Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of fine recycled aggregates made from concrete waste

This paper assesses the physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of fine recycled aggregates obtained from crushed concrete waste, comparing them with two types of natural fine aggregates from different origins. A commercial concrete was jaw crushed, and the effect of different aperture sizes on the particle size distribution of the resulting aggregates was evaluated. The density and water absorption of the recycled aggregates was determined and a model for predicting water absorption over time is proposed. Both natural and recycled aggregates were characterized regarding bulk density and fines content. Recycled aggregates were additionally characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and DTA/TG of individual size fractions. The results show that natural and recycled fine aggregates have very different characteristics. This should be considered in potential applications, both in terms of the limits for replacing amounts and of the rules and design criteria of the manufactured products. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rheological behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates - Influence of the superplasticizer

This paper evaluates the influence of two superplasticizers (SP) on the rheological behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA). Three families of concrete were tested: family CO made without SP, family Cl made with a regular superplasticizer and family C2 made with a high-performance superplasticizer. Five replacement ratios of natural sand by FRCA were tested: 0%, 10%, 30%, 50% and 100%. The coarse aggregates were natural gravels. Three criteria were established to design the concrete mixes' composition: keep the same particle size distribution curves, adjust the water/cement ratio to obtain a similar slump and no pre-saturation of the FRCA. All mixes had the same cement and SP content. The results show that the incorporation of FRCA significantly increased the shrinkage and creep deformation. The FRCA's effect was influenced by the curing age. The reference concrete made with natural sand stabilizes the creep deformation faster than the mixes made with FRCA. The incorporation of superplasticizer increased the shrinkage at early ages and decreased the shrinkage at 91 days of age. The regular superplasticizer did not improve the creep deformation while the high-performance superplasticizer highly improved this property. The incorporation of FRCA jeopardized the SP's effectiveness. This study demonstrated that to use FRCA and superplasticizer for concrete production it is necessary to take into account the different rheological behaviour of these mixes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of the rheology of self-compacting concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregates

This work studies the effect of incorporating fine recycled aggregates on the rheology of self-compacting concrete over time (at 15,45 and 90 min). The fine fraction of the natural aggregates was replaced at 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% with recycled sand. The fresh-state properties were studied by empirical tests (slump-flow, J-Ring, L-Box) and fundamental ones in an ICAR rheometer. The mixes with 50% and 100% recycled sand lost their SCC characteristics at 90 min. Contrarily the mix with 20% replacement maintained suitable passing and filling ability. The causes of this trend were an initial increase of plastic viscosity and afterwards an increase of yield stress. The compressive strength of the 50% and 100% replacement mixes decreased significantly and that of the 20% replacement mix less than 10%. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Durability performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with binary and ternary mixes of fly ash and limestone filler

The basic objective of this work is to evaluate the durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) produced in binary and ternary mixes using fly ash (FA) and limestone filler (LF) as partial replacement of cement. The main characteristics that set SCC apart from conventional concrete (fundamentally its fresh state behaviour) essentially depend on the greater or lesser content of various constituents, namely: greater mortar volume (more ultrafine material in the form of cement and mineral additions); proper control of the maximum size of the coarse aggregate; use of admixtures such as superplasticizers. Significant amounts of mineral additions are thus incorporated to partially replace cement, in order to improve the workability of the concrete. These mineral additions necessarily affect the concrete’s microstructure and its durability. Therefore, notwithstanding the many well-documented and acknowledged advantages of SCC, a better understanding its behaviour is still required, in particular when its composition includes significant amounts of mineral additions. An ambitious working plan was devised: first, the SCC’s microstructure was studied and characterized and afterwards the main transport and degradation mechanisms of the SCC produced were studied and characterized by means of SEM image analysis, chloride migration, electrical resistivity, and carbonation tests. It was then possible to draw conclusions about the SCC’s durability. The properties studied are strongly affected by the type and content of the additions. Also, the use of ternary mixes proved to be extremely favourable, confirming the expected beneficial effect of the synergy between LF and FA. © 2015 RILEM.

