995 resultados para Progettazione e Sviluppo di un Multiplayer Online Game su Reti Peer-to-Peer


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Il lavoro svolto, in collaborazione con “Ducati Motor Holding”, si propone l’analisi, mediante l’applicazione di un software FEM (HyperWorks 9.0), della struttura rappresentata dai condotti di un girotubi di scarico motociclistico. Il primo obiettivo consiste nell’ottenimento di un modello agli elementi finiti della struttura. In questo senso si è anche compiuta un’indagine sperimentale per la caratterizzazione di un componente chiave del sistema (un supporto antivibrante in gomma). Le simulazioni di calcolo strutturale vogliono coinvolgere gli effetti che i carichi termici hanno nell’alterare le proprietà meccaniche dei materiali e nell’indurre sollecitazioni derivate dalle dilatazioni termiche. Si svolgono inoltre analisi di tipo dinamico per determinare i modi di vibrare della struttura e come le frequenze naturali vengano influenzate dagli effetti termici. Sulla base di ulteriori simulazioni sulla risposta in frequenza del sistema e di un riscontro sperimentale (prova accelerometrica), si è inoltre tentata una prima validazione del modello dal punto di vista dinamico. La finalità del lavoro risiede dunque nella determinazione delle criticità strutturali che il girotubi può manifestare durante il funzionamento, ma anche nell’esplorazione e applicazione delle potenzialità del software applicato, per l’analisi degli aspetti sopra esposti.

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Le strutture caratterizzate da una non coincidenza tra il baricentro delle masse e quello delle rigidezze, chiamate strutture eccentriche, sviluppano degli effetti torsionali se soggette ad un’eccitazione dinamica. Un’accurata analisi delle equazioni del moto di sistemi lineari e non lineari di strutture ad un singolo piano ha portato allo sviluppo di un metodo, detto metodo ALPHA, che, attraverso un parametro, detto parametro “alpha”, permette di stimare gli spostamenti di rotazione in funzione dei soli spostamenti longitudinali. Il limite di questo metodo, tuttavia, è quello di essere riferito a strutture ad un singolo piano, non comuni nella pratica progettuale: si è reso quindi necessario uno studio per testarne la validità anche per strutture multi piano, partendo da strutture semplici a due e tre piani. Data la semplicità del metodo ALPHA, si è deciso di affrontare questo problema cercando di cogliere il comportamento dei diversi piani della struttura multipiano con delle strutture ad un singolo piano. Sono state svolte numerose analisi numeriche in cui sono stati fatti variare i parametri di rigidezza, massa, eccentricità e distribuzione delle rigidezze dei vari piani; come indice di validità della struttura mono piano scelta si è utilizzato il rapporto tra il parametro “psi” dell’i-esimo piano e quello della struttura mono piano scelta, dove “psi” rappresenta il rapporto tra “R” ed “alpha”; “R” è il rapporto tra la massima rotazione e il massimo spostamento longitudinale per una struttura eccentrica soggetta ad un’eccitazione dinamica. Dai risultati ottenuti si deduce che, nella maggioranza dei casi, la struttura mono piano che meglio rappresenta il comportamento di tutti i piani è caratterizzata da massa e rigidezza dell’intera struttura multipiano, da un’eccentricità pari alla minore tra quelle dei vari piani e presenta la peggiore distribuzione delle rigidezze tra quelle che si riscontrano nei vari piani.

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Since the first underground nuclear explosion, carried out in 1958, the analysis of seismic signals generated by these sources has allowed seismologists to refine the travel times of seismic waves through the Earth and to verify the accuracy of the location algorithms (the ground truth for these sources was often known). Long international negotiates have been devoted to limit the proliferation and testing of nuclear weapons. In particular the Treaty for the comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTBT), was opened to signatures in 1996, though, even if it has been signed by 178 States, has not yet entered into force, The Treaty underlines the fundamental role of the seismological observations to verify its compliance, by detecting and locating seismic events, and identifying the nature of their sources. A precise definition of the hypocentral parameters represents the first step to discriminate whether a given seismic event is natural or not. In case that a specific event is retained suspicious by the majority of the State Parties, the Treaty contains provisions for conducting an on-site inspection (OSI) in the area surrounding the epicenter of the event, located through the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBT Organization. An OSI is supposed to include the use of passive seismic techniques in the area of the suspected clandestine underground nuclear test. In fact, high quality seismological systems are thought to be capable to detect and locate very weak aftershocks triggered by underground nuclear explosions in the first days or weeks following the test. This PhD thesis deals with the development of two different seismic location techniques: the first one, known as the double difference joint hypocenter determination (DDJHD) technique, is aimed at locating closely spaced events at a global scale. The locations obtained by this method are characterized by a high relative accuracy, although the absolute location of the whole cluster remains uncertain. We eliminate this problem introducing a priori information: the known location of a selected event. The second technique concerns the reliable estimates of back azimuth and apparent velocity of seismic waves from local events of very low magnitude recorded by a trypartite array at a very local scale. For the two above-mentioned techniques, we have used the crosscorrelation technique among digital waveforms in order to minimize the errors linked with incorrect phase picking. The cross-correlation method relies on the similarity between waveforms of a pair of events at the same station, at the global scale, and on the similarity between waveforms of the same event at two different sensors of the try-partite array, at the local scale. After preliminary tests on the reliability of our location techniques based on simulations, we have applied both methodologies to real seismic events. The DDJHD technique has been applied to a seismic sequence occurred in the Turkey-Iran border region, using the data recorded by the IMS. At the beginning, the algorithm was applied to the differences among the original arrival times of the P phases, so the cross-correlation was not used. We have obtained that the relevant geometrical spreading, noticeable in the standard locations (namely the locations produced by the analysts of the International Data Center (IDC) of the CTBT Organization, assumed as our reference), has been considerably reduced by the application of our technique. This is what we expected, since the methodology has been applied to a sequence of events for which we can suppose a real closeness among the hypocenters, belonging to the same seismic structure. Our results point out the main advantage of this methodology: the systematic errors affecting the arrival times have been removed or at least reduced. The introduction of the cross-correlation has not brought evident improvements to our results: the two sets of locations (without and with the application of the cross-correlation technique) are very similar to each other. This can be commented saying that the use of the crosscorrelation has not substantially improved the precision of the manual pickings. Probably the pickings reported by the IDC are good enough to make the random picking error less important than the systematic error on travel times. As a further justification for the scarce quality of the results given by the cross-correlation, it should be remarked that the events included in our data set don’t have generally a good signal to noise ratio (SNR): the selected sequence is composed of weak events ( magnitude 4 or smaller) and the signals are strongly attenuated because of the large distance between the stations and the hypocentral area. In the local scale, in addition to the cross-correlation, we have performed a signal interpolation in order to improve the time resolution. The algorithm so developed has been applied to the data collected during an experiment carried out in Israel between 1998 and 1999. The results pointed out the following relevant conclusions: a) it is necessary to correlate waveform segments corresponding to the same seismic phases; b) it is not essential to select the exact first arrivals; and c) relevant information can be also obtained from the maximum amplitude wavelet of the waveforms (particularly in bad SNR conditions). Another remarkable point of our procedure is that its application doesn’t demand a long time to process the data, and therefore the user can immediately check the results. During a field survey, such feature will make possible a quasi real-time check allowing the immediate optimization of the array geometry, if so suggested by the results at an early stage.