What are the priorities for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and injuries in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia?

Last year’s UN high level meeting sought to galvanise the international community into scaling up its response to the escalating global burden of non-communicable diseases. With resources tight, D Chisholm and colleagues examine which interventions should be given priority for action and investment

Corrective Justice vs. Social Justice in the Aftermath of War

How do we justify the practice of corrective justice for losses suffered during armed conflicts? This article seeks to show the force and relevance of this question, and to argue that, in cases of massively destructive wars, social justice should gain priority over corrective justice. Starting from a liberal Rawlsian conception of the relationship between corrective and social justice, it is argued that, paradoxically, the more destructive a war is, the less normative force corrective rights have and the higher priority policies of social justice, which guarantee basic rights to all citizens, should have.

Family Characterization of Young Experimental Consumers of Psychoactive Substances Seen in the Toxicology Department at Colsubsidio

This investigation characterized families of adolescents experimenting with psychoactive substances (PAS) consumption. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a qualitative study with a hermeneutical emphasis was conducted among a population of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 who have experimented with PAS. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and their families employing a flexible protocol of 14 categories. Results: The findings showed low levels of family cohesion and sense of family identity, inconsistency between educational patterns followed by the parents, as well as deficient parental support. Similarly, the findings indicate significant peer influence during the first stages of consumption of illegal substances. In this regard, the findings suggest that more than providing physical satisfaction, consumption represents a form of acquiring prestige and social position while granting a sensation of psychological, emotional and social well-being. Conclusions: Parental influence was also found considerable in regarding the consumption of legal PAS, like alcohol and tobacco. The study identified as a high-priority need to promote and incorporate communication and conflict resolution skills within the family dynamics by means of prevention and monitoring programs. Those skills and programs would be aimed at providing parents of adolescents experimenting with PAS consumption with new educational tools to orientate new raising guidelines so as to respond appropriately to the problems identified in this study.

El mercado del suelo informal en favelas y la movilidad residencial de los pobres en las grandes metrópolis

Existe un gran vacío en los estudios urbanos, en particular de economía urbana, sobre el mercado informal de terrenos en las ciudades. La importancia actual de ese mercado y las perspectivas de su crecimiento futuro relacionadas con la evidente reducción de la ocupación (invasión) de tierras urbanas, imponen la urgencia de plantearlo como un objeto de estudio prioritario. El primer esfuerzo de investigación debe ser la construcción de bancos de datos e informaciones dinámicas sobre el mercado informal de tierras y de la movilidad residencial de los pobres. La pregunta que se debe formular sobre este mercado tiene que ver con sus similitudes y diferencias con respecto al mercado formal. Nuestra respuesta a este desafío se da en dos planos. El primero, a partir de un levantamiento empírico en las favelas de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro; el segundo tomando el mercado informal de tierras y la movilidad de los pobres urbanos como un objeto conceptual que permita re-problematizar temas tradicionales de la economía urbana ortodoxa (neoclásica). 

El Comportamiento de los Peatones en el Espacio Publico: una aproximación sociológica al caso de Bogotá.

Traffic accidents and mobility problems have been an issue of priority for the cities, and the case of Bogota is not an excepción. An approach from the social sciences suggests the existente of a generalized problem of interaction where the agents violate the behavior codes (normative and informal) and contribuye to generate chaotic situations,  with negative effects on the life quality of the citizens. 

Reflexiones sobre la “informalidad” fundiaria como peculiaridad de los mercados del suelo en las ciudades de América Latina

En América Latina la tradición marxista desarrolló en los años setenta y ochenta una muy rica conceptualización sobre las prácticas populares de producción de hábitat que tuvo como eje el concepto de pluralidad de formas de producción. En este texto se plantea una actualización de esta refl exión involucrando en particular los aspectos de la circulación de los bienes inmobiliarios y las modalidades de acceso a la tierra: desde esta perspectiva se analizan los desarrollos recientes de modalidades “ilegales” o “informales” de urbanización y las políticas que al respecto se han formulado en los últimos tiempos, en una aproximación que pretende controvertir el dualismo explícito o implícito de otros enfoques. 

México - Elecciones 2006 en México: del binomio autoritarismo-democracia a la discusión sobre políticas públicas

Este artículo analiza los cambios recientes en la competencia partidista en México, haciendo énfasis en la elección de julio de 2006 a través de la cual se elige presidente de la República y miembros del Congreso. Dicha elección muestra la transición de elecciones competitivas, concentradas en el binomio autoritarismodemocracia, a elecciones temáticas, de asuntos o issues, centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos a la presidencia y en las que los ciudadanos, asociaciones civiles y organizaciones no gubernamentales, entre otras, juegan un papel activo. Con ese fin en el artículo se expone primero un breve recuento de los ejes medulares de la actual competencia partidista como la última reforma electoral realizada para mover al sistema electoral hacia elecciones justas, libres y transparentes, los desafíos del sistema de partidos y elementos contextuales socioeconómicos y políticos relevantes. Se analiza en segundo término la evolución de la competitividad y los cambios en la estructura de la competencia, lo cual permite entender el tránsito a elecciones temáticas centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos. En tercer lugar se presentan las principales propuestas de los candidatos en áreas prioritarias y su evaluación. Finalmente se hace una reflexión de conjunto sobre el significado de esta elección, el contexto que domina la actual contienda por la presidencia y la incertidumbre y competitividad que la caracterizan.-----This paper analyses recent changes in Mexican political parties’ competition for national presidency, with an emphasis on July’s 2006 Congressional and Presidential elections. The latter revealed a transition from an old competitive ballot race focused on the antithetic duet authoritarianism-democracy, to what could be called topical elections, focused on issues concerning presidential candidates’ public policy proposals in which citizens, civil associations, and nongovernmental organizations, among other groups, play an active role. With this purpose in mind, the paper starts with a brief exposition of the parties’ core contentions, including debates such as that around the last election reform aiming at pushing the ballot system towards fairer and more transparent elections, the challenges ahead for the party system, and other relevant contextual, political and socio-economic issues. Secondly, the evolution of the new terms of the competition and its structural changes are examined, in order to better understand our main concern here, i.e., the transition to a topical election contest focused on candidates’ public policy proposals. Thirdly, the candidates’ main proposals in crucial priority areas are presented and assessed. Finally, a global reflection is made on the meaning of these elections, on the context that has prevailed alongside, and on the uncertainty and competitiveness that have characterized them. 

Political Reform: unfinished business in Brazil after Lula?

A year away from leaving the presidency, this article analyses Lula government in light of the many corruption scandals that erupted afterwards. These events showed that despite the almost unanimous conclusion of its balance sheet, Lula government leaves a big task ahead: the political reform. Priority of the Workers’ Party during the years 1980 and 1990, and subject of many academic studies, this issue has been abandoned in the 2000s, with the accession to power of Lula Da Silva. This paper evaluates the state-of-the-art on this matter and defends the need for further consideration in light of current events, and in a broader theoretical perspective than the institutional engineering one that prevailed earlier. 

Hacer ciudad en la gran ciudad: el desafío del Distrito Federal

Durante años, el Distrito Federal no contempló en su modelo de ciudad el espacio público como una prioridad. La base para crear el espacio público es el suelo y en el Distrito Federal este es un grave problema, pues nos enfrentamos a un suelo privatizado al cual no se le da tratamiento de bien público y existen grandes inequidades en la distribución del espacio público en la ciudad. No obstante, ya se reconoció en el gobierno del D.F. la importancia del problema, aunque es indispensable concretar esa preocupación en proyectos específicos y aún más desarrollar algunos instrumentos para poder ejecutar las obras necesarias. ¿Qué es espacio público? ¿Qué grupos sociales afecta? ¿Para qué función urbana? Son preguntas claves que se constituyen en el núcleo de la formulación de la política. Es necesario redimensionar el problema a partir de la definición misma de un modelo de ciudad, dándole a la problemática una perspectiva territorial que le permita cumplir la función social, establecer una normatividad clara y vigente, una política de suelo transformadora y conservacionista, dotar con instrumentos financieros viables y asumir un liderazgo capaz de sobrepasar los intereses particulares.---Building a city within the big city: Mexico City’s challengerFor years Distrito Federal in Mexico not covered by the model of city public space as a priority. The basis for creating public space is the ground and in Distrito Federal this is a serious problem. We face a privatized land which no treatment is given public good. There are great inequities in the distribution of public space in the city. Already City Government recognized the importance of the problem although it is essential to landing that concern specific projects, but more so to develop some tools to execute the necessary works. What public space? Which social groups affected? What urban function? There are key questions that are in the trunk of policy formulation. Doing nothing does not seem the best option given the scale of the problem, and therefore it becomes necessary to resize the problem from the very definition of a city model giving the issue a territorial perspective to discharge social function, the establishment providing a clear and current land policy processing and preservation, financial instruments, and a leadership capable of overcoming special interests. Key words: Public space, privatized land, inequity, urban function, city model, rules.---Fazer cidade na grande cidade: o desafio do Distrito FederalDurante anos, o Distrito Federal não contemplou em seu modelo de cidade o espaço público como uma prioridade. A base para criar o espaço público é o solo e no Distrito Federal este é um grave problema, pois nós enfrentamos a um solo privatizado ao qual não se lhe dá tratamento de bem público e existem grandes inequalidades na distribuição do espaço público na cidade. No entanto, já se reconheceu no governo do D.F. a importança do problema, ainda que é indispensável concretizar essa preocupação em projetos específicos e ainda mais desenvolver alguns instrumentos para poder executar as obras necessárias. O que é espaço público? Quais grupos sociais afeta? Para que função urbana? São perguntas chave que se constituem no núcleo da formulação da política. É necessário redimensionar o problema a partir da definição mesma de um modelo de cidade, dando-lhe à problemática uma perspectiva territorial que lhe permita cumprir a função social, estabelecer uma normatividade clara e vigente, uma política de solo transformadora e conservacionista, dotar com instrumentos financeiros viáveis e assumir uma liderança capaz de superar os interesses particulares.Palavras chave: Espaço público, solo privatizado, inequalidade, função urbana, modelo de cidade, normatividade.