Influence of the crushing process of recycled aggregates on concrete properties

This work intends to evaluate the (mechanical and durability) performance of concrete made with coarse recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA) obtained using two crushing processes: primary crushing (PC) and primary plus secondary crushing (PSC). This analysis intends to select the most efficient production process of recycled aggregates (RA). The RA used here resulted from precast products (P), with strength classes of 20 MPa, 45 MPa and 65 MPa, and from laboratory-made concrete (L) with the same compressive strengths. The evaluation of concrete was made with the following tests: compressive strength; splitting tensile strength; modulus of elasticity; carbona-tion resistance; chloride penetration resistance; capillary water absorption; and water absorption by immersion. These findings contribute to a solid and innovative basis that allows the precasting industry to use without restrictions the waste it generates. © (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Performance of concrete made with recycled aggregates from Portuguese CDW recycling plants

The objective of this research is the production of concrete with recycled aggregates (RA) from various CDW plants around Portugal. The influence of the RA collection location and consequently of their composition on the characteristics of the concrete produced was analysed. In the mixes produced in this research RA from five plants (Valnor, Vimajas, Ambilei, Europontal and Retria) were used: in three of them coarse and fine RA were analysed and in the remaining ones only coarse RA were used. The experimental campaign comprised two tests in fresh concrete (cone of Abrams slump and density) and eight in hardened concrete (compressive strength in cubes and cylinders, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity, carbonation and chloride penetration resistance). It was found that the use of RA causes a quality decrease in concrete. However, there was a wide results scatter according to the plant where the RAs were collected, because of the variation in composition of the RA. It was also found that the use of fine RA causes a more significant performance loss of the concrete properties analysed than the use of coarse RA. © (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Projeto estrutural de um edifício público em Camama - Angola

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o cálculo e desenvolvimento de um projecto estrutural de um edifício público. O edifício em questão será construído em Camama, Angola. Ao longo deste trabalho são apresentadas as diferentes etapas necessárias para a conceção do projeto estrutural de um edifício em betão armado. As opções consideradas na realização deste projeto e as respetivas justificações, podem ser encontradas ao longo deste documento. Estas são reforçadas através da apresentação de plantas estruturais com os seus elementos e os cálculos considerados necessários. Este trabalho foi elaborado com o apoio do programa de cálculo ROBOT Structural Analysis para a caracterização e análise das ações atuantes. Apesar da localização do edifício ser em Angola, as ações e as bases de projeto são definidas de acordo com as normas portuguesas. A utilização destas normas foi possível através de referências comuns a ambos os países, bem como algumas considerações tendo em conta as condições de construção em Luanda. Para a definição do projeto estrutural foram fornecidas as plantas de arquitetura, cortes e alçados do edifício. Estas plantas apresentam os respetivos materiais não estruturais, a utilizar após a sua construção. Em adição foi fornecida uma sondagem geotécnica do terreno de construção.

Aperfeiçoamento dos Métodos Utilizados, para a Orçamentação e Planeamento de Obras Rodoviárias

Este relatório foi realizado no âmbito da unidade curricular de DIPRE (Dissertação/Projecto/Estágio) lecionada no Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – Infraestruturas, no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. O estágio foi realizado na Divisão Municipal de Obras e Iluminação Pública, na Câmara Municipal do Porto. Neste relatório procurou-se descrever e caracterizar todos os tipos de pavimentos, desenvolver e estudar novas técnicas de orçamentação e planeamento, e ainda analisar vários casos para mostrar a validade do que se realizou. Este relatório inicia-se com uma primeira parte de âmbito teórico, em que se faz referência aos diferentes tipos de pavimentos, analisando-se o seu comportamento, execução, patologias e métodos de dimensionamento. Para além disso faz-se a interpretação do Decreto-Lei nº 163/2006 e das questões de mobilidade urbana. Para o estágio foram necessárias diversas ferramentas de trabalho, não só fornecidas pela Divisão Municipal de Obras e Iluminação Pública, mas também propostas e exploradas pelo aluno. Com estas ferramentas conseguiu-se desenvolver um novo método de orçamentação, estudando os Rendimentos dos operários para um maior rigor nas estimativas de custo efetuadas. As soluções que se apresentam para mostrar o trabalho desenvolvido foram escolhidas de acordo com a sua importância e abrangência para demonstrar tudo o que foi acompanhado e realizado durante o estágio. Começando pela Rua do Dr. Magalhães Lemos, que foi selecionada porque houve a oportunidade de acompanhar e fiscalizar uma obra que contempla a execução de dois pavimentos distintos, o pavimento flexível e o rígido, em Betão Armado Contínuo. Optou-se também por selecionar dois casos de melhoria da acessibilidade no centro da cidade, porque foram dois projetos desenvolvidos pelo aluno em que se conseguiu explorar as diferentes decisões que teve de se tomar. Por fim, apresenta-se o estudo do dimensionamento da Rua de Santo Ildefonso de acordo com as diretrizes da Câmara Municipal do Porto no percurso académico.

