeamento de compet??ncias (participa????o de 130 profissionais), bem como uma oficina de identifica????o de compet??ncias (participa????o de 60 profissionais). A partir da an??lise de seus resultados, decidiu-se pela formula????o do referido programa de capacita????o, que contemplar?? duas frentes de atua????o: i) a elabora????o de cursos de capacita????o, abordando conte??dos relativos ?? coopera????o t??cnica internacional, gest??o e habilidades relacionais e interpessoais; e ii) a implementa????o de um espa??o de retroalimenta????o e di??logo, tanto por meio de encontros presenciais como de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem

Caf?? com debate: rela????es Brasil x China: neg??cios, mercados, oportunidades

Os slides apresentam informa????es sobre as mudan??as pol??ticas na China, sobre a distribui????o de seu PIB, sua produ????o industrial, as particularidades de suas institui????es e seu sistema de inova????es. Encontram-se tamb??m dados a respeito das trocas comerciais entre a Am??rica Latina e aquele pa??s

Semin??rio internacional sobre educa????o a dist??ncia

Semin??rio internacional sobre educa????o a dist??ncia, realizado na ENAP em 09 de julho de 2007.

Semin??rio internacional sobre educa????o ?? dist??ncia: educa????o a dist??ncia na Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica

Apresenta????o sobre a equipe de EAD da ENAP, que tem como miss??o desenvolver compet??ncias de servidores p??blicos para aumentar a capacidade de governo na gest??o das pol??ticas p??blicas. Objetivos da EAD na ENAP: Democratiza????o do acesso ao conhecimento; Auto-desenvolvimento do servidor; Desenvolvimento de compet??ncias institucionais; Flexibilidade para a aprendizagem; Forma????o de redes de conhecimento.