Usos del sòl i activitats productives a Barcelona a partir de l"anàlisi paleoambiental de la llacuna litoral medieval del Pa de Palau

[cat]Els treballs arqueològics duts a terme al solar localitzat entre la plaça de Pau Vila i els carrers del Dr. Aiguader i de la Marquesa, al peu del baluard del Migdia, han permès descriure l'evolució geoarqueològica d'un tram del front marítim de Barcelona i generar dades fiables de la configuració de la façana litoral. Sota una potent capa de sorres, s'identificà un paquet de llims i argiles orgàniques característiques d'un medi de baixa energia; és a dir, protegit de l'onatge marí probablement per barres sorrenques. Aquesta seqüència presenta una cronologia entre finals del segle IX i ca. 1440, moment en què es realitzaren els primers intents de construcció d'estructures portuàries. En aquest nivell llimoargilós s'han dut a terme analítiques paleoambientals consistents en l'estudi pol·línic, sedimentològic i geoquímic dels sediments que han posat en evidència els canvis ambientals del front marítim barceloní, del paisatge vegetal del pla, com també de les activitats agrícoles i productives urbanes en època medieval i inicis de l'edat moderna. La informació així obtinguda ha estat contrastada amb la informació històrica. [eng]The archaeological work conducted at the site located at the foot of the Baluard del Migdia bastion between Plaça Pau Vila and Carrer Dr. Aiguader and Carrer Marquesa has provided the opportunity to describe the geoarchaeological evolution of a stretch of the seafront of Barcelona and to generate reliable data on the configuration of the coastline. A layer of silt and organic clays typical of a low-energy environment was found below a thick layer of sands. In other words, this packet was protected from the swell of the sea, probably by sandbars. This sequence presents a chronology spanning from the late 9th century BC to around 1440, the time when the first attempts were made to build port structures. This layer of silt and clay has been subjected to palaeoenvironmental analyses consisting of the study of the pollen, sediment and the geochemistry of the sediments. The results of this analysis provide evidence of the environmental changes in the seafront of Barcelona and the landscape in the plain, as well as the urban agricultural and production activities in medieval times and the early modern age. The information obtained has been compared with historical information.

Contrast : a concept in language and its development in Medieval Spanish

The purpose of this PhD thesis is to investigate a semantic relation present in the connection of sentences (more specifically: propositional units). This relation, which we refer to as contrast, includes the traditional categories of adversatives - predominantly represented by the connector but in English and pero in Modern Spanish - and concessives, prototypically verbalised through although / aunque. The aim is to describe, analyse and - as far as possible - to explain the emergence and evolution of different syntactic schemes marking contrast during the first three centuries of Spanish (also referred to as Castilian) as a literary language, i.e., from the 13th to the 15th century. The starting point of this question is a commonplace in syntax, whereby the semantic and syntactic complexity of clause linkage correlates with the degree of textual elaboration. In historical linguistics, i.e., applied to the phylogeny of a language, it is commonly referred to as the parataxis hypothesis A crucial part of the thesis is dedicated by the definition of contrast as a semantic relation. Although the label contrast has been used in this sense, mainly in functional grammar and text linguistics, mainstream grammaticography and linguistics remain attached to the traditional categories adversatives and concessives. In opposition to this traditional view, we present our own model of contrast, based on a pragma-semantic description proposed for the analysis of adversatives by Oswald Ducrot and subsequently adopted by Ekkehard König for the analysis of concessives. We refine and further develop this model in order for it to accommodate all, not just the prototypical instances of contrast in Spanish, arguing that the relationship between adversatives and concessives is a marked opposition, i.e., that the higher degree of semantic and syntactic integration of concessives restricts some possible readings that the adversatives may have, but that this difference is almost systematically neutralised by contextual factors, thus justifying the assumption of contrast as a comprehensive onomasiological category. This theoretical focus is completed by a state-of-the-question overview attempting to account for all relevant forms in which contrast is expressed in Medieval Spanish, with the aid of lexicographic and grammaticographical sources, and an empirical study investigating the expression of corpus in a corpus study on the textual functions of contrast in nine Medieval Spanish texts: Cantar de Mio Cid, Libro de Alexandre, Milagros de Nuestra Sehora, Estoria de Espana, Primera Partida, Lapidario, Libro de buen amor, Conde Lucanor, and Corbacho. This corpus is analysed using quantitative and qualitative tools, and the study is accompanied by a series of methodological remarks on how to investigate a pragma-semantic category in historical linguistics. The corpus study shows that the parataxis hypothesis fails to prove from a statistical viewpoint, although a qualitative analysis shows that the use of subordination does increase over time in some particular contexts.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

Impact of the Spanish smoking control law on exposure to second-hand smoke and respiratory health in hospitality workers: a cohort study

A smoke-free law came into effect in Spain on 1st January 2006, affecting all enclosed workplaces except hospitality venues, whose proprietors can choose among totally a smoke-free policy, a partial restriction with designated smoking areas, or no restriction on smoking on the premises. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the law among hospitality workers by assessing second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and the frequency of respiratory symptoms before and one year after the ban.

