Perspectiva legal de la Educación Especial en España (1970-2007) : hacia la plena integración educativa y social de las personas con discapacidad.

Se analiza la perspectiva legal de la Educación Especial en España en periodo comprendido entre 1970-2007. De un modo transversal aparecen también aspectos de gran importancia. Entre ellos podemos resaltar los referidos a los cambios de denominación que se van produciendo con los cambios legales; especialmente también el paulatino cambio que va desde un modelo de Educación Especial que segrega a los alumnos que tienen determinadas discapacidades, a otro que busca la integración escolar, para terminar al final de este período por una apuesta decidida por la inclusión. Otro aspecto que aparece es la búsqueda de la suma de los esfuerzos de la Administración con la iniciativa social y privada.

Los departamentos de orientación en los IES : estudio de las disociaciones entre percepciones reales y normativa legal.

El autor la corresponsabilidad entre la LOGSE y los Departamentos de Oirentación de los IES. El objetivo es evaluar la posible conjunción o disociación del binomio, teoría-práctica, mediante un análisis comparativo entre lo prescrito en la normativa legal promulgada por la Administración Pública y lo descrito y percibido a través de las experiencias de Orientación que se vienen desarrollando en los Institutos de Enseñanza Secundaria de Valladolid y provincia, con la intención última de formular propuestas y recomendaciones de mejora basadas en los resultados del estudio.

La educación de niños y niñas : recomendaciones institucionales y marco legal.

El trabajo presentado va dirigido a los profesores con el objeto de sensibilizarlos en la problemática del sexismo en la práctica educativa y motivarles para realizar planes destinados a fomentar la igualdad de oportunidades entre ambos sexos dentro del ámbito escolar y a combatir el sexismo educativo. Incluye el marco legal de actuación : los programas de acción de la CEE, el Plan para la Igualdad de Oportunidades del Instituto de la Mujer y del Institut Català de la Dona y el tratamiento del sexismo educativo en la LOGSE.

Escuela inclusiva, alumnos superdotados y nuevo marco legal de la educaci??n

Resumen tomado del autor. Este art??culo se incluye en el monogr??fico ??La Ley de Calidad??

Base legal para el hacer organizativo-didáctico : síntesis.

Resumen tomado del autor

Evolución histórico-legal de los Centros de Colaboración Pedagógica.

Se repasa la evolución histórica y legal de los Centros de Colaboración Pedagógica, creados por la necesidad de contar con técnicas adecuadas para el perfeccionamiento del Magisterio. Después, se definen su concepto a través del tiempo y la estructura legal de su actual Reglamento formada por cuatro puntos: objetivos, organización, funcionamiento y administración.

Reforma legal necesaria para aumentar el número de viviendas para maestros.

Se explica la situación que vivían los maestros de escuelas primarias en los años cincuenta en España. Se había decidido combatir el analfabetismo y se pretendía crear 30.000 escuelas para acabar con él pero a medida que se construían, se presentaba tanto el problema de la falta de maestros o, cuando estos estaban, la falta de alojamiento para ellos. Se decidió que para atajar el tema del alojamiento, fueran los Ayuntamientos de las localidades en las que tenían que residir los maestros, los que les proporcionaran una vivienda de su propiedad. Cuando los Ayuntamientos no tenían viviendas de este tipo, el Ministerio de Educación les entregaba una cantidad económica en concepto de indemnización que cubriría los gastos de arrendamiento cuando tuvieran que vivir desplazados de sus lugares de origen pero, aunque esta fue una solución solo a medias. Se planteó el problema de que el maestro pudiera sufrir una baja por cualquier circunstancia y tuviera que ser sustituido, a lo que el Estado decidió que la indemnización la cobrarían sustituido y sustituto a medias. Finalmente, se eximió a los maestros de pagar el impuesto de utilidades a los Ayuntamientos, ya que las localidades tenían la obligación por Ley de alojar a los profesores para fomentar el desarrollo de la educación.

El marco legal que ofrece la Ley de Patrimonio.

Monográfico con el título: 'Historia de un olvido: patrimonio en los centros escolares'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

La normativa legal sobre la educaci??n musical en la Espa??a contempor??nea

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Problem-based learning and legal education : a case study in integrated experiential study

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Aplicaci??n de la metodolog??a de aprendizaje basado en problemas a la docencia de Veterinaria Legal

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La Universidad C??vica : ??un vac??o legal y pol??tico?

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

El Aprendizaje basado en el método del caso en el grado de Derecho: ¡aborto legal o ilegal!

Las nuevas metodologías docentes basadas en el desarrollo de competencias, entendidas como “la capacidad de que el alumno haga frente a situaciones problemáticas y resolverlas” obligan a plantear que la resolución de problemas permite que el alumno alcance los objetivos de aprendizaje y con ellos, las competencias que pretendemos. A través del “Método Del Caso” trataremos de desarrollar un sistema de autoaprendizaje del alumno para lo que consideramos necesario, en primer lugar, plantear un caso concreto y en la medida de lo posible real, para que el alumno seguidamente pueda estudiar el supuesto planteado con los materiales que aportaremos de forma individual (doctrinales, jurisprudenciales…) y realice un informe previo en relación con la resolución del caso planteado, concluida esta fase inicial, será necesario que el alumno participe en un grupo pequeño de compañeros con el fin de poder contrastar las vías de solución adoptadas y finalmente, concluir con la exposición y discusión de las decisiones adoptadas con el resto de alumnos del curso (grupo grande) y tras debatir todas las propuestas presentar de forma individual un informe final en el que deberán expresar: a- las cuestiones fundamentales planteadas en el caso, y, b- los argumentos jurídicos y jurisprudenciales de la decisión que adoptan con el fin de resolver la cuestión planteada, teniendo en consideración las estrategias que consideran más oportunas para favorecer los intereses de sus clientes

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

Política e Legislação da Gestão da Qualidade do Ar Instrumentos, Ferramentas e Quadro Legal : Enquadramento de Portugal no Contexto Europeu e Internacional

Perante o agravamento das problemáticas atmosféricas a maior parte dos países mundo tem adotado ações concertadas e conjuntas tendentes a responder a estas realidade. No quadro da União Europeia, bloco económico e político ao qual Portugal pertence como estado-membro, tem vindo a ser desenvolvido um forte programa de combate à poluição atmosférica. Seguindo as principais linhas de orientação dos seus predecessores mas, ao mesmo tempo, trilhando novos caminhos para atingir desafiantes metas, o Sexto Programa de Ação em matéria de Ambiente (6.º PAA) pretende atingir níveis de qualidade do ar que não impliquem efeitos negativos nem riscos significativos para a saúde humana e o ambiente. A União Europeia tem pautado a sua atuação numa ótica de concertação de políticas e legislação como forma de reduzir as emissões atmosféricas dentro do seu espaço territorial. A articulação entre as políticas comunitárias que visam reduzir a exposição à poluição atmosférica e a produção legislativa em matéria da qualidade do ar, nomeadamente, a fixação de valores limites de emissão para os diferentes poluentes nas zonas e aglomeração das nossas cidades, encontra na gestão ambiental do recurso ar os conceitos e estratégias de atuação práticas fundamentais para, atuando como uma placa giratória de Ação, efeitos e resultados, se possa uniformizar e harmonizar as necessidades reais com a resposta política e legal nestas questões. Expor e compreender as metodologias, ferramentas e instrumentos legais ao serviço destes dois eixos (politicas e legislação) será o objetivo deste texto.