Entrepreneurship and Economic Liberalization in the OECD Countries

Entrepreneurship displays remarkable differences across countries because of diverse factors. In this sense, it is frequently argued that economic liberalization encourages entrepreneurship. In this paper we address the extent to which economic freedom, understood as market economy oriented institutions and policies, matters for entrepreneurial activity through a panel data analysis for 78 countries during the period 2001-2012. We examine the relationship between the Fraser Institute’s economic freedom index and its five areas, and three entrepreneurial activity indicators from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, namely total entrepreneurial activity, necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship. Economic freedom seems to increase opportunity entrepreneurship and decrease necessity entrepreneurship. Focusing on the OECD countries, we highlight that economic freedom is positively associated with entrepreneurship. In terms of entrepreneurship motivation, we find that a more flexible regulation of credit, labor and business, as well as entrepreneurial attitudes, may contribute to enhance opportunity entrepreneurship

Essays in Personal Transportation Demand and Consumer Finance

This dissertation is composed of three essays covering two areas of interest. The first topic is personal transportation demand with a focus on price and fuel efficiency elasticities of mileage demand, challenging assumptions common in the rebound effect literature. The second topic is consumer finance with a focus on small loans. The first chapter creates separate variables for fuel prices during periods of increasing and decreasing prices as well as an observed fuel economy measure to empirically test the equivalence of these elasticities. Using a panel from Germany from 1997 to 2009 I find a fuel economy elasticity of mileage of 53.3%, which is significantly different from the gas price elasticity of mileage during periods of decreasing gas prices, 4.8%. I reject the null hypothesis or price symmetry, with the elasticity of mileage during period of increasing gas prices ranging from 26.2% and 28.9%. The second chapter explores the potential for the rebound effect to vary with income. Panel data from U.S. households from 1997 to 2003 is used to estimate the rebound effect in a median regression. The estimated rebound effect independent of income ranges from 17.8% to 23.6%. An interaction of income and fuel economy is negative and significant, indicating that the rebound effect may be much higher for low income individuals and decreases with income; the rebound effect for low income households ranged from 80.3% to 105.0%, indicating that such households may increase gasoline consumption given an improvement in fuel economy. The final chapter documents the costs of credit instruments found in major mail order catalogs throughout the 20th century. This study constructs a new dataset and finds that the cost of credit increased and became stickier as mail order retailers switched from an installment-style closed-end loan to a revolving-style credit card. This study argues that revolving credit's ability to decrease salience of credit costs in the price of goods is the best explanation for rate stickiness in the mail order industry as well as for the preference of revolving credit among retailers.

O novo Código florestal e a regularização do passivo ambiental dos imóveis rurais : o caso de Querência

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2016.

A paisagem, as aldeias e os montes de Vila Ruiva e Vila Alva

Dissertação de Mestrado, Arquitetura Paisagista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Auditoría de sistemas al cumplimiento de los requerimientos 7, 8, 9 de la norma PCIDSS aplicada a Coral Hipermercado, Racar plaza con corte a Junio de 2015

