Podmiotowość a zmiana społeczna w pismach teoretycznych Margaret S. Archer. Analiza, porównania, rekonceptualizacja pojęć

Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Socjologii

Políticas culturales urbanas y construcción de Memoria Colectiva y Lugar: los casos de "La Ronda" en Quito y "La Merced" en Cali

Estudio acerca de la Calle La Ronda, y el complejo histórico-cultural de La Merced, considerados como sectores de interés patrimonial, por hacer parte del Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Quito, y de la ciudad de Cali respectivamente, en el marco de la formulación e implementación de políticas culturales. La reflexión inicia dando una mirada a la Ciudad como un sistema lleno de mutaciones, que se expresan en diversas problemáticas, y que dificultan el bienestar en las condiciones de habitabilidad de la población. En este contexto, surge la preocupación por el patrimonio hallado en los centros históricos, pues enfrenta el riesgo de olvido, por la tugurización de las edificaciones y la pérdida del tejido vecinal; ante esto, como alternativa para la revitalización urbanística y económica, se presentan el turismo cultural y el marketing urbano. Estos últimos se vinculan en la patrimonialización de los contenidos identitarios de la ciudad como parte de la oferta a comercializar, por lo que se cuestiona cuál será el impacto que tienen éstos, en la construcción de memoria colectiva y sentido de lugar, por parte de la población residente. Se expone por lo tanto, un análisis de los retos de la política cultural urbana, para atender de modo óptimo las realidades sociales, los actores y sus demandas, a su vez que enriquecen el patrimonio legado.

Medición de la relación que existe entre el nivel de satisfacción y la fidelidad de los clientes, aplicada a las salas de belleza y peluquerías ubicadas en los centros comerciales ubicados entre la Av. El Inca y Av. Patria de la ciudad de Quito, y diseño de estrategias de fidelidad a través del servicio brindado

El presente documento trata sobre la relación existente entre el nivel del servicio al cliente y la fidelidad de éste a su proveedor habitual del servicio, referido a uno de los negocios más tradicionales en la sociedad respecto al cuidado de imagen personal, específicamente a las salas de belleza y peluquerías, en las que el contacto persona a persona es directo, por lo que la buena atención por parte del personal del servicio, las instalaciones, equipos y promociones enfocados a la satisfacción del cliente son determinantes para su continuidad y crecimiento empresarial; para este estudio en particular, se eligió específicamente la zona del centro norte de la ciudad de Quito, delimitada por las avenidas: Patria, El Inca, 6 de Diciembre y 10 de Agosto, sector en el que se ubican varios centros comerciales; por la natural afluencia a éstos, se pudo recabar datos relevantes sobe la temática en estudio. Conla base teórica de los dos temas centrales y una investigación de mercados, se aplicó la medición de satisfacción del cliente de la escala determinada por el Modelo SERVQUAL y se determinaron los indicadores e índices de servicioal cliente y fidelidad del cliente, éstos resultados permitieron establecer el diseño de estrategias de fidelidad del cliente referidas al entorno de las salas de belleza y peluquerías de la zona indicada. El objetivo de este documento es ser una guía útil respecto al nivel de servicio al cliente y el nivel de fidelidad actual de cliente, para los emprendedores que deseen crear su propia peluquería o sala de belleza, como punto de partida para superar el status actual y proponer alternativas de mejora, recordando que la mejora es un proceso continuo en el mercado, a menos que no se tenga metas de crecimiento o permanencia en el mismo.

El contrato de prestación de servicios de certificación reconocida de firma electrónica

