XPS STUDIES OF RADIATION-INDUCED STRUCTURAL-CHANGES IN POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

In this work the radiation-induced structural changes in PVDF were studied using XPS. It was found that for PVDF irradiated at 150-degrees-C, double bonds were formed mainly through the further dehydrofluorination of crosslinked and/or branched molecules, whereas for samples irradiated at 20-degrees-C the dehydrofluorination of macromolecular radicals to form stable polyene radicals is the main source of unsaturated structures.

THE EFFECT OF MOBILITY OF MOLECULES ON RADIATION-INDUCED CHAIN SCISSION AND RACEMIZATION OF ISO-POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)

The radiation-induced chain-scission and racemization of isotactic poly(methylmethacrylate)(iso-PMMA) in amorphous and semi-crystalline state as well as in solution have been studied with nuclear magnetic resonance and molar mass deter-mination. It is shown that the chain-scission is dominant for iso-PMMA in dilute solution while the racemization reaction is not favorable in this case. On the contrary, the racemization is favorable when iso-PMMA was irradiated in its crystalline state while chain-scission is not. Such experimental results could be well explained by the mobility of molecules and "cage effect". The hypothesis, we proposed previously that the chain-scission, racemization and recombination are in competition and the final result depends on the state of molecular motion at which iso-PMMA was irradiated, has been verified verified once again.

THE EFFECT OF RADIATION-INDUCED CROSS-LINKING ON THE RELAXATION OF TAUT TIE MOLECULES DURING ANNEALING OF DRAWN LDPE

Shrinkage, retractive stress, and infrared dichroism of the drawn low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as-drawn and irradiated by Co-60-ray have been measured under different annealing conditions. The shrinkage and the disorientation of the irradiated sample was undergone more rapidly than that of unirradiated one as the temperature was continuously increased, surpassing a certain value, and a higher degree of shrinkage and disorientation was achieved finally for the irradiated sample when the samples were annealed with free ends. For the samples heated isothermally with fixed ends, the retractive stress went through a maximum and then attenuated to a limited value, and the degree of such a stress attenuation for the unirradiated sample was much more than that for the irradiated sample. These results show that the taut tie molecules (TTMs) in drawn PE can relax by the pulling of chain segments out of crystal blocks that they anchored in at elevated temperatures higher than the a transition and also by the displacing of microfibrils if the samples were annealed with free ends. The cross-links produced by irradiation prohibit the former process. It was further observed that the dependence of the average extinction coefficient of the band at 2016 cm-1 on that of the band at 1894 cm-1 is related to irradiation and annealing conditions, which has also been explained by the relaxation of TTMs and the function of irradiation-induced cross-linking on the relaxation.

STUDIES ON RADIATION EFFECTS OF PTFE .2. RADIATION-INDUCED STRUCTURAL-CHANGES AND THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT

In this work PTFE sheets irradiated with gamma-rays at 150-degrees-C and 200-degrees-C were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main structural changes in PTFE due to radiation are the formation of CF3 and CF groups. An irradiation temperature dependence of the relative content of the three kinds of groups in irradiated PTFE was observed. The CF3 groups, especially when irradiation is carried out a lower temperatures, can defluorinate in the same manner as previosly reported for CF2 groups. The CF groups, on the other hand, are observed to increase with increasing irradiation dose and irradiation temperature; the latter was explained as due to an increase in branching structures.

ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING OF EUROPIUM NITRATE COMPLEX WITH AZACROWN (2, 2)

The electronic structure and bond character of europium nitrate complex with azacrown (2, 2)(1, 7, 10, 16-tetraoxa-4, 13-diazacyclooctadecane), [Eu(NO_3)_2(2, 2)] NO_3, have been studied by means of XPS and INDO method. The data of electronic binding energies and charge distribution of atoms in the complex showed that chemical shift of less electronegative nitrogen N1s binding energy was larger than that of more electronegative oxygen O1s binding energy in coordinating atoms, and that charge transfer from N...

抗氧剂和应力对EPDM/CIIR并用胶热氧老化性能的影响

研究了抗氧剂1010和2246及压缩应力对第三单体为双环戊二烯(DCPD)的乙丙橡胶/氯化丁基橡胶(EPDM_D/CIIR)和第三单体为乙叉降冰片烯(ENB)的乙丙橡胶(EPDM_B)/CIIR两种并用胶热氧老化性能的影响。认为抗氧剂能显著改善EPDM_D/CIIR的力学性能和热氧老化性能,压缩应力能影响EPDM_E/CIIR的使用寿命。

硝酸铕与含氮冠醚配合物的电子结构和化学键

本文用XPS和INDO方法研究了硝酸铕与含氮冠醚配合物[Eu(NO_3)_2(2,2)]NO_3的电子结构。结合能和电荷分布数据指出,在配位原子中,电负性低的氮原子Nls结合能的化学位移比电负性高的氧原子Ols的大。在配合物中,氮原子转移至中心金属离子上的电荷比氧原子转移的多。铕与含氮冠醚配合物的化学键具有一定程度的共价性,电负性低的氮原子与铕的配位键(N→Eu)的共价性比电负性高的氧原子的配位键(O→Eu)的大。