Coral Hipermercado GO es una empresa dedicada a la comercialización de diversos productos de consumo masivo. Debido a la demanda que mantienen y el nivel de transacciones que realizan en ventas diariamente, ofrece diversas formas de pago entre ellas las tarjetas de pago, mismas que por la actual situación del auge de los sistemas informáticos y de la necesidad de la seguridad de los datos ante actos maliciosos las marcas de tarjetas de crédito han visto necesaria la implementación obligatoria (tanto en comercios como en las entidades intermediarias) de la Normativa PCI DSS. De esta manera, el servicio que brindan a los tarjetahabientes a más de ser mejorado, sea seguro en todas sus instancias. A través de nuestra investigación se obtuvo conocimiento de que la empresa Coral Hipermercado GO no ha realizado anteriormente una auditoria de la Normativa PCI DSS, por lo que la implementación de la Normativa podría no ser completa o apropiada, las políticas de la empresa pueden no contener los procesos y procedimientos que se deben llevar a cabo, haciendo que la seguridad de accesos a los datos de los titulares de tarjetas se vean vulnerables, de igual manera el manejo de las autenticaciones y la infraestructura de la seguridad física, misma que permite el resguardo de los equipos y por ende de la información. Se observó en la auditoría realizada a los requerimientos 7, 8, 9 de la Normativa PCI DSS que la misma no ha sido socializada en su totalidad, existen falencias en su implementación ya que el uso de las autenticaciones, accesos a los datos y seguridad física no son correctos, viéndose expuesta la información de los datos de los titulares de tarjetas de pago y la posibilidad de incurrir en pérdidas debido a probables actos maliciosos que se podrían encontrar expuestos en un futuro. Es imperativo mencionar que la norma ayudara al cumplimiento de los objetivos siempre y cuando se logren disminuir las falencias de su implementación o caso contrario se procederá a dar las recomendaciones necesarias respecto a los problemas encontrados para posteriores correcciones de forma que se mejore la gestión de la empresa.

Fatores relevantes no relacionamento Banca-PME : orientações para gestores de PME

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais

CADENA DEL CAFÉ DE LOS SANTOS, COSTA RICA

Resumen La operación de las actividades económicas y su competitividad, analizadas desde una perspectiva de cadenas globales de mercancías, dependen del funcionamiento de los mercados de crédito, tanto nacionales como internacionales. La operación normal de los negocios requiere crédito para fortalecer sus recursos propios y hacer las compras de materia prima, insumos, pago de salarios e inversión. En todos los casos, el crédito puede ser utilizado para mejorar el diseño de productos, impulsar el acceso a nuevos mercados y aumentar la competitividad. A los productores de la región de Los Santos en Costa Rica se les reconoce por innovadores, y al café de la zona por ser un café de altura y de gran calidad. El artículo explora las necesidades de financiamiento de productores, beneficiadores y exportadores de café de Los Santos, sus fuentes de financiamiento y el uso dado a los recursos obtenidos. Entre las necesidades orientadas al mejoramiento de la competitividad se encontraron la renovación de cafetales entre los productores, el mantenimiento de proyectos y tecnología entre los beneficios y la generación de microbeneficios y búsqueda de nichos de mercado entre los exportadores. Abstract From a global commodity chains perspective, economic activities and their competitiveness depend upon the functioning of credit markets, both international and domestic. Current businesses operations require credit to enhance their own resources in order to buy raw material and inputs, pay wages and make investment. Credit may also be used to improve product design, enter new markets and boost competitiveness as a result. High altitude grown coffee from Los Santos, Costa Rica is widely known for its quality, and their growers as innovative. This paper addresses credit needs of coffee growers, processors and exporters in Los Santos, the credit sources they have access to, and the kind of uses the credit is given. Improving competitiveness uses of credit were found among growers, processors and exporters, such as crop and technology improvement, micro processing facilities and new markets search as well.

Mundos Prohibidos: El Poder en el Discurso Epistolar de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Juana Borrero

This dissertation analyses, through a theoretical framework and a critical approach, letters of Cuban writers Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and Juana Borrero. While love letters have captured the interest of some scholars, such as Claudio Guillén, Cintio Vitier and Alexander Roselló Selimov, the conflict that the analysis of non-literary texts poses has prevented further research in this field. Therefore, I propose a systematic method of analysis encompassing but not limited to evaluating letters based on their purpose, intent, interpretation, and temporal and spatial composition; analyzing the perspective and function of epistolary entities, and examining the textual signs that distinguish the epistolary forms from the literary forms. With this analytical tool, I examine a selection of letters of Gómez de Avellaneda and demonstrate that the writer displaces her identify from the autobiographic self to the epistolary self, in order to manipulate the perspective of her addressee. Caught between the Neoclassical way of thinking and the Romantic aesthetics, her assertive discourse, also reflected in her epistolary work, contributed to the incursion of women writers into the social and professional life of the nineteen century. Following the same method of investigation, an analysis of letters written by Borrero proves that, by building a world of delusion, hallucination and fantasy the writer brings to prose what first generation of female modernistas had done in poetry. In both cases, my focus is on the strategies that turn these letters into instruments of power, process that transformed the love-letter paradigm and forever renovated the women epistolary genre. This dissertation further explores the possibility of initiating a cycle in the study of personal letters to uncover a forgotten genre, mission that might build a bridge to embrace the new forms of written communication that scholars have already begun to explore in contemporary literature.

