Tributación ambiental, macroeconomía y medio ambiente en América Latina: aspectos conceptuales y el caso de Brasil

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The Brazilian Seismographic Integrated Systems (BRASIS): Infrastructure and data management

In geophysics and seismology, raw data need to be processed to generate useful information that can be turned into knowledge by researchers. The number of sensors that are acquiring raw data is increasing rapidly. Without good data management systems, more time can be spent in querying and preparing datasets for analyses than in acquiring raw data. Also, a lot of good quality data acquired at great effort can be lost forever if they are not correctly stored. Local and international cooperation will probably be reduced, and a lot of data will never become scientific knowledge. For this reason, the Seismological Laboratory of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of São Paulo (IAG-USP) has concentrated fully on its data management system. This report describes the efforts of the IAG-USP to set up a seismology data management system to facilitate local and international cooperation. © 2011 by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. All rights reserved.

Telemática: un nuevo escenario para el transporte automotor

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The involvement of anti-inflammatory protein, Annexin A1, in ocular toxoplasmosis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the protein annexin A1 (ANXA1), a potent endogenous regulator of the inflammatory process, in ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were infected using intravitreal injections of either 10 6 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain; T. gondii) or PBS only (control groups). After 24, 48, and 72 h, animals were sacrificed and their eyes were harvested for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis of ANXA1. Human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE-19) were infected in vitro with T. gondii and collected after 60, 120, 240 min, and 24 h. Results: Compared with non-infected eyes, an intense inflammatory response was observed in the anterior (24 h after infection) and posterior segments (72 h after infection) of the infected eye, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and by the presence of tachyzoites and their consequent destruction along with disorganization of normal retina architecture and RPE vacuolization. T. gondii infection was associated with a significant increase of ANXA1 expression in the neutrophils at 24, 48, and 72 h, and in the RPE at 48 and 72 h. In vitro studies confirmed an upregulation of ANXA1 levels in RPE cells, after 60 and 120 min of infection with T. gondii. Conclusions: The positive modulation of endogenous ANXA1 in the inflammatory and RPE cells during T. gondii infection suggests that this protein may serve as a therapeutic target in ocular toxoplasmosis. © 2012 Molecular Vision.

Influence of TNF-α blockers on the oral prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms in ankylosing spondylitis patients

Objectives: To compare the oral prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Candida spp., staphylococci, enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas spp.from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients receiving conventional and anti-TNF-α therapy. Methods: The study included 70 AS patients, diagnosed according to the modified New York criteria (1984). The volunteers were divided into 2 groups: a biological group (AS BioG) (n=35) (on anti-TNF-α therapy) and a conventional group (AS ConvG) (n=35). The control group (ContG) (n=70) was made up of healthy individuals matched for age, gender, and oral conditions. After clinical examination, oral rinse samples were collected and plated in specific culture media. The number of colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) was obtained, and isolates were identified using the API system. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed according to the NCCLS guidelines. Prevalence and counts of microorganisms were statistically compared between the 3 groups, using the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: In both the AS BioG and the AS ConvG, staphylococci counts were higher than that in the ContG (p<0.0001). Candida albicans and staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly found species in all the groups. Serratia marcescens and klebsiella oxytoca were more prevalent in the AS BioG and the AS ConvG, respectively. Two Candida isolates (2.8%) from the AS BioG and 5 (10.8%) from the AS ConvG were resistant to amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. A low percentage of staphylococci isolates was resistant to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline. Conclusion: Higher counts of staphylococci were observed in both AS groups, regardless of the current therapy, age, sex, and oral conditions. Anti-TNF-α therapy could not be correlated with increased counts of microorganisms. © Copyright CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RHEUMATOLOGY 2012.

Wound healing of dehiscence defects following different root conditioning modalities: An experimental study in dogs

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the periodontal healing pattern of dehiscence-type defects following different chemical root conditioning modalities. Materials and methods: Buccal osseous dehiscence defects were created on six teeth of seven dogs. After dental plaque accumulation, defects were treated with sterile saline solution (control group) or one chemical conditioning modality: citric acid (CA group), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA group), tetracycline (TTC group), citric acid + tetracycline (CA + TTC group), or tetracycline + citric acid (TTC + CA group). After 3 months of healing, clinical parameters were evaluated, and the animals were killed. Histological sections were processed, and a computer-assisted histometric analysis was used to evaluate the formation of new cementum, new bone, and epithelial apical migration. Results: All treatments yielded significant improvements in terms of probing depth decrease and clinical attachment level gain compared to baseline values; however, without significant differences among the groups (p > 0.05; one-way ANOVA). The highest amount of new cementum was noted in the EDTA group (3.72 ± 0.83 mm, 77.6 %), while the lowest amount of new bone was observed in the TTC group (0.7 ± 0.94 mm, 14.3 %). However, no statistically significant differences could be observed among the groups regarding epithelial apical migration, new cementum, and alveolar bone formation (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Chemical root surface conditioning did not promote any significant improvement in periodontal healing pattern of dehiscence-type defects in dogs. Clinical Relevance: Chemical root surface conditioning after surgical debridement did not promote positive or negative effects on periodontal healing pattern of dehiscence-type defects. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia leaves

