Deep inelastic electroproduction structure functions for polarized and unpolarized proton targets

Following Ioffe's method of QCD sum rules the structure functions F2(x) for deep inelastic ep and en scattering are calculated. Valence u-quark and d-quark distributions are obtained in the range 0.1 less, approximate x <0.4 and compared with data. In the case of polarized targets the structure function g1(x) and the asymmetry Image Full-size image are calculated. The latter is in satisfactory agreement in sign and magnitude with experiments for x in the range 0.1< x < 0.4.

Zeeman effect of chlorine nuclear quadrupole resonance and hydrogen bonding in 2,6-, 2,5- and 3,5-dichlorophenols

The Zeeman effect of chlorine nuclear quadrupole resonance in polycrystalline samples of 2,6-, 2,5 and 3,5-dichlorophenol has been investigated at room temperature in order to study the effect of hydrogen bonding on the electric field gradient asymmetry parameter n. While the two n.q.r. lines in 3,5-dichlorophenol gave an asymmetry parameter of 10%, those in 2,6- and 2,5-dichlorophenol gave different values of n for the two chlorines. The chlorine atom which is ortho to the OH group and involved in hydrogen bonding (i.e., corresponding to the low frequency line) gave an asymmetry parameter of 0.21 in 2,6-dichlorophenol and 0.17 in 2,5-dichlorophenol while the other chlorine (i.e., corresponding to the high frequency line) gave a lower value of 0.12 in 2,6-dichlorophenol and 0.11 in 2,5-dichlorophenol. These values of n are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and bond parameters.

Criteria for working-correlation-structure selection in GEE: Assessment via simulation

Efficiency of analysis using generalized estimation equations is enhanced when intracluster correlation structure is accurately modeled. We compare two existing criteria (a quasi-likelihood information criterion, and the Rotnitzky-Jewell criterion) to identify the true correlation structure via simulations with Gaussian or binomial response, covariates varying at cluster or observation level, and exchangeable or AR(l) intracluster correlation structure. Rotnitzky and Jewell's approach performs better when the true intracluster correlation structure is exchangeable, while the quasi-likelihood criteria performs better for an AR(l) structure.

Population structure, mortality and growth of Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Bivalvia) at different depths in Moraira bay (Alicante, Western Mediterranean)

An investigation to characterize the causes of Pinna nobilis population structure in Moraira bay (Western Mediterranean) was developed. Individuals of two areas of the same Posidonia meadow, located at different depths (A1, -13 and A2, -6 m), were inventoried, tagged, their positions accurately recorded and monitored from July 1997 to July 2002. On each area, different aspects of population demography were studied (i.e. spatial distribution, size structure, displacement evidences, mortality, growth and shell orientation). A comparison between both groups of individuals was carried out, finding important differences between them. In A1, the individuals were more aggregated and mean and maximum size were higher (A1, 10.3 and A2, 6 individuals/100 m(2); A1, x = 47.2 +/- 9.9; A2, x = 29.8 +/- 7.4 cm, P < 0.001, respectively). In A2, growth rate and mortality were higher, the latter concentrated on the largest individuals, in contrast to A1, where the smallest individuals had the higher mortality rate [A1, L = 56.03(1 - e(-0.17t)); A2, L = 37.59(1 - e(-0.40t)), P < 0.001; mean annual mortality A1: 32 dead individuals out of 135, 23.7% and A2: 16 dead individuals out of 36, 44.4%, and total mortality coefficients (z), z(A1(-30)) = 0.28, z(A1(31-45)) = 0.05, z(A1(46-)) = 0.08; z(A2(-30)) = 0.15, z(A2(31-45)) = 0.25]. A common shell orientation N-S, coincident with the maximum shore exposure, was observed in A2. Spatial distribution in both areas showed not enough evidence to discard a random distribution of the individuals, despite the greater aggregation on the deeper area (A1) (A1, chi(2) = 0.41, df = 3, P > 0.5, A2, chi(2)= 0.98, df = 2 and 0.3 < P < 0.5). The obtained results have demonstrated that the depth-related size segregation usually shown by P. nobilis is mainly caused by differences in mortality and growth among individuals located at different depths, rather than by the active displacement of individuals previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, dwarf individuals are observed in shallower levels and as a consequence, the relationship between size and age are not comparable even among groups of individuals inhabiting the same meadow at different depths. The final causes of the differences on mortality and growth are also discussed.

