Preservation of fish by freezing and glazing. Pt. 3. Effect of freezing, glazing and frozen storage on the B-vitamins and essential minerals present in the fish flesh

The changes occurring in moisture, thiamine, riboflavin niacin, phosphorus, iron and calcium in pomfret, surmai and frozen mackerel, glazed with ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium nitrite and kept under frozen storage were studied up to 6 months and results reported.

A small scale fish meal dryer

A batch type rotary drum dryer for the production of fish meal suitable for operation in the fishing villages of India has been designed, fabricated and operated successfully. The dyer can be used for production of fish meal from whole lean fish or press-cake from fish body oil extraction plants. The time taken to reach a moisture level below 10% is 5-8 hours depending upon the type of material fed into the dryer.

Preliminary observations on the effect of electrical seine on fish catch

Forty-six experiments were done with the electric seine in 24 tanks with a.c. and interrupted a.c. The source of electrical energy was a 3 Kw a.c. generator of water-cooled diesel engine. A control seining without applying electricity was conducted for every experiment with electric "seine" to have a comparison for the efficiency of electric "seine" over control ones. Electric seine was found to have an increased catch over control seining both in numbers and in weight. Electric seine with two electrodes was found to have better effect over three electrodes. Benthic fishes like Cirrhina mrigala, Notopterus notopterus, Cyprinus carpio, Glassogobius giuris, Ophicephalus sp. and Mystus sp. were found to be more sensitive in electric "seine". Increased catch of small fishes like C. mrigala, N, notopterus and Ophicephalus sp. has been observed in electrical "seine" in addition to larger ones.

Pattern of cutaneous wound healing in a live fish Clarias batrachus (L.)(Clariidae, Pisces.)

Incisional wounds of the same length and depth were made on skin between dorsal fin and the lateral line canal of Clarias batrachus and the pattern of wound closure has been studied histologically. Following infliction, a marked change in the colour of the skin surrounding the wound was observed which lasted for about 30 h and restored thereafter. Mucus and blood cells plugged the wound gap shortly after infliction. The epidermis surrounding the wound was found to be detached from the basement membrane. Mass movement of epidermal cells was observed from both side of the wound gap. The epidermal cells at the margin of the wound became hypertrophied. The epidermis became normal by 32 days. The dealing of sub-epidermal tissue indicated degenerative and regenerative changes of muscle fibres. The mucus and blood cells were accumulated in the wound gap and later fine blood vessels were formed. Gradually granulation tissue was formed and fibroblasts and myoblasts appeared. Myoblast differentiated into muscle bundles. The epidermal repair was completed within 35 days.

Nutritional characteristics of the two fermented fish products: Hentak and Ngari of Manipur

Proximate composition and nutritional characteristics of the two fermented fish products Hentak and Ngari of Manipur (India) were evaluated. Percentage of moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents in Hentak and Ngari were respectively: 36.30 versus 36.03; 33.33 versus 38.38; 13.60 versus 13.34 and 11.43 versus 5.49. Digestibility values in feeding trials in laboratory rats for 28 days were 82.37% for Hentak 89.46% for Ngari and that of Casein was 92.69%. The biological value, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of Hentak were 96.94, 4.83 and 1.8 respectively and that of Ngari were 97.83, 3.17 and 1.8 respectively. The α amino nitrogen of Hentak and Ngari in Pepsin + Trypsin phase were 28.40 and 28.92 respectively. The TBA number, peroxide value and TVBN were within the acceptable limits.

Effect of fertilizer carbamide on proteolytic enzymes of fish Labeo rohita

Specific activities of acid, alkaline and neutral proteases in liver, muscle, brain, and gill of fish exposed to 50 ppm ambient carbamide for 15, 30 and 60 days and in control were estimated. It was observed that carbamide even at low concentration of 50 ppm inhibited proteolysis and favoured protein synthesis.

Studies on paddy-cum-fish culture under different land situations

Paddy fields can be broadly classified on the basis of land situations viz. Upland - Shallow water (10-30 cm), Medium land-medium deepwater (30-100 cm) and Low land-deepwater (above 100 cm). Three major systems of paddy-cum-fish culture, viz. (A) high yielding paddy varieties (H.Y.V) and air-breathing fish under Upland, (B) H.Y.V./local paddy and Tilapia/common carp under Medium land and (C) deepwater paddy and major Indian carps under Low land situations have been successfully investigated in the farmers' fields and at the Research Stations (1982-92). Effects of low-cost artificial feeding on growth, yield and management practices of different types of fish showed a considerable increase of rice and fish yields and a decrease in insect-pest incidence. Under Upland situation, short duration H.Y.V. in combination with fast-growing air breathing fish was studied thrice a year (summer, winter & autumn seasons). Combined rice and fish culture produced highest yields in all the seasons than in the control.

Rearing of Labeo bata in sewage-fed fish culture pond

Labeo bata is a highly priced fish which commanding good consumer preference, even if the size is very small (15 to 20 g each), especially in West Bengal. With a view to evaluating the culture potential of this fish, repeated experiments were conducted at the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, West Bengal, during 1991-93 in ponds fed with treated domestic sewage effluent. An average production of 1270.63 kg per ha was obtained within 6 to 10 months for a uniform stocking density of 50,000 seed per ha. The average size attained by the fish in the different sets of experiments varied from 23.3 to 37.9 g as against the initial weight of 0.096 to 0.193 g. Details of management, growth, survival, quantity of sewage used and pond nutrient status and productivity are dealt with in this communication.

