Situação do gerenciamento de efluentes de processamento radiográfico em serviços de saúde

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a situação do gerenciamento de efluentes radiográficos em serviços de diagnóstico por imagem, em relação ao manuseio, acondicionamento, armazenamento, tratamento e descarte desses efluentes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, realizado por meio de entrevistas baseadas em roteiro com perguntas semiestruturadas, realizadas no período de fevereiro a maio de 2009. A investigação foi realizada em 12 serviços de saúde humana e animal de radiodiagnóstico de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, escolhidos aleatoriamente por sorteio por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 10.0. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os entrevistados, 16,66% dos serviços descartavam revelador usado na rede pública de esgoto, sem tratamento prévio, 8,33% descartavam o fixador e 75% descartavam a água de lavagem de filmes diretamente no esgoto, sem tratamento prévio. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam necessidade de maior fiscalização, controle e monitoramento, pela vigilância ambiental e sanitária, para com os efluentes radiográficos, estimulando tratamento antes do descarte, minimizando o impacto à saúde pública e ao ambiente.

Controle de qualidade de monitores de diagnóstico por imagem e iluminância nos espaços de pós-processamento em serviços de imagiologia

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade dos monitores de diagnóstico e tratamento de imagem digital em radiologia convencional (raios X) com base nos níveis de luminância. Fez-se a medição da iluminância dos postos de trabalho onde estavam os monitores. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A medição da luminância foi realizada usando-se um detector Unfors Xi Light em cinco instituições, com 23 monitores primários e 22 secundários, sendo 6 usados em urgência, seguindo o método descrito no relatório TG18 da American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). O instrumento de medida utilizado foi o Delta Ohm HD 9221 luximeter. RESULTADOS: Para as recomendações da AAPM, tanto monitores primários como secundários cumpriram, no geral, os níveis de tolerância. No caso dos níveis de iluminância, nos locais de trabalho dos monitores primários encontravam-se ligeiramente acima do intervalo recomendado. Quanto às recomendações do The Royal College of Radiologists (RCR), os monitores que respeitaram os níveis recomendados estavam em minoria, embora as diferenças não fossem significativas. CONCLUSÃO: Em geral, os resultados foram satisfatórios, embora os monitores não fossem adequados para atingir as recomendações exigentes do RCR. Os níveis de referência entre os monitores primários e secundários deveriam aproximar-se, de modo a garantir a qualidade de imagem. Os monitores para visualização e diagnóstico de imagens médicas devem ser regularmente avaliados para manter um sistema com a qualidade exigida, dada a função que desempenham.

Identificação dos principais componentes do fungicida guazatine através da cromatografia a gás e cromatografia a gás acoplada com espectrometria de massas

Hexafluoroacetylaceton derivatives of some synthesized components of the guazatine fungicide were prepared, and their separation and identification performed through gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chromatogram obtained from hexafluoroacetylacetone derivative of the commercial guazatine presented 14 major peaks, and 9 of them were identified through both techniques mentioned above.

Identificação de componentes de óleos voláteis: Análise espectroscópica de misturas de sesquiterpenos

This paper describes a chromatographic method to fractionate volatile oils and to identify their sesquiterpenic constituents. The fractionation process includes flash chromatography over silica gel and chromatography over silica gel/AgNO3, utilising pentane, CH2Cl2 and/or acetone as eluents. GC chromatograms were obtained in order to get the relative percentage of each constituent in the volatile oils, to get the retention time value of them as well as to analyse and combine the fractions eluted from the columns. Such procedure afford mixtures of sesquiterpenes which are analysed by GC/MS, 13C and ¹H NMR.

Componentes voláteis do café torrado. Parte I: compostos heterocíclicos

A review of heterocyclic compounds in roasted coffee is presented. The contents, precursors and sensorial properties of furans, pyrroles, oxazoles, thiazoles, thiophenes, pyrazines and pyridines are discussed. The impact heterocyclic compounds of coffee aroma are described.

Componentes voláteis do café torrado. Parte II. Compostos alifáticos, alicíclicos e aromáticos

This review is about the aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds (non-heterocyclic compounds) that are present in the volatile fractions of roasted coffees. Herein, the contents, aroma precursors and the sensorial properties of volatile phenols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, esters, lactones, amines and sulphur compounds are discussed. Special attention is given to the compounds of these groups that are actually important to the final aroma of roasted coffees.