Microscopic, chemical, and molecular-biological investigation of the decayed medieval stained window glasses of two Catalonian churches

We investigated the decayed historical church window glasses of two Catalonian churches, both under Mediterranean climate. Glass surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their chemical composition was determined by avelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) microprobe analysis. The biodiversity was investigated by molecular methods: DNA extraction from glass, amplification by PCR targeting the16S rRNA and ITS regions, and fingerprint analyses by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Clone libraries containing either PCR fragments of the bacterial 16S rDNA or the fungal ITS regions were screened by DGGE. Clone inserts were sequenced and compared with the EMBL database.

Animals in an Urban Context. A Zooarchaeological study of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town of Turku

The aim of this study is to explore the role and importance of different animal species in Turku through an analysis of osteological data and documentary evidence. The osteological material used in this study is derived from two town plots in Turku dating from the 13th century to the 19th century. The osteological material deposited in Turku represents animals bred both in the town and in the surrounding landscape. Animal husbandry in SW-Finland can also be examined through a number of historical documents. The importance of animals in Turku and its hinterland are closely connected and therefore the roles of the animals in both urban and rural settings are examined. The study has revealed the complexity of the depositional patterns in medieval and post-medieval Turku. In the different areas of Turku, characteristic patterns in the osteological material and different deposit types were evident. These patterns are reflections of the activities and therefore of the lifestyles practiced in Turku. The results emphasise the importance of context- awareness in the study of material culture from archaeological sites. Both the zooarchaeological and historical sources indicate that cattle were important in animal husbandry in Turku from the Middle Ages up to the 19th century. Sheep were the second most common species. When taking into consideration the larger size of cattle, the dominance of these animals when it come to meat consumption seems clear even in those phases where sheep bones are more abundant. Pig is less abundant in the material than either cattle or sheep and their importance for subsistence was probably fairly modest, albeit constant. Goats were not abundant in the material. Most of the identified goat bones came from low utility body parts (e.g. skulls and lower extremities), but some amount of goat meat was also consumed. Wild species were of minor importance when it came to consumption practices in Turku. The changes in Turku’s animal husbandry patterns between the medieval and post medieval periods is reflected in the change in age of the animals slaughtered, which was part of a wider pattern seen in North- and Central Europe. More mature animals are also present in the assemblages. This pattern is related to the more pronounced importance of cattle as a manure producer and a draught animal as a result of the intensification of crop cultivation. This change seems to occur later in Finland than in the more Southerly regions, and indeed it did not necessarily take hold in all parts of the country.

El Barceloneta I. Una embarcación medieval a tingladillo en Barcelona

El año 2008 una intervención arqueológica en un solar cercano al Port Vell de Barcelona permitió estudiar y localizar una importante área del puerto medieval de la ciudad entre el que destacaría el muelle construido en el año 1477 y un pecio de construcción de casco previo y a tingladillo. El presente artículo realiza una aproximación al pecio Barceloneta I desde diferentes enfoques como los estudios palinológicos, dendrocronológicos, además del estudio histórico y arquitectónico. El conjunto de resultados permite situar la embarcación como la evidencia material de las complejas redes de comunicación marítima entre el Atlántico y el Mediterráneo en época Bajo Medieval así como avanzar en el conocimiento de la construcción naval en este periodo.