A possible immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effect of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Bd) and its major compound - caffeic acid (Ca) - on cytokines production (IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-10) by murine macrophages was investigated. Cells were incubated with Bd and Ca, and the inhibitory concentrations were tested before or after macrophages challenge with LPS. Bd and Ca stimulated IL-1b and inhibited IL-6 and IL-10 production. In LPS-challenge protocols, Bd prevented LPS action either before or after LPS challenge, whereas Ca prevented LPS effects only after LPS addition. Bd modulatory action on cytokines production may be at least in part mediated by Ca, since it has been shown to inhibit the transcription factor NF-kB. Further studies are still needed to evaluate Bd efficacy in inflammatory diseases, in order to explore its antiinflammatory activity in vivo. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Stagnant effective thermal conductivity of agro-industrial residues for solid-state fermentation

The stagnant effective thermal conductivities (K0) of sugar cane bagasse (SCB), wheat bran (WB), orange pulp and peel (OPP) and their combination (weight proportion 1:2:2 SCB/OPP/WB) were obtained using the line heat source method. These solid materials were applied to pectinase production via solid-state fermentation. The moisture content ranged from 4 to 80% (w.b.). A conduction mechanism through the porous media was observed, along with conduction through a liquid film and contact thermal resistance between the samples and the probe. K0 was low for intermediate moisture contents and approached the molecular conductivity of water for high moisture contents. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Corpo e consciência: Merleau-Ponty, crítico de Descartes

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

América Latina y el Caribe: dirección del comercio exterior de alimentos y productos agrícolas

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Gestión urbana en ciudades intermedias: avances y perspectivas de la gestión urbana: el caso del municipio de la ciudad de Córdoba

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Comercio intrarregional y complementariedad en la industria del cobre en América Latina

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Resistência de genótipos de feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata a Bemisia tabaci Biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Arquimedes, Pappus, Descartes e Polya - Quatro episódios da história da heurística. -

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Evolução do sistema agrário na margem esquerda do Baixo Amazonas

A Amazônia Tradicional abrange uma área geograficamente considerável da região amazônica. Com o intuito de conhecer melhor essa outra realidade amazônica, o objetivo da pesquisa consistiu em compreender o papel da Produção Familiar na dinâmica do Sistema Agrário da margem esquerda do Baixo Amazonas, tomando como exemplo os municípios de Monte Alegre e Alenquer, considerados representativos da Amazônia tradicional. Ao longo dos anos essa região vêm sofrendo transformações significativas, cujos efeitos colocam em dúvida a sustentabilidade econômica dos sistemas de produção praticados nesse espaço. Mediante essas constatações pretendeu-se verificar se os sistemas de produção tradicionais são viáveis nas condições sócio-econômicas em que a sociedade amazônica está envolvida atualmente. O enfoque de sistema agrário ofereceu uma visão ampla da região e permitiu conhecer melhor a realidade e a sociedade agrária envolvida no espaço estudado. Dessa forma, utilizou-se o método Análise-Diagnóstico de Realidades Agrárias, de maneira a identificar e hierarquizar os fatores condicionantes das escolhas dos produtores e compreender como esses interferem nas transformações da agricultura local como um todo. Os resultados obtidos utilizando-se desse método mostraram, pelo zoneamento histórico da região, que os municípios da área de estudo passaram por 4 períodos históricos determinados pelas transformações ocorridas na economia e nas políticas regionais, essas, muitas vezes, influenciadas pela tendências dos mercados nacional e internacional e pela atuação do governo federal. Esses períodos determinaram também, parcial ou totalmente, as trajetórias de acumulação das famílias locais. Resultante desse processo histórico, o sistema agrário estudado é caracterizado atualmente por 3 zonas agro-ecológicas determinadas a partir do meio físico, do processo de ocupação e da sociedade envolvida: Zona dos Grãos, da Farinha e do Extrativismo. As características das zonas também têm influencia sobre as trajetórias das famílias, mas, em geral, essas se desenvolveram dentro de um padrão: uma fase de instalação, seguida pelo processo de acumulação ou desacumulação, dependendo da situação do mercado. Nessas zonas foram identificados 7 tipos de estabelecimentos familiares, distribuídos conforme as condições disponíveis, sendo três tipos característicos da zona dos Grãos, dois da zona da Farinha e quatro da zona Extrativista. Pelos resultados econômicos obtidos a maioria dos sistemas são relativamente diversificados e sustentáveis economicamente a curto e médio prazo, porém três deles o tipo Ib, da zona da Farinha, e os tipos IV e V, da zona Extrativista apresentam-se pouco diversificados e economicamente pouco sustentáveis podendo-se dizer que, nas condições atuais do meio envolvente, esses possuem uma baixa capacidade de se reproduzir. De uma maneira geral, apesar de sofrer um processo de aceleração nos últimos anos, a dinâmica na área tradicional é mais lenta que na de fronteira, apresentando fortes indicações que não chegará nas mesmas condições daquela, devido às tendências claras de diversificação da agricultura familiar e o objetivo global das famílias em permanecer na terra. Finalmente, o conhecimento mais aprofundado do sistema agrário da margem esquerda possibilitou a identificação e a compreensão das principais restrições e potencialidades da produção familiar local, configurando-se em uma contribuição, não definitiva e suficiente, mas importante para subsidiar discussões e ações futuras de desenvolvimento para a região.