El objetivo primordial de la presente investigación, reside en identificar el régimen jurídico del contrato por el cual se modulan los servicios de certificación reconocida de firma electrónica entre empresarios, es decir, el titular de firma electrónica reconocida (Firmante/Suscriptor) y el prestador de servicios de certificación (PSC), de conformidad con la legislación española y comunitaria europea. A objeto de identificar sus características esenciales, la naturaleza jurídica, el contenido contractual así como la disciplina normativa que resulta aplicable a este negocio jurídico, nuestro estudio ha sido fragmentado en cinco Capítulos. Iniciamos el Capítulo Primero exponiendo las nociones generales así como los antecedentes históricos, técnicos y legislativos que hacen al negocio jurídico objeto de estudio, pasando inmediatamente después a describir la función económica que éste cumple. Luego, en una aproximación preliminar bosquejaremos su definición inicial, diferenciándolo de otros contratos de certificación especiales, para culminar efectuando una descripción de la práctica habitual de la certificación reconocida, delimitando de entrada el contenido del contrato que se ha tomado en cuenta para nuestra investigación. Posteriormente en el Capítulo Segundo concebimos el concepto del contrato que nos ocupa, identificando los caracteres particulares que denota, lo que finalmente nos permitirá establecer su naturaleza jurídica. A poco, nos detendremos en la tarea de identificar el marco legal en que se desenvuelve la certificación reconocida, determinando la normativa que le resulta aplicable y describiendo el modo en que se produce su integración en el contrato. El Capítulo Tercero se ha destinado para el análisis de los elementos subjetivos (determinando los requisitos de capacidad del PSC, Firmante/Suscriptor y el Usuario verificador del certificado reconocido), los elementos objetivos (Certificado reconocido, Datos y Dispositivos, tanto de creación como de verificación de firma electrónica), para finalmente efectuar las consideraciones pertinentes con relación a los elementos formales del contrato. Solventadas estas cuestiones en el Capítulo Cuarto revisaremos las distintas etapas el iter contractual, haciendo notar que las mismas se verifican unas veces en línea (on line) y otras fuera de línea (off line), desde la fase de formación o preparación del contrato, atravesando por el momento de su perfeccionamiento y desembocando finalmente en el período de ejecución del negocio jurídico, donde nos abocaremos al estudio detallado de su contenido, identificando el conjunto de obligaciones que atingen a cada uno de los sujetos involucrados en la certificación reconocida. El Capítulo Quinto se ha reservado para efectuar un análisis de las hipótesis de responsabilidad civil del PSC derivadas de los servicios de certificación reconocida, identificando su origen (contractual o extracontractual), determinando su naturaleza (objetiva o subjetiva) y detectando los supuestos de limitación y/o exoneración a la responsabilidad del PSC. Para completar nuestro estudio, efectuamos un somero repaso de la responsabilidad civil emergente para el Firmante/Suscriptor. Finalmente abordaremos las conclusiones generales que se desprenden de nuestra investigación, identificando una posible nueva clasificación del comercio electrónico atendiendo precisamente a la forma de contratación.

Modelo de Pérdida Esperada para una institución de microfinanzas

El riesgo crediticio se considera como el de mayor relevancia en institución financiera y sobre todo en las del Sector Financiero Popular y Solidario del Ecuador donde concentran su cartera crediticia en microcrédito. El presente estudio busca establecer una metodología apropiada para determinarla pérdida esperadas obre la otorgación de crédito, y estimar los niveles de provisiones adecuados de cartera para una institución financiera generadora de cartera de microcrédito. Esta tesis comprenderá los siguientes capítulos El primer capítulo establece una síntesis del Sistema Financiero y la estructura financiera exclusivamente del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario del Ecuador El segundo capítulo consiste en conocer la trayectoria de la institución financiera de estudio, su estructura organizacional su cartera crediticia, obteniendo comprensión de la institución donde en los siguientes capítulos se desarrolla la metodología de pérdida esperada para su aplicación. El capítulo tres detalla las herramientas sobre la gestión integral de riesgos en instituciones financieras, los diferentes tipos de riesgo puntualizando el riesgo de crédito ya que es el objeto de estudio. En este capítulo se conocerá el marco conceptual sobre pérdida esperada enfocándose en los modelos estadísticos para determinar una probabilidad de incumplimiento. El cuarto capítulo comprende el desarrollo metodológico para determinar los factores componentes de la pérdida esperada. Se conceptualiza la severidad, exposición y probabilidad de incumplimiento. Se estima la pérdida esperada global y se comparará con los resultados con el esquema habitual de provisiones de la institución en estudio. El quinto capítulo corresponde a las conclusiones de la metodología planteada y recomendaciones.