Risk premiumin the global creditMarkets: 2006-2012

¿What have we learnt from the 2006-2012 crisis, including events such as the subprime crisis, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers or the European sovereign debt crisis, among others? It is usually assumed that in firms that have a CDS quotation, this CDS is the key factor in establishing the credit premiumrisk for a new financial asset. Thus, the CDS is a key element for any investor in taking relative value opportunities across a firm’s capital structure. In the first chapter we study the most relevant aspects of the microstructure of the CDS market in terms of pricing, to have a clear idea of how this market works. We consider that such an analysis is a necessary point for establishing a solid base for the rest of the chapters in order to carry out the different empirical studies we perform. In its document “Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems”, Basel sets the requirement of a capital charge for credit valuation adjustment (CVA) risk in the trading book and its methodology for the computation for the capital requirement. This regulatory requirement has added extra pressure for in-depth knowledge of the CDS market and this motivates the analysis performed in this thesis. The problem arises in estimating of the credit risk premium for those counterparties without a directly quoted CDS in the market. How can we estimate the credit spread for an issuer without CDS? In addition to this, given the high volatility period in the credit market in the last few years and, in particular, after the default of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008, we observe the presence of big outliers in the distribution of credit spread in the different combinations of rating, industry and region. After an exhaustive analysis of the results from the different models studied, we have reached the following conclusions. It is clear that hierarchical regression models fit the data much better than those of non-hierarchical regression. Furthermore,we generally prefer the median model (50%-quantile regression) to the mean model (standard OLS regression) due to its robustness when assigning the price to a new credit asset without spread,minimizing the “inversion problem”. Finally, an additional fundamental reason to prefer the median model is the typical "right skewness" distribution of CDS spreads...

La estructura crediticia del Valle Central de Costa Rica (1850-1860)

ResumenAnálisis de las distintas fuentes crediticias existentes en el Valle Central de Costa Rica entre 1850 y 1860. Estudia el papel jugado por el crédito en la economía costarricense como instrumento clave de dominación y para la extracción del excedente del campesino.AbstractA discussion of the various sources of credit in the Central Valley of Costa Rica between 1850 and 1860. The author studies of credit in the Costa Rican economy as a key means of dominations and for surplus extractions from the peasantry.

Gli obbligazionisti subordinati e la risoluzione bancaria nel contesto italiano

Il lavoro affronta le problematiche emerse per gli obbligazionisti subordinati a seguito dall'applicazione nel contesto italiano della nuova disciplina in materia di gestione delle crisi bancarie. Nella prima parte del lavoro sono stati analizzati gli orientamenti della Commissione europea in merito ai criteri adottati per valutare la compatibilità dell’intervento pubblico nel settore bancario e la loro evoluzione; sono inoltre illustrati i nuovi strumenti introdotti per gestire le crisi degli istituti creditizi operanti sul mercato unico. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, lo studio si è concentrato sull’analisi dello strumento obbligazionario e, in particolar modo, delle obbligazioni bancarie subordinate, in quanto, in caso di crisi dell’istituto di credito emittente, i sottoscrittori di questo strumento saranno – verosimilmente – la prima categoria di creditori chiamata a sopportare i costi della ristrutturazione. L’ultima parte del lavoro è dedicata all’esame del grado e di tutela offerto dall’ordinamento italiano ai creditori coinvolti nei dissesti di alcune banche italiane. Oltre alle decisioni adottate dalla magistratura italiana in merito, l’analisi ha riguardato anche le misure di indennizzo adottate dal legislatore a tutela dei risparmiatori danneggiati dalla crisi degli istituti in cui investirono.