Damage assessment of fibre reinforced laminates

The use of solid wastes and natural fibres to the production of innovative composites is now a matter of environmental need. A set of hybrid composites constituted of waste rubber particles and sugarcane bagasse fibres into a thermoset composite material are drilled to determine the effect of rubber particle addition and size, sugarcane fibre addition and length and fibre chemical treatment on damage extension and related mechanical properties. Damage extension is determined by enhanced radiography for further damage measurement – diameter and areas – and correlated with mechanical test results — bearing test. The results demonstrated significant effect of the rubber and fibre additions on mechanical properties of the composites.

Re-Use Assessment of Thermoset Composite Wastes as Aggregate and Filler Replacement for Concrete-Polymer Composite Materials: A case study regarding GFRP pultrusion wastes

Glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP), nowadays commonly used in the construction, transportation and automobile sectors, have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both the cross-linked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remoulded, and the complex composition of the composite itself, which includes glass fibres, polymer matrix and different types of inorganic fillers. Hence, to date, most of the thermoset based GFRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and additional costs to producers and suppliers. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of mechanically recycled GFRP pultrusion wastes on flexural and compressive behaviour of polyester polymer mortars (PM) was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%, w/w), with distinct size grades (coarse fibrous mixture and fine powdered mixture), were incorporated into polyester PM as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of the incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Experimental results revealed that GFRP waste filled polymer mortars show improved mechanical behaviour over unmodified polyester based mortars, thus indicating the feasibility of GFRP waste reuse as raw material in concrete-polymer composites.

Production of aluminium based composites reinforced with embedded NiTi by friction stir welding

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Performance assessment of waste fibre-reinforced mortar

Materials Science Forum Vols. 730-732 (2013) pp 617-622

Precast concrete wall-foundation connection. Development of a seismic dissipative connection

Seismic events are a major factor to consider in structural design of buildings in many countries. With the purpose of saving lives, most of the design codes lead to structural solutions that withstand large seismic actions without collapsing, but without taking into account a possible usage of the structures after the earthquake. As a result, it is necessary to consider the time needed to repair/retrofit the damaged structures (i.e. the downtime) since this period of inactivity may result in huge financial implications for the occupants of the buildings. In order to minimise the damages and simplify repair operations, structural solutions with rocking systems and negligible residual displacements have been developed during the last two decades. Systems with precast concrete rocking walls were studied with the aim of investigat- ing suitable and convenient structural alternatives to minimise the damage in case of an earthquake. Experimental, numerical and analytical analyses on post-tensioned solutions, with and without energy dissipation devices, were carried out in this research. The energy dissipation devices were made from steel angles that were further developed during the research. Different solutions for these devices were experimentally tested under cyclic loading and the results are presented. Numerical and analytical work on steel angles was also carried out. Regarding the concrete rocking wall systems, two concrete rocking wall systems were studied: post-tensioned walls and post-tensioned walls with energy dissipation devices. In the latter, the solution was to fix them externally to the wall, allowing their easy replacement after an earthquake. It is shown that the dissipaters are a viable solution for use in precast concrete rocking wall systems. A building case study is presented. The comparison between a traditional monolithic system and a hybrid solution was carried out, allowing the evaluation of the efficiency of the solution that was developed.

Rigid pavements distresses - pavement condition index evaluation

Pavements require maintenance in order to provide good service levels during their life period. Because of the significant costs of this operation and the importance of a proper planning, a pavement evaluation methodology, named Pavement Condition Index (PCI), was created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This methodology allows for the evaluation of the pavement condition along the life period, generally yearly, with minimum costs and, in this way, it is possible to plan the maintenance action and to adopt adequate measures, minimising the rehabilitation costs. The PCI methodology provides an evaluation based on visual inspection, namely on the distresses observed on the pavement. This condition index of the pavement is classified from 0 to 100, where 0 it is the worst possible condition and 100 the best possible condition. This methodology of pavement assessment represents a significant tool for management methods such as airport pavement management system (APMS) and life-cycle costs analysis (LCCA). Nevertheless, it has some limitations which can jeopardize the correct evaluation of the pavement behavior. Therefore the objective of this dissertation is to help reducing its limitations and make it easier and faster to use. Thus, an automated process of PCI calculation was developed, avoiding the abaci consultation, and consequently, minimizing the human error. To facilitate also the visual inspection a Tablet application was developed to replace the common inspection data sheet and thus making the survey easier to be undertaken. Following, an airport pavement condition was study accordingly with the methodology described at Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys D5340, 2011 where its original condition level is compared with the condition level after iterate possible erroneous considered distresses as well as possible rehabilitations. Afterwards, the results obtained were analyzed and the main conclusions presented together with some future developments.