Child Poverty in Latin America

Welcome! It is with great enthusiasm that we publish this first issue of Challenges bulletin, in the conviction that we need to reach out to a broad and diverse readership and share what we know and think about progress towards the Millennium Development Goals for children and adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Reduction of infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: uneven progress requiring a variety of responses

Infant mortality has unquestionably declined throughout Latin America over the last decade, even under conditions of low and unstable economic growth and a meagre overall reduction of poverty in the region. The declines in infant mortality vary from one country to another. The persistence of high infant mortality rates is related to low income, teenage pregnancy and lack of access to basic services, as well as to the lack of appropriate health care infrastructure. At the same time, both the rural population as a whole, and the indigenous and Afro-descendent population in particular, has fallen markedly behind, with overall infant mortality rates much higher than among the rest of the population. Moreover, the cause and incidence of death in this age group have been changing according with the changes in neonatal and post-neonatal deaths. Our editorial line-up has created space for opinions from adolescents and youth, as well as from policy experts on the problem, its causes, and approaches to dealing with infant mortality. We also offer succinct information on a broad range of programmes—utilizing various interventions—in different countries of the region regarding maternal and infant care, in an attempt to bring about a reduction in mortality.

Desnutrición infantil en América Latina y el Caribe

Un tema particularmente sensible.En el marco de los objetivos de desarrollo del Milenio, consagramos esta segunda edición de Desafíos a la situación de la desnutrición infantil en América Latina y el Caribe.Por su parte, la Presidenta de Chile, Michelle Bachelet, en su condición de Jefa de Estado y médico pediatra, presenta argumentos para movilizar a los gobiernos y a la ciudadanía en torno al derecho a la nutrición de la población infantil.

The invisible face of child labour in Latin America and the Caribbean

Child labour has a gender bias related to the dominant stereotypes regarding gender roles. While out-of-home paid work is carried out predominantly by boys, girls bear the greater burden in unpaid domestic tasks, whether in their own homes or the homes of others. Boys are more exposed to the risks of being out on the street and find it more difficult to combine work and education. For girls it may be easier to reconcile the spheres of work and education, but they suffer costs that remain hidden and that reinforce their disadvantages throughout the life cycle. On the one hand, they are marked by the assumption that the burden of the care economy is entirely their responsibility, which determines future labour prospects. Indeed, even when girls show greater educational achievement, their occupational options are more limited. On the other hand, girls are exposed to risk within the household, where overexploitation, maltreatment and abuse are as frequent as they are unpunished.

The right to an identity: birth registration in Latin America and the Caribbean

A disturbing token of child and adolescent vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean is that so many are deprived of any legal identity by failure to report their birth. This bars them from exercising basic citizen rights and can hinder their access to productive employment, social benefits and the justice system and deny them recognition as full citizens and the right to well-being, capacity development and political participation.

Children and HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean

In Latin America, around 36,000 children under 15 have HIV, and in the Caribbean estimates are of 11,000 children living with the virus. Although some progress has been made in the region in the care and treatment of adults that is not the case with children. This issue number 7 of Challenges is devoted to the latest information on the vertical transmission (mother-to-child) of HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean, and how children are accessing life-saving treatment in the region.

Infancia y la migración internacional en América Latina y el Caribe

La migración infantil en la región tiene aristas contradictorias, tal como se plantea en el artículo central de este boletín. Entre las positivas se destacan las mayores oportunidades educativas en los países de llegada y el mayor bienestar en los países de origen por efecto de las remesas; la más alta protección que se obtiene al migrar desde situaciones de violencia y riesgo social; y la apertura de nuevos horizontes para ampliar las experiencias de vida. Entre las aristas negativas se incluyen la precariedad y exposición a más riesgos en el entorno familiar cuando los padres migran y los hijos quedan a cargo de terceros; la exposición a abusos y violaciones de derechos en los procesos migratorios; y la degradación del estatus ciudadano en los países de recepción.

El derecho a entornos saludables para la infancia y la adolescencia. Un diagnóstico desde América Latina y el Caribe

Entornos saludables: deudas pendientes que afectan a la infancia y la adolescencia.En esta nueva edición, resaltamos el derecho de niños, niñas y adolescentes a entornos saludables, con énfasis en el acceso adecuado a agua potable y saneamiento, tanto en diagnóstico como en políticas. Es nuestro aporte a los desafíos planteados por la Declaración de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño.