Counselor motivational interviewing skills and young adult change talk articulation during brief motivational interventions.

The process of eliciting client language toward change (change talk [CT]) is implicated as a causal mechanism in motivational interviewing (MI) and brief motivational interventions (BMI). We investigated the articulation of counselor behaviors and CT during BMI with young men. We coded 149 sessions using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code and summarized these codes into three counselor categories (MI-consistent [MICO], MI-inconsistent [MIIN], other) and three client categories (CT, counter CT [CCT], follow/neutral [F/N]). We then computed immediate transition frequencies and odds ratios using sequential analysis software. CT was significantly more likely following MICO behaviors, whereas MIIN behaviors only led to CCT and F/N. This strongly supports the use of MI skills to elicit CT during BMI with young men, whose speech also predicted counselor behaviors (particularly CT to MICO and CCT to MIIN). Additional analyses showed that among MICO behaviors, reflective listening may be a particularly powerful technique to elicit CT.

Avaliação de atributos físicos e estoques de carbono e nitrogênio em solos com queima e sem queima de canavial

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, de modo que mudanças no seu manejo podem afetar sobremaneira o ambiente. Há quase um século, as pesquisas são baseadas em áreas sob queima da biomassa foliar (palhada) dessa cultura. Mas a supressão da queimada é um novo conceito no manejo da palhada. Portanto, há poucos resultados sobre o manejo desse material. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar teores de C e N e estabilidade de agregados e densidade do solo nos manejos com queima (Cq) e sem queima (Sq) da palhada. Estudou-se um solo argiloso (Latossolo Vermelho = LVdf) e dois solos arenosos (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo = PVAd e Neossolo Quartzarênico = RQo) submetidos aos manejos Cq e Sq. Em cada solo foi estabelecida uma área experimental em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições. A quantidade de palhada adicionada em três colheitas foi 40 t ha-1 em matéria seca e, um ano após a terceira colheita, a acumulação foi 4,5 t ha-1 (11 %) no LVdf e 3,6 t ha-1 (9 %) no RQo. Isso representou 1,60 e 1,35 t ha-1 em C e 0,022 e 0,021 t ha-1 em N, respectivamente. Houve aumento no teor de C nos solos Sq, concorrendo em seqüestro de C na camada 0-20 cm de 6,3 e 4,7 t ha-1, respectivamente em LVdf e RQo. Assim, a taxa de seqüestro de C no compartimento cobertura + solo (0-20 cm) foi de 2,63 e 2,02 t ha-1 ano-1 no LVdf e RQo, respectivamente. Também houve aumento no teor de macroagregados em solos Sq comparados a solos Cq: 814 e 693 g kg-1 no LVdf e 516 e 420 g kg-1 no RQo. Ocorreu compactação superficial no PVAd e RQo em decorrência do uso de máquina colhedora em solo Sq. Nos solos estudados, o manejo sem queima da cana-de-açúcar resultou em melhorias nas propriedades dos solos e promoveu seqüestro de C e N na cobertura e nas camadas superficiais dos solos.

Dank der Apotheker verbesserte Kontrolle der Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten.

Der Apotheker kann - allein oder in Zusammenarbeit mit weiteren Gesundheitsfachpersonen - zur besseren Kontrolle der Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten beitragen. Dies ist das Fazit eines kürzlich in "Archives of Internal Medicine" erschienenen systematischen Reviews [1], durchgeführt von der Apothekerin Dr. Valérie Santschi, PhD, Mitarbeitern der McGill-Universität Montréal und des "Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive " (IUMSP) des "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois" (CHUV) Lausanne. Das Review kommt zum Schluss, dass es relevant ist, den Apotheker systematischer in die Prävention und Behandlung von KVK zu integrieren. [Ed.]