Working correlation structure misspecification, estimation and covariate design: Implications for generalised estimating equations performance

The method of generalised estimating equations for regression modelling of clustered outcomes allows for specification of a working matrix that is intended to approximate the true correlation matrix of the observations. We investigate the asymptotic relative efficiency of the generalised estimating equation for the mean parameters when the correlation parameters are estimated by various methods. The asymptotic relative efficiency depends on three-features of the analysis, namely (i) the discrepancy between the working correlation structure and the unobservable true correlation structure, (ii) the method by which the correlation parameters are estimated and (iii) the 'design', by which we refer to both the structures of the predictor matrices within clusters and distribution of cluster sizes. Analytical and numerical studies of realistic data-analysis scenarios show that choice of working covariance model has a substantial impact on regression estimator efficiency. Protection against avoidable loss of efficiency associated with covariance misspecification is obtained when a 'Gaussian estimation' pseudolikelihood procedure is used with an AR(1) structure.

Fibre diffraction of lithium DNA shows structural variability and deviation from a regular helical structure for the B-form

Recently, reports have appeared which show structural variations in B-DNA and indicate deviations from a uniform helical structure. We report for the first time that these indications are also present in the B-form fibre diffraction patterns for the lithium salt of natural DNA. We have used an improved method of controlling the salt concentration in the fibres. Our results are based on the appearance and disappearance of meridional reflections on different layer lines depending upon the salt.

Intra and Inter-Molecular Communications Through Protein Structure Network

Communication within and across proteins is crucial for the biological functioning of proteins. Experiments such as mutational studies on proteins provide important information on the amino acids, which are crucial for their function. However, the protein structures are complex and it is unlikely that the entire responsibility of the function rests on only a few amino acids. A large fraction of the protein is expected to participate in its function at some level or other. Thus, it is relevant to consider the protein structures as a completely connected network and then deduce the properties, which are related to the global network features. In this direction, our laboratory has been engaged in representing the protein structure as a network of non-covalent connections and we have investigated a variety of problems in structural biology, such as the identification of functional and folding clusters, determinants of quaternary association and characterization of the network properties of protein structures. We have also addressed a few important issues related to protein dynamics, such as the process of oligomerization in multimers, mechanism on protein folding, and ligand induced communications (allosteric effect). In this review we highlight some of the investigations which we have carried out in the recent past. A review on protein structure graphs was presented earlier, in which the focus was on the graphs and graph spectral properties and their implementation in the study of protein structure graphs/networks (PSN). In this article, we briefly summarize the relevant parts of the methodology and the focus is on the advancement brought out in the understanding of protein structure-function relationships through structure networks. The investigations of structural/biological problems are divided into two parts, in which the first part deals with the analysis of PSNs based on static structures obtained from x-ray crystallography. The second part highlights the changes in the network, associated with biological functions, which are deduced from the network analysis on the structures obtained from molecular dynamics simulations.

A H-1-NMR STUDY OF BILIRUBIN IX-ALPHA SOLUBILIZATION BY CHOLATE MICELLES - APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECTS

The solubilization of bilirubin IX-Alpha in aqueous solution by sodium cholate micelles has been examined by 270 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Incorporation of bilirubin into the micelles is accompanied by specific shifts of bilirubin vinyl and bridgehead protons and the C18 and C19 methyl groups of the steroid. The observed chemical shifts show a monotonic concentration dependence suggesting that changes in aggregation size are continuous. Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) have been shown to be a useful probe or micellization. A 4:1 cholate/bilirubin mixture has been investigated by difference NOE spectroscopy. The observation of intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects between peripheral protons of bilirubin and cholate are diagnostic of spatially proximate groups. Inter-cholate nuclear Overhauser effects increase in magnitude upon bilirubin incorporation suggesting closer packing of steroid molecules on solubilization of the pigment. Intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects observed for solubilized bilirubin are consistent with a compact intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformation resembling that determined for bilirubin in the solid state.