Oyster mushroom waste as manure in fish culture: a preliminary study

In an attempt to recycle the waste substrates of the oyster-mushroom crop, tanks were stocked with seed of Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala at the rate of 600,000/ha and waste substrate was applied at weekly interval at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/tank. Oyster mushroom waste not only provided highly nutritive colonised detritus to the fish as direct feed, but also produced rich plankton in the tank. In waste treated tanks, production was better than in the control in 150, 200 and 250 g/tank treatment suggesting the possibility of fish-oyster mushroom integration.

Economic feasibility of composite fish culture in leased-in village tanks of Kanyakumari district: an invesment analysis

Kanyakumari district belonging to the high rainfall zone has resource advantages for composite fish culture in the leased-in village tanks. There are more than 400 fish farmers operating in leased-in tanks following composite fish culture under the FFDA programme. To estimate the economic feasibility and financial viability of the enterprise, the present study was taken up. 38 fish farmers selected from the district provided the necessary information like capital investment, costs and return and constraints. The data collected were analysed and a farm nearest to the average farm situation was taken as the representative farm. Investment criteria like PayBack Period (PBP), Simple Rate of Returns (SRR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) were estimated taking into account a period of 10 years, the period for which the village tanks are leased-out to fish farmers under the FFDA programme. The analysis indicated the profitability of composite fish culture in village tanks in the district and the results are discussed with recommendations.

Dried fish cakes with improved texture

To overcome the problem of underutilization of marine by-catches, Basu et al. (1985) developed fish cube from minced fish meat. Although the product was acceptable, it had little rubbery texture. An attempt was made to improve the texture of the cake by several methods. It was found that 5% tapioca starch along with 3% texturised soybean protein improved the texture and juiciness of the rehydrated product. Preheating of the minced meat at 70°C for 30 minutes also improved the texture appreciably. It was also found that mixing of the ingredients at low speed (less than 100 rpm) in a dough mixer gave the best texture, higher speed and sharp blades leading to rubbery texture. The dehydrated product (moisture 19-20%) thus prepared had a shelf life of six months at ambient temperature.

Length-weight relationship of a hill-stream fish, Glyptothorax telchitta (Ham.) from Saptakoshi River of Nepal

The length-weight relationship of a hill-stream fish, Glyptothorax telchitta from Saptakoshi River of Nepal was analysed using the formula W=aLᵇ. The exponential values computed for total length and standard length in relation to body weight were 2.991 and 2.888 respectively.

Diversity of wetland fish and its impact on the income of fishermen community of Assam.

A survey was conducted in 3000 fishermen households surrounding 54 wetlands (Beels) of Assam. The fish diversity of the wetlands has been decreasing during the last few years due to some extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The total number of fish species recorded so far during the present study is 67 belonging to 21 families. Cyprinidae is the most dominant family represented by major group species (8), intermediate group species (3) and minor group species (12) of high commercial value. Among these three groups, the diversity of fish species is higher in the minor group fish. The present paper deals with the economic condition of the fishermen who mainly fish in the wetlands. The economic condition of the fishermen community is found very poor. The income of fishermen varies from Rs. 4.478 to Rs.7,484 per annum. A regression analysis shows that the income of fishermen is not dependent alone on the fish production but it is exclusively dependent on the value of the fish catch. All the three groups (in terms of value) have significant influence at 10.00% confidence level. But analysis of β shows that the intermediate fish group exhibits the highest influence on the variation of the fishermen income followed by minor and major group respectively.

Mortality estimates of Indian ribbon fish Trichiurus lepturus off Maharashtra coast

In view of its new found status in export market, ribbon fish resources need to be continually monitored. Mortality, one of the important parameter is reported for the Indian ribbon fish Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus in the present communication. The average annual instantaneous rate of total (Z), natural (M) and fishing mortality coefficient (F) were estimated as 2.66, 0.77 and 1.89 respectively for the 1995 to 1997 period. The exploitation rate (U) and exploitation ratio (E) were estimated as 0.66 and 0.71 respectively, which is beyond the optimum thrust reduction in the fishing effort for this stock along the Maharashtra coast is necessary.

Toxigenic molds on fish feeds-1: impact of climatic change

The present communication is a survey report carried out to assess the incidence of toxic mycoflora on seven types of agriculture products/by products incorporated during fish culture as supplementary dietary items. Samples were obtained from various sources at Darbhanga, Madhubani and Samashtipur districts during summer, winter and monsoon months. Out of the total 1774 samples, only 894 appeared to be fresh visually reflecting average incidence of contamination around 46.6%. However, the apparently fresh samples, when subjected to culture, 26.9% of them were found to be contaminated. Thus, degree of fungal spoilage in feed ingredients in parts of north Bihar appears to be significantly high (73.5%). The present study illustrates the facts with special reference to Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus (elaborating aflatoxins) A. ochraceous, Penicilium viradicatuin (elaborating ochratoxins) and A. versicolor (elaborating sterigmatocystin). The other strains already known for their toxigenic potentials that appeared on the present substrates included A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. candidus, P. islandicum, Rhizopus spp. and Mucur spp. Studies indicate that the prevalent climatic factors like temperature and relative humidity facilitate a congenial condition almost all through the year and in particular during summer and monsoon months. But water content of the substrates is a vital factor that further accelerates the pace of mycobial spoilage. A thorough sun-drying of the agricultural commodities before prolonged storage to bring water content below the "low risk limit" may significantly reduce the incidence of molds.