Changes over time in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and use of lipid-lowering drugs in HIV-infected individuals and impact on myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Because of the known relationship between exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has become increasingly important to intervene against risk of CVD in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. We evaluated changes in risk factors for CVD and the use of lipid-lowering therapy in HIV-infected individuals and assessed the impact of any changes on the incidence of myocardial infarction. METHODS: The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study is a collaboration of 11 cohorts of HIV-infected patients that included follow-up for 33,389 HIV-infected patients from December 1999 through February 2006. RESULTS: The proportion of patients at high risk of CVD increased from 35.3% during 1999-2000 to 41.3% during 2005-2006. Of 28,985 patients, 2801 (9.7%) initiated lipid-lowering therapy; initiation of lipid-lowering therapy was more common for those with abnormal lipid values and those with traditional risk factors for CVD (male sex, older age, higher body mass index [calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], family and personal history of CVD, and diabetes mellitus). After controlling for these, use of lipid-lowering drugs became relatively less common over time. The incidence of myocardial infarction (0.32 cases per 100 person-years [PY]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.35 cases per 100 PY) appeared to remain stable. However, after controlling for changes in risk factors for CVD, the rate decreased over time (relative rate in 2003 [compared with 1999-2000], 0.73 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.50-1.05 cases per 100 PY]; in 2004, 0.64 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.44-0.94 cases per 100 PY]; in 2005-2006, 0.36 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.24-0.56 cases per 100 PY]). Further adjustment for lipid levels attenuated the relative rates towards unity (relative rate in 2003 [compared with 1999-2000], 1.06 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.63-1.77 cases per 100 PY]; in 2004, 1.02 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.61-1.71 cases per 100 PY]; in 2005-2006, 0.63 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.36-1.09 cases per 100 PY]). CONCLUSIONS: Although the CVD risk profile among patients in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study has decreased since 1999, rates have remained relatively stable, possibly as a result of a more aggressive approach towards managing the risk of CVD.

Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Neprilysin.

The in situ hybridization Allen Mouse Brain Atlas was mined for proteases expressed in the somatosensory cerebral cortex. Among the 480 genes coding for protease/peptidases, only four were found enriched in cortical interneurons: Reln coding for reelin; Adamts8 and Adamts15 belonging to the class of metzincin proteases involved in reshaping the perineuronal net (PNN) and Mme encoding for Neprilysin, the enzyme degrading amyloid β-peptides. The pattern of expression of metalloproteases (MPs) was analyzed by single-cell reverse transcriptase multiplex PCR after patch clamp and was compared with the expression of 10 canonical interneurons markers and 12 additional genes from the Allen Atlas. Clustering of these genes by K-means algorithm displays five distinct clusters. Among these five clusters, two fast-spiking interneuron clusters expressing the calcium-binding protein Pvalb were identified, one co-expressing Pvalb with Sst (PV-Sst) and another co-expressing Pvalb with three metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Mme (PV-MP). By using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, a specific marker for PNN, PV-MP interneurons were found surrounded by PNN, whereas the ones expressing Sst, PV-Sst, were not.

Raman microstructural analysis of silicon-on-insulator formed by high dose oxygen ion implantation: As-implanted structures

A microstructural analysis of silicon-on-insulator samples obtained by high dose oxygen ion implantation was performed by Raman scattering. The samples analyzed were obtained under different conditions thus leading to different concentrations of defects in the top Si layer. The samples were implanted with the surface covered with SiO2 capping layers of different thicknesses. The spectra measured from the as-implanted samples were fitted to a correlation length model taking into account the possible presence of stress effects in the spectra. This allowed quantification of both disorder effects, which are determined by structural defects, and residual stress in the top Si layer before annealing. These data were correlated to the density of dislocations remaining in the layer after annealing. The analysis performed corroborates the existence of two mechanisms that generate defects in the top Si layer that are related to surface conditions during implantation and the proximity of the top Si/buried oxide layer interface to the surface before annealing.

PLEKHG5 deficiency leads to an intermediate form of autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, foot deformities and distal sensory loss. Following the analysis of two consanguineous families affected by a medium to late-onset recessive form of intermediate CMT, we identified overlapping regions of homozygosity on chromosome 1p36 with a combined maximum LOD score of 5.4. Molecular investigation of the genes from this region allowed identification of two homozygous mutations in PLEKHG5 that produce premature stop codons and are predicted to result in functional null alleles. Analysis of Plekhg5 in the mouse revealed that this gene is expressed in neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, and that knockout mice display reduced nerve conduction velocities that are comparable with those of affected individuals from both families. Interestingly, a homozygous PLEKHG5 missense mutation was previously reported in a recessive form of severe childhood onset lower motor neuron disease (LMND) leading to loss of the ability to walk and need for respiratory assistance. Together, these observations indicate that different mutations in PLEKHG5 lead to clinically diverse outcomes (intermediate CMT or LMND) affecting the function of neurons and glial cells.