972 resultados para Modularité massive


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In this work, we present an atomistic-continuum model for simulations of ultrafast laser-induced melting processes in semiconductors on the example of silicon. The kinetics of transient non-equilibrium phase transition mechanisms is addressed with MD method on the atomic level, whereas the laser light absorption, strong generated electron-phonon nonequilibrium, fast heat conduction, and photo-excited free carrier diffusion are accounted for with a continuum TTM-like model (called nTTM). First, we independently consider the applications of nTTM and MD for the description of silicon, and then construct the combined MD-nTTM model. Its development and thorough testing is followed by a comprehensive computational study of fast nonequilibrium processes induced in silicon by an ultrashort laser irradiation. The new model allowed to investigate the effect of laser-induced pressure and temperature of the lattice on the melting kinetics. Two competing melting mechanisms, heterogeneous and homogeneous, were identified in our big-scale simulations. Apart from the classical heterogeneous melting mechanism, the nucleation of the liquid phase homogeneously inside the material significantly contributes to the melting process. The simulations showed, that due to the open diamond structure of the crystal, the laser-generated internal compressive stresses reduce the crystal stability against the homogeneous melting. Consequently, the latter can take a massive character within several picoseconds upon the laser heating. Due to the large negative volume of melting of silicon, the material contracts upon the phase transition, relaxes the compressive stresses, and the subsequent melting proceeds heterogeneously until the excess of thermal energy is consumed. A series of simulations for a range of absorbed fluences allowed us to find the threshold fluence value at which homogeneous liquid nucleation starts contributing to the classical heterogeneous propagation of the solid-liquid interface. A series of simulations for a range of the material thicknesses showed that the sample width we chosen in our simulations (800 nm) corresponds to a thick sample. Additionally, in order to support the main conclusions, the results were verified for a different interatomic potential. Possible improvements of the model to account for nonthermal effects are discussed and certain restrictions on the suitable interatomic potentials are found. As a first step towards the inclusion of these effects into MD-nTTM, we performed nanometer-scale MD simulations with a new interatomic potential, designed to reproduce ab initio calculations at the laser-induced electronic temperature of 18946 K. The simulations demonstrated that, similarly to thermal melting, nonthermal phase transition occurs through nucleation. A series of simulations showed that higher (lower) initial pressure reinforces (hinders) the creation and the growth of nonthermal liquid nuclei. For the example of Si, the laser melting kinetics of semiconductors was found to be noticeably different from that of metals with a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The results of this study, therefore, have important implications for interpretation of experimental data on the kinetics of melting process of semiconductors.

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Computational models are arising is which programs are constructed by specifying large networks of very simple computational devices. Although such models can potentially make use of a massive amount of concurrency, their usefulness as a programming model for the design of complex systems will ultimately be decided by the ease in which such networks can be programmed (constructed). This thesis outlines a language for specifying computational networks. The language (AFL-1) consists of a set of primitives, ad a mechanism to group these elements into higher level structures. An implementation of this language runs on the Thinking Machines Corporation, Connection machine. Two significant examples were programmed in the language, an expert system (CIS), and a planning system (AFPLAN). These systems are explained and analyzed in terms of how they compare with similar systems written in conventional languages.

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There are numerous text documents available in electronic form. More and more are becoming available every day. Such documents represent a massive amount of information that is easily accessible. Seeking value in this huge collection requires organization; much of the work of organizing documents can be automated through text classification. The accuracy and our understanding of such systems greatly influences their usefulness. In this paper, we seek 1) to advance the understanding of commonly used text classification techniques, and 2) through that understanding, improve the tools that are available for text classification. We begin by clarifying the assumptions made in the derivation of Naive Bayes, noting basic properties and proposing ways for its extension and improvement. Next, we investigate the quality of Naive Bayes parameter estimates and their impact on classification. Our analysis leads to a theorem which gives an explanation for the improvements that can be found in multiclass classification with Naive Bayes using Error-Correcting Output Codes. We use experimental evidence on two commonly-used data sets to exhibit an application of the theorem. Finally, we show fundamental flaws in a commonly-used feature selection algorithm and develop a statistics-based framework for text feature selection. Greater understanding of Naive Bayes and the properties of text allows us to make better use of it in text classification.

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As the number of processors in distributed-memory multiprocessors grows, efficiently supporting a shared-memory programming model becomes difficult. We have designed the Protocol for Hierarchical Directories (PHD) to allow shared-memory support for systems containing massive numbers of processors. PHD eliminates bandwidth problems by using a scalable network, decreases hot-spots by not relying on a single point to distribute blocks, and uses a scalable amount of space for its directories. PHD provides a shared-memory model by synthesizing a global shared memory from the local memories of processors. PHD supports sequentially consistent read, write, and test- and-set operations. This thesis also introduces a method of describing locality for hierarchical protocols and employs this method in the derivation of an abstract model of the protocol behavior. An embedded model, based on the work of Johnson[ISCA19], describes the protocol behavior when mapped to a k-ary n-cube. The thesis uses these two models to study the average height in the hierarchy that operations reach, the longest path messages travel, the number of messages that operations generate, the inter-transaction issue time, and the protocol overhead for different locality parameters, degrees of multithreading, and machine sizes. We determine that multithreading is only useful for approximately two to four threads; any additional interleaving does not decrease the overall latency. For small machines and high locality applications, this limitation is due mainly to the length of the running threads. For large machines with medium to low locality, this limitation is due mainly to the protocol overhead being too large. Our study using the embedded model shows that in situations where the run length between references to shared memory is at least an order of magnitude longer than the time to process a single state transition in the protocol, applications exhibit good performance. If separate controllers for processing protocol requests are included, the protocol scales to 32k processor machines as long as the application exhibits hierarchical locality: at least 22% of the global references must be able to be satisfied locally; at most 35% of the global references are allowed to reach the top level of the hierarchy.

