What do Eurozone academics think about EMU reform? On broad support and German exceptionalism. Bruges Political Research Papers 41/2015.

This paper is an empirical contribution to the literature on the formation of policy preferences on Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) reform within its Member States. In the aftermath of the euro crisis, many proposals to ‘complete’ EMU have been tabled. However, discord among Member States has led to a piecemeal restructuring of EMU. For this paper, a survey has been conducted among euro area academic experts, gauging preferences on EMU reform. We find that general consensus masks significant discord among academics from different Member States. Our data indicates the existence of conflicting national epistemic communities, bound by shared causal beliefs on macro-economic policy. Academics within the key creditor Member State, Germany, assume an outlier position. Within the sample of German academics, economists are particularly strongly opposed to all moves in the direction of fiscal or social union. As economists are those academic experts most likely to influence the economic policy beliefs dominant among the German policy elite, these results are highly politically salient. We confront these findings with the literature on the exceptionalism of German economics. We contend that our results substantiate the claim that inadequate EMU reform and, more generally, the EU approach to the Eurozone crisis, can be partially explained by the firm grip these economic doctrines hold over the economics profession and policy-making circles in Germany.

Columbina e Pierrot ‒ A Evidência de Traços do Expressionismo em Três Máscaras de José Régio

Três Máscaras, um texto dramático da autoria de José Régio, insere-se na tradição realista do teatro social de atualidade da época, todavia denuncia já alguns traços do expressionismo. Com efeito, nesta fantasia dramática, duas personagens, Columbina e Pierrot, assinalam, numa fase embrionária, alguns lineamentos indicativos da principal temática do teatro expressionista, na medida em que ― sonhadores, tristes, sofredores e humilhados nas e pelas respetivas posições socioeconómicas específicas ― manifestam interesse no alcance da individualidade e do carácter do homem livre orgulhosamente associal. Acusam, assim, um certo antagonismo perante a generalidade social padronizadora, visando assinalar uma ética individual.

Global 2009 1km MODIS (MOD35/MOD09) cloud frequency and MOD35 processing path

Identifying cloud interference in satellite-derived data is a critical step toward developing useful remotely sensed products. Most MODIS land products use a combination of the MODIS (MOD35) cloud mask and the 'internal' cloud mask of the surface reflectance product (MOD09) to mask clouds, but there has been little discussion of how these masks differ globally. We calculated global mean cloud frequency for both products, for 2009, and found that inflated proportions of observations were flagged as cloudy in the Collection 5 MOD35 product. These erroneously categorized areas were spatially and environmentally non-random and usually occurred over high-albedo land-cover types (such as grassland and savanna) in several regions around the world. Additionally, we found that spatial variability in the processing path applied in the Collection 5 MOD35 algorithm affects the likelihood of a cloudy observation by up to 20% in some areas. These factors result in abrupt transitions in recorded cloud frequency across landcover and processing-path boundaries impeding their use for fine-scale spatially contiguous modeling applications. We show that together, these artifacts have resulted in significantly decreased and spatially biased data availability for Collection 5 MOD35-derived composite MODIS land products such as land surface temperature (MOD11) and net primary productivity (MOD17). Finally, we compare our results to mean cloud frequency in the new Collection 6 MOD35 product, and find that landcover artifacts have been reduced but not eliminated. Collection 6 thus increases data availability for some regions and land cover types in MOD35-derived products but practitioners need to consider how the remaining artifacts might affect their analysis.

The Cube

Rosenthal, Bernard (Tony), artist. Acquired 1968. Located in the Regents Plaza. Gift of the Class of 1965 and the artist, who was a UM alumnus ('36). The Cube will rotate on its axis, given a gentle push.

Law Building

Jordan & Anderson, architects. Built 1863. Northwest corner of Diagonal on corner of State and North University. Served as Law School for sixty years; contained chapel until 1873 and library until 1883. Addition built in 1893 included tower. Image includes Benjamin Franklin statue, which was gift of class of 1870. Gathering of people in photograph.

University Hall, old dome, 1873-1898

Jenison, Edward S., architect. View is from the northwest. Statue of Benjamin Franklin (gift of class of 1870) is in right foreground.

Administration Building

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building.

Administration Building Rear

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building.

Administration Building Rear

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building. Person in image.

Administration Bldg.

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building.

Administration Building

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building.

Administration Building

Harley, Ellington & Day, architects. Occupied in December 1948 by business, administrative, and public service departments, the building was designated as the Administrative Building. Exterior features Marshall Frederick's sculpture. In 1967, upon completion of the Fleming Administration Building, this building became the LS&A Building.

University Hall old dome

Jenison, Edward S., architect.

Michigan League

View of the Michigan League taken from the east probably on the roof of Hill Auditorium or from Burton Tower. On verso: The Michigan League at the University of Michigan is the social center for women. It houses the Lydia Mendelssohn Theater, a dining room, cafeteria, game and hotel rooms. (typed) RETURN TO UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NEWS SERVICE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN (stamp)

Life-saving crew

description accompanying photograph: Life Saving Crew Father Marquette Statue J. M. Longyear Residence 1893 which was removed to Boston, Mass and reerected, each stone being marked and put in place again in Boston. Original cost of house and grounds said to have been $210000.00 Built of L. Superior Brown Stone. House of left is a rear view of Peter Whites Residence. Longyear House removed a few years after constructed.