Topics in climate change risk

In this Thesis, we analyze how climate risk impacts economic players and its consequences on the financial markets. Essentially, literature unravels two main channels through which climate change poses risks to the status quo, namely physical and transitional risk, that we cover in three works. Firstly, the call for a global shift to a net-zero economy implicitly devalues assets that contribute to global warming that regulators are forcing to dismiss. On the other hand, abnormal changes in the temperatures as well as weather-related events challenge the environmental equilibrium and could directly affect operations as well as profitability. We start the analysis with the physical component, by presenting a statistical measure that generally represents shocks to the distribution of temperature anomalies. We oppose this statistic to classical physical measures and assess that it is the driver of the electricity consumption, in the weather derivatives market, and in the cross-section of equity returns. We find two transmission channels, namely investor attention, and firm operations. We then analyze the transition risk component, by associating a regulatory horizon characterization to fixed income valuation. We disentangle a risk driver for corporate bond overperformance that is tight to change in credit riskiness. After controlling a statistical learning algorithm to forecast excess returns, we include carbon emission metrics without clear evidence. Finally, we analyze the effects of change in carbon emission on a regulated market such as the EU ETS by selecting utility sector corporate bond and, after controlling for the possible risk factor, we document how a firm’s carbon profile differently affects the term structure of credit riskiness.

Da Petrarca a Fracassetti: i Rerum memorandarum libri in una traduzione inedita

Ancora poco è stato detto riguardo alla traduzione del trattato latino Rerum memorandarum libri di Petrarca compiuta da Giuseppe Fracassetti (1802-1883) nel 1860 e rimasta inedita. Fracassetti, avvocato e poliedrico studioso di Fermo, si dedicò all'edizione e al volgarizzamento di diverse opere latine di Petrarca – nello specifico, del trattato De sui ispius et multorum ignorantia reso in Della propria ed altrui ignoranza nel 1858, delle lettere Familiari (il cui corpus fu dato alle stampe prima nella versione latina, nel 1859-1863, e poi in traduzione nel 1863-1867) e Senili (stampate nel biennio 1869-1870 solo in italiano) – ma non pubblicò il suo lavoro sui Rerum memorandum libri. A partire dalla ricostruzione del processo editoriale e poi della fortuna delle opere edite, questa tesi propone un approfondimento sulle carte autografe – conservate presso la biblioteca Civica "Romolo Spezioli" di Fermo – che documentano la traduzione di Fracassetti dei Rerum memorandarum libri, i suoi Libri delle cose memorabili. Il lavoro presenta inoltre un focus sulla lingua adottata e avvia un'indagine sistematica sulle fonti latine utilizzate – e non dichiarate – dallo studioso fermano, attraverso lo studio delle annotazioni marginali appuntate da Fracassetti sui fogli. L’elaborato dà luce a questa traduzione inedita e incompleta – si interrompe infatti al terzo libro – pubblicandone il testo (corredato di un apparato in doppia fascia che registra da un lato la stratigrafia correttoria e, dall’altro, le postille presenti sulle carte).

Credit spreads and monetary policy in a small open economy: an analysis of the colombian economy

This paper estimates Bejarano and Charry (2014)’s small open economy with financial frictions model for the Colombian economy using Bayesian estimation techniques. Additionally, I compute the welfare gains of implementing an optimal response to credit spreads into an augmented Taylor rule. The main result is that a reaction to credit spreads does not imply significant welfare gains unless the economic disturbances increases its volatility, like the disruption implied by a financial crisis. Otherwise its impact over the macroeconomic variables is null.