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Avui en dia, hi ha moltes pel.lícules o videojocs on apareixen grans quantitats de persones. Sovint és molt costós aconseguir grans quantitats de persones per realitzar les escenes, amb els problemes que això comporta (ja siguin econòmics o d’infraestructura) i la majoria de les vegades resulta inviable. Amb l’arribada de les noves targes gràfiques, és possible calcular aquesta visualització en temps real, donades una sèrie de simplificacions respecte de l’estructuració dels models a visualitzar. El que es pretén amb el GdM no és oferir una visualització molt realista de multituds (com ho faria el Massive Software, per exemple), sinó que el que es vol és la simulació de multituds usant molt menys temps per obtenir uns resultats prou bons per a simular el comportament i el moviment d' una multitud humana. Aquest projecte consta de dues parts: la primera, és la creació del model de persones que formaran la multitud. La segona, és la creació del GdM i la integració d’aquest model per la generació de la multitud

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Este documental pretende reconstruir la memoria de las víctimas de la detención masiva ocurrida en la población de Quinchía, Risaralda el 28 de Septiembre de 2003. Con el fin de analizar las consecuencias de las acciones llevadas a cabo por el Estado colombiano, encaminadas a capturar miembros de la insurgencia en las diferentes regiones del país, surgió la idea de realizar este trabajo. El documental se concentró en el fenómeno de las detenciones masivas producidas en el primer mandato del presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez, quien en su política de Seguridad Democrática, ha procurado acabar con el flagelo de los grupos armados ilegales, especialmente con la guerrilla, a través de organismos estatales como Ejército, Policía y Fiscalía, quienes se dieron a la tarea de perseguir a los insurgentes y a sus colaboradores.

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This paper estimates the impact of a massive negative income shock led by the simultaneous crash down of several Ponzi schemes (also known as financial ``pyramids"") in Colombia on crime rates at the municipal level. Using novel data on the spatial incidence of the latest wave of Colombian pyramids and their crash down date, I estimate difference-in-differences models with both monthly and yearly frequency. I find that the negative income shock of the pyramids" crash down differentially exacerbates crime in affected municipalities compared to those with no presence of Ponzi schemes. This is true for minor offenses like commercial theft or residential burglary, but not for major crimes as murder or terrorism.

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La intervención humanitaria ha sido, y sigue siendo, uno de los temas más importantes y debatido en la comunidad internacional. En la post Guerra Fría la preocupación con respecto a la intervención por razones humanitarias, sobre todo después del genocidio de Ruanda y los ataques contra de los civiles en Srebrenica y Kosovo, ha derivado en la configuración de la Doctrina de la R2P. Teniendo en cuenta que Canadá ha sido el líder en la promoción de esta doctrina, después del llamado del entonces Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, Kofi Annan, con el fin de llegar a consensos internacionales para detener las violaciones masivas de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario . El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la incidencia que ha tenido la identidad internacional del Canadá en su interés de promover la Doctrina de la Responsabilidad de Proteger a través de su política exterior y de seguridad en el período 2001-2008. Esta investigación se estudiará a la luz de la teoría constructivista propuesta por Alexander Wendt. Se sostiene que que la identidad colectiva de Canadá como promotor de los DDHH, potencia media y buen ciudadano del mundo condujo a este país, durante el gobierno de Jean Chrétien, a interesarse en la promoción de la Doctrina del R2P; sin embargo, debido a un cambio progresivo en su identidad internacional, durante los gobiernos de Paul Martin y Stephen Harper, Canadá no sólo promovió, sino que implementó esta doctrina mediante la imposición de los DDHH.

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En este trabajo académico se presentan los resultados de un estudio cualitativo-pragmático de una muestra de las transmisiones la Copa del Mundo de fútbol de 2010 realizadas por la televisión abierta colombiana. Se argumenta que las transmisiones deportivas (dentro de las cuales las transmisiones de fútbol son las más extendidas) deben ser entendidas como un género mediático y periodístico específico y, por tanto, deben ser analizadas desde criterios diferentes a otros productos tradicionales de la comunicación masiva.

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Estudio de prefactibilidad para determinar si genera rentabilidad financiera por encima de la tasa de oportunidad de la empresa, el montaje y operación de 40 Puntos Vive Digital en la ciudad de Bogotá. Teniendo en cuenta los estudios de soporte tales como: entorno, mercado, técnico, administrativo, legal, financiero, económico-social. Para llevar a cabo dicho objetivo, la empresa deberá evaluar la posibilidad de presentarse a la convocatoria que lidera el Ministerio de Tecnologías de Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC), en el marco del Plan Vive Digital a través del Programa Compartel que promueve la creación de 320 Puntos Vive Digital para el año 2012. Por esta razón, la empresa contrató un formulador para estructurar el proyecto y servir como soporte de un proceso para la toma de decisiones en el escenario real de participar en la convocatoria del proyecto de Puntos Vive Digital del Ministerio de Tecnologías de Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC). Luego de finalizar dicha investigación, resultó recomendable para la empresa, participar en el Programa Plan Vive Digital, particularmente en el proyecto de Puntos Vive Digital, luego de constatar que genera riqueza a la empresa, contribuye en su plan estratégico 2012-2014, especialmente en ampliar su portafolio de servicios TIC de manera rentable y finalmente, cuenta con la experiencia de ejecutar este tipo de proyectos debido a la gran trayectoria en el montaje y operación de puntos de acceso masivo a internet en la ciudad.

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La concentración de la política de fumigacion con glifosato en regiones como el Putumayo y Caquetá, trajo consigo un enorme desplazamiento de los cultivos de coca hacia Nariño (efecto globo). Motivados por ejercer un control estratégico de estos nuevos recursos, los grupos armados ilegales reflejaron un creciente interés por copar el territorio, fomentando una cruenta lucha que condujo a una degradación de las dinámicas del conflicto armado en la región.

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Abstract: Big Data has been characterised as a great economic opportunity and a massive threat to privacy. Both may be correct: the same technology can indeed be used in ways that are highly beneficial and those that are ethically intolerable, maybe even simultaneously. Using examples of how Big Data might be used in education - normally referred to as "learning analytics" - the seminar will discuss possible ethical and legal frameworks for Big Data, and how these might guide the development of technologies, processes and policies that can deliver the benefits of Big Data without the nightmares. Speaker Biography: Andrew Cormack is Chief Regulatory Adviser, Jisc Technologies. He joined the company in 1999 as head of the JANET-CERT and EuroCERT incident response teams. In his current role he concentrates on the security, policy and regulatory issues around the network and services that Janet provides to its customer universities and colleges. Previously he worked for Cardiff University running web and email services, and for NERC's Shipboard Computer Group. He has degrees in Mathematics, Humanities and Law.

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In this seminar slot, we will discuss Steve's research aims and plan. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have received substantial coverage in mainstream sources, academic media, and scholarly journals, both negative and positive. Numerous articles have addressed their potential impact on Higher Education systems in general, and some have highlighted problems with the instructional quality of MOOCs, and the lack of attention to research from online learning and distance education literature in MOOC design. However, few studies have looked at the relationship between social change and the construction of MOOCs within higher education, particularly in terms of educator and learning designer practices. This study aims to use the analytical strategy of Socio-Technical Interaction Networks (STIN) to explore the extent to which MOOCs are socially shaped and their relationship to educator and learning designer practices. The study involves a multi-site case study of 3 UK MOOC-producing universities and aims to capture an empirically based, nuanced understanding of the extent to which MOOCs are socially constructed in particular contexts, and the social implications of MOOCs, especially among educators and learning designers.

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La situación de Derechos Humanos en Colombia es un tema que merece toda la atención del gobierno y de las organizaciones internacionales dedicadas a estudiar y evaluar este tipo de problemáticas. En Colombia, dada su dinámica de construcción social, se han presentado violaciones masivas, generando problemáticas de orden social a gran escala como el desplazamiento forzado. Es mediante esta problemática que se evalúa la violación a los derechos humanos en Colombia, viendo desde allí, sus inicios, el impacto socio-político y las estrategias utilizadas para mitigar y buscar una solución duradera. Este trabajo de grado evaluó la relación que se da entre una organización Internacional como ACNUR y el Estado Colombiano a la luz de la Violación masiva a los derechos de la población civil, analizado concretamente desde el desplazamiento forzado.

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La presente monografía tiene por interés estudiar el caso de violencia masiva vivida en Camboya bajo el mando de los Jemeres Rojos. De manera particular, pretende analizar las drásticas transformaciones promovidas por Pol Pot sobre las instituciones de la escuela y la familia; transformaciones que derivaron en una grave desintegración social cuyo significado histórico resulta inexpresable. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto político, social y económico que condujo al régimen de la Kampuchea Democrática, se hace uso del marxismo como enfoque teórico para analizar lo sucedido en Camboya. Partiendo del concepto de estructura social, se profundiza en la teoría a través de sus planteamientos básicos, para así llegar a la comprensión del papel y la importancia que juegan en ella las instituciones de la familia y la escuela en tanto que Aparatos Ideológicos de Estado. Este ejercicio permite identificar las principales distorsiones entre la teoría, apelada por Pol Pot, y las prácticas de los Jemeres Rojos en Camboya.