The crystal structure of the amino-terminal pentapeptide of suzukacillin. Occurrence of a four-fold peptide helix

The monohydrate of the protected amino-terminal pentapeptide of suzukacillin, t-butoxycarbonyl--aminoisobutyryl-L-prolyl-L-valyl--aminoisobutyryl-L-valine methyl ester, C29H51N5O8, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a= 10.192, b= 10.440, c= 32.959 Å, and Z= 4. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.101 for 1 827 observed reflections. The molecule exists as a four-fold helix with a pitch of 5.58 Å. The helix is stabilised by N–H O hydrogen bonds, two of the 51 type (corresponding to the -helix) and the third of the 41 type (310 helix). The carbonyl oxygen of the amino-protecting group accepts two hydrogen bonds, one each from the amide NH groups of the third (41) and fourth (51) residues. The remaining 51 hydrogen bond is between the two terminal residues. The lone water molecule in the structure is hydrogen bonded to carbonyl oxygens of the prolyl residue in one molecule and the non-terminal valyl residue in a symmetry-related molecule.

Structure informationnelle et constructions du kabyle : Etude de trois types de phrase dans le cadre de la grammaire constructionnelle

Information structure and Kabyle constructions Three sentence types in the Construction Grammar framework The study examines three Kabyle sentence types and their variants. These sentence types have been chosen because they code the same state of affairs but have different syntactic structures. The sentence types are Dislocated sentence, Cleft sentence, and Canonical sentence. I argue first that a proper description of these sentence types should include information structure and, second, that a description which takes into account information structure is possible in the Construction Grammar framework. The study thus constitutes a testing ground for Construction Grammar for its applicability to a less known language. It constitutes a testing ground notably because the differentiation between the three types of sentences cannot be done without information structure categories and, consequently, these categories must be integrated also in the grammatical description. The information structure analysis is based on the model outlined by Knud Lambrecht. In that model, information structure is considered as a component of sentence grammar that assures the pragmatically correct sentence forms. The work starts by an examination of the three sentence types and the analyses that have been done in André Martinet s functional grammar framework. This introduces the sentence types chosen as the object of study and discusses the difficulties related to their analysis. After a presentation of the state of the art, including earlier and more recent models, the principles and notions of Construction Grammar and of Lambrecht s model are introduced and explicated. The information structure analysis is presented in three chapters, each treating one of the three sentence types. The analyses are based on spoken language data and elicitation. Prosody is included in the study when a syntactic structure seems to code two different focus structures. In such cases, it is pertinent to investigate whether these are coded by prosody. The final chapter presents the constructions that have been established and the problems encountered in analysing them. It also discusses the impact of the study on the theories used and on the theory of syntax in general.

Preparation, structure, and magnetic properties of isostructural La3MAlS7 and La3MFeS7 (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn)

A series of quaternary metal sulfides of the general formula La3MM′S7 (M = Mn, Fe, Co; M′ = Al and M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; M′ = Fe) consisting of linear chains of face shared MS6 octahedra and isolated M′S4 tetrahedra has been prepared and studied. The aluminium compounds La3MAlS7 (M = Mn, Fe, Co) exhibit linear chain antiferromagnetism. Magnetic behavior of other La3MFeS7 sulfides has been examined in detail. The magnetic susceptibility of La3MgFeS7 shows that tetrahedral site Fe3+ undergoes a transition from Image to S = 2 spin state around 150 K.

Geometry Of Proline And Hydroxyproline .1. An Analysis Of X-Ray Crystal-Structure Data

We have carried out an analysis of crystal structure data on prolyl and hydroxyprolyl moieties in small molecules. The flexibility of the pyrrolidine ring due to the pyramidal character of nitrogen has been defined in terms of two projection angles δ1 and δ2. The distribution of these parameters in the crystal structures is found to be consistent with results of the energy calculations carried out on prolyl moieties in our laboratory.

Studies in Nonlinear Optical Materials: Structure of 3-Menthyl 2-[Bis(dimethylarnino)methylene]-3-oxobutyrate Hemihydrate

C 19Ha4N203.~xH 2 O, Mr= 347.5, monoclinic, C2, a = 15.473 (3), b = 6.963 (2), c = 20.708 (4) ]1, //=108.2(2) ° , V=2119(2)A 3, Z=4, Ox= 1.089 Mg m -3, ,~(Cu Ktx) = 1.5418 ]1, p = 0.523 mm -~, F(000) = 760.0, T= 293 K, R = 0.068 for 1967 unique reflections. The C=C bond length is 1-447 (6)]1, significantly longer than in ethylene, 1.336 (2)]1. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H...O hydrogen bonding. Explanation for the observed low second-harmonic-generation efficiency (0.5 times that of urea) is provided.