Aplicação de análise de componentes principais para verificação de atribuições de sinais nos espetros de RMN ¹H: o caso dos 3-aril (1,2,4)-oxadiazol-5-carboidrazida benzilidenos

The ¹H NMR data set of a series of 3-aryl (1,2,4)-oxadiazol-5-carbohydrazide benzylidene derivatives synthesized in our group was analyzed using the chemometric technique of principal component analysis (PCA). Using the original ¹H NMR data PCA allowed identifying some misassignments of the proton aromatic chemical shifts. As a consequence of this multivariate analysis, nuclear Overhauser difference experiments were performed to investigate the ambiguity of other assignments of the ortho and meta aromatic hydrogens for the compound with the bromine substituent. The effect of the 1,2,4-oxadiazol group as an electron acceptor, mainly for the hydrogens 12,13, has been highlighted.

Pilhas a combustível de óxido sólido: materiais, componentes e configurações

In this paper the current status of fuel cells is described with particular emphasis on high (T > 800 ºC) and intermediate (T < 800 ºC) temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Also the importance of the fuel cell technology is shown. Reviewed are the fundamental features, the basic principles, types of fuel cell, fabrication methods, cell configurations and the development of components (cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, interconnect) and materials.

Teores de carbamato de etila e outros componentes secundários em diferentes cachaças produzidas em três regiões do estado de Minas Gerais: Zona da mata, sul de minas e vale do jequitinhonha

Minas Gerais is the highest producer of handmade spirits. Research has been carried out aiming to contribute to progress. Thus, the goal of this work is to evaluate the quality of spirits in three different regions of Minas Gerais state. We analyzed ethyl carbamate, alcoholic grade, volatile acidity, higher alcohols, aldehyde, esters, methanol, furfural and copper. The values obtained for ethyl carbamate varied from undetectable to 643.5 µg L-1, with only one region not following the legislation (150 µg L-1). Most of the compounds in the spirits were present within the limits estabilished by the legislation.

Caracterização das cinzas de incineração de resíduos industriais e de serviços de saúde

Three ash samples from an incinerator in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) were physically and chemically characterized. The chemical composition of the ashes was not always the same, neither in terms of the chemical species nor in terms of the quantities of those that are common to the three ashes. The ashes called CF1 and CF3D contain heavy metals above the detection limits of the analytical methods and the zinc concentration is high enough to justify treatment of the ashes. For these ashes, a high loss on ignition was found, indicating that the process of incineration might present failures.

Estudo da mobilização de metais e elementos traços em ambientes aquáticos do semi-árido brasileiro aplicando análises de componentes principais

The spatial and temporal retention of metals has been studied in water and sediments of the Gavião River, Anagé and Tremedal Reservoirs, located in the semi-arid region, Bahia - Brazil, in order to identify trends in the fluxes of metals from the sediments to the water column. The determination of metals was made by ICP OES and ET AAS. The application of statistical methods showed that this aquatic system presents suitable conditions to move Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the water column to the sediment.

Classificação de refrigerantes através de análise de imagens e análise de componentes principais (PCA)

This paper describes an approach for the colour-based classification of RGB (red-green-blue) images, acquired using a common scanner, of commercial carbonated soft drinks. Mean histograms of image colour channels were evaluated for the PCA classification of 29 brands of Guaraná, Cola, and orange flavors. Loadings for principal component axes resulted in different patterns for sample grouping on score plots according to RGB histograms. pH, sorbic acid and sucrose measurements were also correlated to the analyzed brands through PCA score plots of the digitalized images.

Avaliação da qualidade do corpo hídrico do rio Tibagi na região de Ponta Grossa utilizando análise de componentes principais (PCA)

The aim of this paper was to evaluate alterations in the quality of the water of the Tibagi River caused by the urban and industrial activities in the region of Ponta Grossa. The study involved the monitoring of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the water body, which were evaluated by a principal components analysis routine. Sample collections were carried out monthly during one year (October of 2005 to September of 2006), at 3 sampling points: upstream and downstream of the industrial district and downstream from the city of Ponta Grossa. The principal components analysis showed the effect of point sources associated with industrial activity, which contribute to the rise of total concentration of amoniacal nitrogen and the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the studied region.

Composição química dos componentes voláteis de Capsicodendron dinisii Schwancke (Canellaceae)

The volatile components of the stem bark of Capsicodendron dinisii were obtained by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical compounds were identified using the arithmetic index and confirmed by GC-MS. Twenty-three compounds suggest the identified representing almost 90% of the total oil composition. Limonene (68.5%) was the major compound found. The stereochemistry of limonene was determined and was found to be represented by (+)-limonene (94%) and (-)-limonene (6%). The presence of drimenol (0.7%), a drimane sesquiterpenoid, confirmed the volatile components characteristics of the Canellaceae family.