Incorporation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid (trans-11 18 : 1) into plasma and leucocyte lipids in healthy men consuming dairy products naturally enriched in these fatty acids

The present study investigated whether consuming dairy products naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by modification of cattle feed increases the concentration of this isomer in plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men. The study had a double-blind cross-over design. Subjects aged 34-60 years consumed dairy products available from food retailers for 1 week and then either control (0.17 g c9,t11 CLA/d; 0.31 g trans-vaccenic acid (tVA)/d) or CLA-enriched (1.43 g c9,t11 CLA/d; 4.71 g tVA/d) dairy products for 6 weeks. After 7 weeks washout, this was repeated with the alternate products. c9,t11 CLA concentration in plasma lipids was lower after consuming the control products, which may reflect the two-fold greater c9,t11 CLA content of the commercial products. Consuming the CLA-enriched dairy products increased the c9,t11 CLA concentration in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) (38 %; P=0.035), triacylglycerol (TAG) (22 %; P < 0.0001) and cholesteryl esters (205 %; P < 0.0001), and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (238 %; P < 0.0001), while tVA concentration was greater in plasma PC (65 %; P=0.035), TAG (98 %; P=0.001) and PBMC (84 %; P=0.004). Overall, the present study shows that consumption of naturally enriched dairy products in amounts similar to habitual intakes of these foods increased the c9,t11 CLA content of plasma and cellular lipids.

Animal nutrition and lipids in animal products and their contribution to human intake and health

Few EU countries meet targets for saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake. Dairy products usually represent the single largest source of SFA, yet evidence indicates that milk has cardioprotective properties. Options for replacing some of the SFA in milk fat with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) through alteration of the cow’s diet are examined. Also, few people achieve minimum recommended intakes (~450–500 mg/d) of the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of EPA+DHA in poultry meat via bird nutrition is described and how this would impact on habitual intake is discussed.

Achievement of dietary fatty acid intakes in long-term controlled intervention studies: approach and methodology

Objective: To describe the calculations and approaches used to design experimental diets of differing saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) compositions for use in a long-term dietary intervention study, and to evaluate the degree to which the dietary targets were met. Design, setting and subjects: Fifty-one students living in a university hall of residence consumed a reference (SFA) diet for 8 weeks followed by either a moderate MUFA (MM) diet or a high MUFA (HM) diet for 16 weeks. The three diets were designed to differ only in their proportions of SFA and MUFA, while keeping total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), trans-fatty acids, and the ratio of palmitic to stearic acid, and n-6 to n-3 PUFA, unchanged. Results: Using habitual diet records and a standardised database for food fatty acid compositions, a sequential process of theoretical fat substitutions enabled suitable fat sources for use in the three diets to be identified, and experimental margarines for baking, spreading and the manufacture of snack foods to be designed. The dietary intervention was largely successful in achieving the fatty acid targets of the three diets, although unintended differences between the original target and the analysed fatty acid composition of the experimental margarines resulted in a lower than anticipated MUFA intake on the HM diet, and a lower ratio of palmitic to stearic acid compared with the reference or MM diet. Conclusions: This study has revealed important theoretical considerations that should be taken into account when designing diets of specific fatty acid composition, as well as practical issues of implementation.

Relation between the fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and measures of immune cell function in health free-living subjects aged 25-72 y

Background: There is little information about the relation between the fatty acid composition of human immune cells and the function of those cells over the habitual range of fatty acid intakes. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the relation between the fatty acid composition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phospholipids and the functions of human immune cells. Design: One hundred fifty healthy adult subjects provided a fasting blood sample. The phagocytic and oxidative burst activities of monocytes and neutrophils were measured in whole blood. PBMCs were isolated and used to measure lymphocyte proliferation in response to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A and the production of cytokines in response to concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid composition of plasma and PBMC phospholipids was determined. Results: Wide variations in fatty acid composition of PBMC phospholipids and immune cell functions were identified among the subjects. The proportions of total Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), of total n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, and of several individual PUFAs in PBMC phospholipids were positively correlated with phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, neutrophil oxidative burst, lymphocyte proliferation, and interferon gamma production. The ratios of saturated fatty acids to PUFAs and of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs were negatively correlated with these same immune functions. The relation of PBMC fatty acid composition to monocyte oxidative burst was the reverse of its relation to monocyte phagocytosis and neutrophil oxidative burst. Conclusion: Variations in the fatty acid composition of PBMC phospholipids account for some of the variability in immune cell functions among healthy adults.

Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults

Background: Cruciferous vegetable (CV) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several cancers in epidemiologic studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of watercress (a CV) supplementation on biomarkers related to cancer risk in healthy adults. Design: A single-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted in 30 men and 30 women (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) with a mean age of 33 y (range: 19-55 y). The subjects were fed 85 g raw watercress daily for 8 wk in addition to their habitual diet. The effect of supplementation was measured on a range of endpoints, including DNA damage in lymphocytes (with the comet assay), activity of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in erythrocytes, plasma antioxidants (retinol, ascorbic acid, a-tocopherol, lutein, and beta-carotene), plasma total antioxidant status with the use of the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, and plasma lipid profile. Results: Watercress supplementation (active compared with control phase) was associated with reductions in basal DNA damage (by 17%; P = 0.03), in basal plus oxidative purine DNA damage (by 23.9%; P = 0.002), and in basal DNA damage in response to ex vivo hydrogen peroxide challenge (by 9.4%; P = 0.07). Beneficial changes seen after watercress intervention were greater and more significant in smokers than in nonsmokers. Plasma lutein and P-carotene increased significantly by 100% and 33% (P < 0.001), respectively, after watercress supplementation. Conclusion: The results support the theory that consumption of watercress can be linked to a reduced risk of cancer via decreased damage to DNA and possible modulation of antioxidant status by increasing carotenoid concentrations.

Incorporation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid (trans-11 18 : 1) into plasma and leucocyte lipids in healthy men consuming dairy products naturally enriched in these fatty acids

The present study investigated whether consuming dairy products naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by modification of cattle feed increases the concentration of this isomer in plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men. The study had a double-blind cross-over design. Subjects aged 34-60 years consumed dairy products available from food retailers for 1 week and then either control (0.17 g c9,t11 CLA/d; 0.31 g trans-vaccenic acid (tVA)/d) or CLA-enriched (1.43 g c9,t11 CLA/d; 4.71 g tVA/d) dairy products for 6 weeks. After 7 weeks washout, this was repeated with the alternate products. c9,t11 CLA concentration in plasma lipids was lower after consuming the control products, which may reflect the two-fold greater c9,t11 CLA content of the commercial products. Consuming the CLA-enriched dairy products increased the c9,t11 CLA concentration in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) (38 %; P=0.035), triacylglycerol (TAG) (22 %; P < 0.0001) and cholesteryl esters (205 %; P < 0.0001), and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (238 %; P < 0.0001), while tVA concentration was greater in plasma PC (65 %; P=0.035), TAG (98 %; P=0.001) and PBMC (84 %; P=0.004). Overall, the present study shows that consumption of naturally enriched dairy products in amounts similar to habitual intakes of these foods increased the c9,t11 CLA content of plasma and cellular lipids.

The impact of maternal control on children’s anxious cognitions, behaviours and affect: an experimental study

Controlling parenting is associated with child anxiety however the direction of effects remains unclear. The present study implemented a Latin-square experimental design to assess the impact of parental control on children’s anxious affect, cognitions and behaviour. A non-clinical sample of 24 mothers of children aged 4-5 years were trained to engage in (a) controlling and (b) autonomy-granting behaviours in interaction with their child during the preparation of a speech. When mothers engaged in controlling parenting behaviours, children made more negative predictions about their performance prior to delivering their speech and reported feeling less happy about the task, and this was moderated by child trait anxiety. In addition, children with higher trait anxiety displayed a significant increase in observed child anxiety in the controlling condition. The pattern of results was maintained when differences in mothers’ levels of negativity and habitual levels of control were accounted for. These findings are consistent with theories that suggest that controlling parenting is a risk factor in the development of childhood anxiety.

Cholesterol reduction using manufactured foods high in monounsaturated fatty acids: a randomized crossover study

In two separate studies, the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was evaluated by means of a randomized crossover trial. In both studies subjects were randomized to receive either a high-MUFA diet or the control diet first, which they followed for a period of 8 weeks; following a washout period of 4–6 weeks they were transferred onto the opposing diet for a further period of 8 weeks. In one study subjects were healthy middle-aged men (n 30), and in the other they were young men (n 23) with a family history of CHD recruited from two centres (Guildford and Dublin). The two studies were conducted over the same time period using identical foods and study designs. Subjects consumed 38% energy as fat, with 18% energy as MUFA and 10% as saturated fatty acids (MUFA diet), or 13% energy as MUFA and 16% as saturated fatty acids (control diet). The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of each diet was 7%. The diets were achieved by providing subjects with manufactured foods such as spreads, ‘ready meals’, biscuits, puddings and breads, which, apart from their fatty acid compositions, were identical for both diets. Subjects were blind to which of the diets they were following on both arms of the study. Weight changes on the diets were less than 1 kg. In the groups combined (n 53) mean total and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower at the end of the MUFA diet than the control diet by 0×29 (SD 0×61) mmol/l (P,0×001) and 0×38 (SD 0×64) mmol/l (P, 0×0001) respectively. In middle-aged men these differences were due to a mean reduction in LDL-cholesterol of ¹11 (SD 12) % on the MUFA diet with no change on the control diet (¹1×1 (SD 10) %). In young men the differences were due to an increase in LDL-cholesterol concentration on the control diet of þ6×2 (SD 13) % and a decrease on the MUFA diet of ¹7×8 (SD 20) %. Differences in the responses of middle-aged and young men to the two diets did not appear to be due to differences in their habitual baseline diets which were generally similar, but appeared to reflect the lower baseline cholesterol concentrations in the younger men. There was a moderately strong and statistically significant inverse correlation between the change in LDLcholesterol concentration on each diet and the baseline fasting LDL-cholesterol concentration (r¹0×49; P,0×0005). In conclusion, diets in which saturated fat is partially replaced by MUFA can achieve significant reductions in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, even when total fat and energy intakes are maintained. The dietary approach used to alter fatty acid intakes would be appropriate for achieving reductions in saturated fat intakes in whole populations.