Roman et théorie, Boulgakov et Bakhtine : éclairages réciproques : Le Maître et Marguerite, le carnaval, la ménipée = Roman i teorii︠a︡, Bulgakov i Bakhtin : vzaimnoe osveshchenie : Master i Margarita, karnaval, menippei︠a︡

Cette thèse met en lumière les relations réciproques entre les deux artefacts‐clés de la culture russe et mondiale du XXe siècle : la théorie du carnaval et de la ménippée de Mikhaïl Bakhtine et le dernier roman de Mikhaïl Boulgakov. Les chercheurs n'ont pas tardé à remarquer leur étonnante synthonie après leur sortie de l'oubli qui a eu lieu presque en même temps et qui a été marquée par la publication des ouvrages de Bakhtine Problèmes de la poétique de Dostoïevski (1963), L'oeuvre de François Rabelais et la culture populaire au Moyen Âge et sous la Renaissance (1965) et par la parution du roman de Boulgakov Le Maître et Marguerite (1966-1967). C'est déjà dans la postface de la première édition du roman que Le Maître et Marguerite reçoit le nom de «ménippée de Bakhtine». Un tel rapprochement entre la théorie de Bakhtine et le roman de Boulgakov s'explique par leur intérêt simultané pour différentes manifestations de la poétique du carnaval qui s'appuie sur des traditions portant l'empreinte des conceptions du temps cyclique et de l'éternel retour par le biais de la mort, propres aux rituels agraires de l'époque archaïque et aux fêtes du Nouvel An de l'Antiquité. A partir du début du XXe siècle et jusqu'aux années 40, la notion de carnavalesque en Russie est un ensemble d'idées unique, un concept doté d'un caractère d'universalité culturelle de son temps: le carnavalesque attire l'attention non seulement de Bakhtine et de Boulgakov, mais aussi de presque tous les modernistes russes et de certains philologues de l'époque. Dans notre travail, l'étude de la ressemblance des approches du problème du carnaval chez Boulgakov et chez Bakhtine s'organise selon deux axes de recherche. Le premier est lié à la théorie des genres moderne et à son développement dans la philosophie de Bakhtine. C'est dans ce contexte que nous examinons la notion antique de la satire ménippée (ou de la ménippée), considérée par Bakhtine en tant que genre littéraire qui reflète le mieux la poétique du carnaval. C'est également ce contexte qui nous permet d'analyser l'évolution de la théorie du carnaval et de la ménippée chez Bakhtine depuis ses travaux des années 30 jusqu'à la parution du « quatrième chapitre célèbre » de la deuxième édition de son ouvrage consacré à Dostoïevski. Le même contexte sert à délimiter l'emploi de la théorie du carnaval et de la ménippée dans la critique littéraire et à déterminer l'efficacité de cet outil théorique que nous utilisons lors de l'analyse du roman Le Maître et Marguerite. Le second axe de notre recherche est lié à l'étude des traditions du carnaval, à l'examen de leurs sources mythologiques et de leurs sources relatives aux mystères. Ces sources sont considérées telles qu'elles se présentent dans les manières de concevoir le carnaval propres à Bakhtine et à Boulgakov que nous avons nommées, respectivement, le carnaval de Bakhtine et le carnaval de Boulgakov. La reconstruction du carnaval de Bakhtine a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs approches du thème du carnaval présentes dans ses ouvrages. La distinction de ces approches est d'autant plus importante que son oubli peut causer de fausses interprétations des idées de Bakhtine exprimées dans L'oeuvre de François Rabelais et mener à des critiques injustes de son auteur. Nous avons également tenu compte des théories avec lesquelles dialogue la philosophie du carnaval de Bakhtine : nous l'avons examinée en relation avec des études de la fête, du carnaval et du sacrifice caractéristiques du paysage scientifique des premières décennies du XXe siècle. Nous avons également comparée la philosophie du carnaval aux théories des philosophes européens contemporains de Bakhtine qui se sont intéressés à la même problématique, mais qu'on n'a pas l'habitude de mentionner à ce propos. En ce qui concerne l'étude du roman Le Maître et Marguerite et l'analyse du carnaval de Boulgakov, nous avons tâché d'unir deux approches. D'une part, nous avons mis au jour les sources de l'auteur ; d'autre part, nous avons examiné cette oeuvre dans une perspective dont le but est d'aider à comprendre la spécificité du carnavalesque chez Boulgakov en s'appuyant sur des travaux d'éminents spécialistes du folklore, de la mytho-archéologie, de la mytho-critique et de la sémiotique moderne. Notre recherche a permis de mettre en évidence les manifestations caractéristiques de la poétique du carnaval dans Le Maître et Marguerite, auparavant négligées par la critique. En outre, nous avons prêté une attention particulière à la façon dont Boulgakov utilise des éléments et modèles mythologiques « pré-carnavalesques » qui n'ont pas été étudiés de manière suffisante dans l'oeuvre de Bakhtine. Cela nous a permis non seulement de voir sous un autre jour les scènes-clés du roman, mais aussi d'avoir la connaissance plus approfondie du carnaval de Bakhtine à travers le carnaval de Boulgakov.