Student musicians' perception of loudness and how it correlates to the measured level

The purpose of this project was to evaluate student musicians’ perception of loudness and see how it relates to the measured sound level when playing an instrument alone and when playing in an orchestra. Perhaps by examining this relationship, strategies can be developed to educate musicians on the risk of excessive noise exposure and hearing protection options.

Pueblos indígenas e impunidad: cuatro estudios de caso en Colombia

La realización de cuatro estudios de caso sobre los Pueblos Indígenas Nasa del norte del Cauca, Embera Katío, del Alto Sinú (Córdoba), Kankuamo, de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Cesar) y U'wa y Sikuani, del departamento de Arauca, con el apoyo de Pensamiento y Acción Social, PAS- SUIPPCOL, han servido al Consejo Nacional Indígena de Paz, CONIP, para presentar al país casos emblemáticos de la grave crisis humanitaria y de derechos humanos por la que atraviesan los Pueblos Indígenas en Colombia. El presente documento analiza los factores asociados a los cuatro estudios de caso, basados en el marco jurídico internacional de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario. El período del estudio es de dos años y medio, de 2004 al primer semestre del 2006, aunque las cifras relativas al mismo no están necesariamente discriminadas por las cuatro regiones en todos los casos, pero toman las desarrolladas por el Sistema de Información en Derechos Humanos de la ONIC, SINDHO, y la base de datos del Centro de Cooperación al Indígena, CECOIN y otras fuentes oficiales y no gubernamentales.

Guía de ayuda a niñas y niños afectados por violencia y desastres: Guía No. 6

Las niñas y los niños se tornan, junto con las personas mayores o discapacitadas, en los grupos humanos más vulnerables a la hora de enfrentar desastres naturales o los causados por el ser humano, como la guerra. La intensidad que ha tomado la violencia, especialmente en la zona norte de Ecuador, en la frontera con Colombia, hace necesaria una herramienta práctica que otorgue a las personas adultas que tienen a su cuidado a la población infantil, la capacidad de poner en marcha mecanismos de prevención y manejo de hechos que afecten la vida de la comunidad. Cuando hace años vimos esta guía que fuera editada en el 2002, por primera vez en Colombia, bajo el título “AYUDEMOS A LOS NIÑOS Y LAS NIÑAS AFECTADOS POR EL CONFLICTO”, y publicada por el Comité Andino de Servicios, con el apoyo de American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) y Terre des Hommes (Italia y Alemania), junto con ACNUR, Servicio Jesuita para los Refugiados y el Ministerio de Cooperación de la República Federal Alemana, nos pareció una herramienta imprescindible para trabajar la situación de violencia en ambientes donde la presencia de profesionales es casi imposible. Cuando quisimos consultar con el Comité Andino de Servicios (CAS) para su reedición por la Clínica Ambiental, como proyecto de reparación socio-ambiental, para Save the Children y la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo (AECID), el CAS ya no existía, ni en Ecuador ni en Colombia, por lo que solicitamos la autorización directamente a sus autores, Carlos M. Beristain y Amanda Romero. Ambos no sólo aceptaron gustosos la reedición, sino que aceptaron la revisión y actualización. A ellos nuestro agradecimiento.

Understanding Demographic and Behavioral Mechanisms that Guide Responses of Neotropical Migratory Birds to Urbanization: a Simulation Approach

Although studies often report that densities of many forest birds are negatively related to urbanization, the mechanisms guiding this pattern are poorly understood. Our objective was to use a population simulation to examine the relative influence of six demographic and behavioral processes on patterns of avian abundance in urbanizing landscapes. We constructed an individual-based population simulation model representing the annual cycle of a Neotropical migratory songbird. Each simulation was performed under two landscape scenarios. The first scenario had similar proportions of high- and low-quality habitat across the urban to rural gradient. Under the first scenario, avian density was negatively related to urbanization only when rural habitats were perceived to be of higher quality than they actually were. The second landscape scenario had declining proportions of high-quality habitat as urbanization increased. Under the second scenario, each mechanism generated a negative relationship between density and urbanization. The strongest effect on density resulted when birds preferentially selected habitats in landscapes from which they fledged or were constrained from dispersing. The next strongest patterns occurred when birds directly evaluated habitat quality and accurately selected the highest-quality available territories. When birds selected habitats based on the presence of conspecifics, the density–urbanization relationship was only one-third the strength of other habitat selection mechanisms and only occurred under certain levels of population survival. Although differences in adult or nest survival in the face of random habitat selection still elicited reduced densities in urban landscapes, the relationships between urbanization and density were weaker than those produced by the conspecific attraction mechanism. Results from our study identify key predictions and areas for future research, including assessing habitat quality in urban and rural areas in order to determine if habitats in urban areas are underutilized.

Stratospheric circulation in seasonal forecasting models: implications for seasonal prediction

Accurate seasonal forecasts rely on the presence of low frequency, predictable signals in the climate system which have a sufficiently well understood and significant impact on the atmospheric circulation. In the Northern European region, signals associated with seasonal scale variability such as ENSO, North Atlantic SST anomalies and the North Atlantic Oscillation have not yet proven sufficient to enable satisfactorily skilful dynamical seasonal forecasts. The winter-time circulations of the stratosphere and troposphere are highly coupled. It is therefore possible that additional seasonal forecasting skill may be gained by including a realistic stratosphere in models. In this study we assess the ability of five seasonal forecasting models to simulate the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical winter-time stratospheric circulation. Our results show that all of the models have a polar night jet which is too weak and displaced southward compared to re-analysis data. It is shown that the models underestimate the number, magnitude and duration of periods of anomalous stratospheric circulation. Despite the poor representation of the general circulation of the stratosphere, the results indicate that there may be a detectable tropospheric response following anomalous circulation events in the stratosphere. However, the models fail to exhibit any predictability in their forecasts. These results highlight some of the deficiencies of current seasonal forecasting models with a poorly resolved stratosphere. The combination of these results with other recent studies which show a tropospheric response to stratospheric variability, demonstrates a real prospect for improving the skill of seasonal forecasts.

Silchester Roman Town Insula IX: the development of an urban property c. AD 40-50 - c. AD 250

The development of an urban property in the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester, Hampshire, England) is traced from the late 1st to the mid-3rd century AD. Three successive periods of building with their associated finds of artefacts and biological remains are described and interpreted with provisional reconstructions of the buildings. Links are provided to a copy of the Integrated Archaeological Database (IADB), archived by the Archaeology Data Service, which holds the primary excavation and finds records.