Differences in postprandial lipaemic response between Northern and Southern Europeans

Postprandial lipaemic responses to two test meals were investigated in 30 Northern (15 British and 15 Irish), and 30 Southern (Greeks from Crete) healthy male Europeans. The meals were a saturated fatty acid (SFA) meal, which resembled the fatty acid composition of an average UK diet, and a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) meal in which the fat consisted of olive oil. Habitual diets of the two groups differed, with higher total fat, (P < 0.03) and MUFA (P < 0.0001) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P < 0.0001) intakes in Southern than Northern Europeans. Levels of total MUFA (P < 0.02) and oleic acid (P < 0.004) were also higher in adipose tissue of Southern in comparison to Northern Europeans. In both European groups there were no significant differences in postprandial triglyceride response between the two meal types, SFA or MUFA. However, Northern and Southern Europeans showed significant differences in their patterns of postprandial response in plasma triglycerides (P < 0.0001), apolipoprotein B-48 (P < 0.0001), NEFA (P < 0.0001), insulin (P < 0.0007), and factor VII activity (P-0.03). In the case of NEFA, areas under the response curve were higher following the SFA than the MUFA meal for both groups, (P < 0.003) and were greater in Southern than Northern Europeans (P < 0.002) and apo B-48 responses were lower (P < 0.005). Some of these differences may reflect differences in fasting levels since fasting apolipoprotein B-48 levels were lower (P < 0.01) and fasting NEFA (P < 0.02) and insulin (P < 0.005) were higher in the Southern than in the Northern Europeans. In addition, 9 h postprandial post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity was lower in the Southern than in the Northern Europeans (P < 0.0006). This is the first report of differences in postprandial lipid, factor VII and insulin responses in Southern and Northern Europeans which may be of importance in explaining the different susceptibilities of these two populations to risk of coronary artery disease.

Substitution of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids in a free-living population: a feasibility study

The fatty acid composition of the diet of seven free-living subjects (five men and two women) aged 41–56 years was altered for 1 month. The aim was to increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from subjects current habitual levels of 12% dietary energy to a target intake of 18% dietary energy, and to decrease saturated fatty acid (SFA) from habitual levels of 16% dietary energy to target levels of 10% dietary energy. The change in fatty acid intake was achieved by supplying volunteers with foods prepared using MUFA-containing spreads or olive oil (ready meals, sweet biscuits and cakes) and also by supplying spreads, cooking oil and MUFA-enriched milk for domestic use. Body weight and plasma total cholesterol measurements were made at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks on the diet as an aid to maintaining subject compliance. MUFA consumption was significantly increased from 12% dietary energy to 16% dietary energy (P<0.01), and SFA intake was reduced from 16% dietary energy to 6% dietary energy (P<0.01) during the 4-week intervention. The diet failed to achieve the target increase in MUFA but exceeded the target reduction in SFA. This was due to the fact that subjects reduced their total fat intake from a mean habitual level of 38% dietary energy to a mean level of 30% dietary energy. During the dietary period, mean plasma cholesterol levels were lower at 2 weeks (P<0.01) and at 4 weeks (P<0.01) than the baseline, with a mean reduction of 20% over the dietary period. This study demonstrates the difficulty of achieving increased MUFA intakes (by SFA substitution) in free-living populations when only a limited range of fatty-acid modified food products are provided to volunteers.