The experimental research of R-phycoerythrin subunits on cancer treatment: A new photosensitizer in PDT

The mouse tumor cell 5180 and human liver carcinoma cell SMC 7721 cells were first treated with R-PE and its subunits (alpha, beta, gamma subunits), then irradiated with Argon laser (496 nm, 28.8 J/cm(2)). Survival rate was measured by MTT method. In order to compare the phototoxicity in normal cells, the mouse marrow cells were treated with photofrin II and beta-subunit, irradiated with 45 J/cm(2) of light; survival rate was also measured by MTT method. The result showed that R-PE subunits had better PDT effect on s180 cells than R-PE and lower phototoxicity in marrow cells than photofrin II Flow cytometric analysis showed that PDT results in a growth inhibition and a G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest in SMC 7721 cells. The tumor cells inhibited by PDT in vivo were morphologically observed by TEM, the tumor cell death was daze to the occlusion of tumor blood vessels and inducement of cell programmed death in nuclei. Therefore, with the advantage in special fluorescence activity, loth molecular weight, good light absorbent character and weak phototoxicity, R-PE subunit is art attractive option for improving the selectivity of PDT.

Effects of ultra-violet irradiation on sperm motility and diploid gynogenesis induction in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) undergoing cold shock

Large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea, exhibit sexually dimorphic growth, with females growing faster and reaching larger adult sizes than males. Thus, development of techniques for preferentially producing females is necessary to optimize production of these species. We have established a protocol to produce all-female croaker P. crocea through induction of meiotic gynogenesis with homologous sperm. The first set of experiments investigated the ultra-violet (UV) irradiation on sperm motility and duration of sperm activity to determine the optimal UV dosage for genetic inactivation of sperm, yet retaining adequate motility for activation of eggs. Milt from several males was diluted 1: 100 with Ringer's solution and UV irradiated with doses ranging from 0-150 J cm (-2). The results indicated that motility and duration of activity generally decreased with increased UV doses. At UV doses greater than 105 J cm(-2), after fertilization, motility was < 10% and fertilization rates were significantly lower. Highest hatching rate was obtained at 75 J cm -2. A second set of experiments was carried out to determine appropriate conditions of cold shock for retention of the 2nd polar body in P. crocea eggs after fertilization with UV-inactivated sperm by altering the timing, temperature and duration of shock. At 208 degrees C, shock applied at 3 min after fertilization resulted in higher survival rate of larvae at 6 h after hatching. Results of different combinations of three shock temperatures ( 28 degrees C, 38 degrees C or 48 degrees C) and five shock durations ( 4 min, 8 min, 12 min, 16 min or 20 min) at 3 min after fertilization demonstrated that shocks of 12 min gave highest production of diploid gynogens. Statistical analysis revealed that maximum production of diploid gynogens (44.55 +/- 2.99%) were obtained at 38 degrees C. The results of this study indicate that the use of UV-irradiated homologous sperm for activation of P. crocea eggs and cold shock for polar body retention is an effective method for producing gynogenetic offspring.

Induction of diploid gynogenesis in turbot Scophthalmus maximus with left-eyed flounder Paralichthys olivaceus sperm

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus exhibits sexually dimorphic growth, with females growing faster and reaching larger adult sizes than males. Thus, development of techniques for preferentially producing females is necessary to optimize production of these species. In this paper, gynogenetic diploids of turbot were induced by activating egg development with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated left-eyed flounder Paralichthys olivaceus sperm combined with cold shock to prevent extrusion of the second polar body. The results of UV irradiation experiments showed that survival, motility, and duration of activity of P. olivaceus sperm generally decreased with increase in UV dose. The typical Hertwig's effect was observed after fertilized turbot eggs with UV-irradiated P. olivaceus sperm and the optimal UV dose for gynogenetic haploid production was 36,000 erg mm(-2). At 15 degrees C, appropriate timing of cold shock for retention of the second polar body in turbot eggs was at 6 min after fertilization. Results of different combinations of two shock temperatures (1 or 3 degrees C) and four shock durations (15, 25, 35 or 45 min) at 6 min after fertilization demonstrated that shock of 25 min at 1 degrees C gave the highest production of diploid gynogens (39.58% relative to its diploid control). The results of this study reveal that the use of UV-irradiated P. olivaceus sperm for activation of turbot eggs and cold shock for polar body retention is an effective method to produce gynogenetic offspring.

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on sperm of the left-eyed flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

In this study, at proper dosage of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (180 sec: 36,000 erg/mm(2)), sperm chromosomes of left-eyed flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, were inactivated, while spermatozoa maintained ability to move and inseminate eggs. Gynogenetic haploids were detected by morphological observation, chromosome counting, and flow cytometer analysis. The ultrastructure of treated sperm was observed under scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM). The results showed that after being irradiated at lower dosage of irradiation (0-180 sec: 0-36,000 erg/mm(2)), the surface structure of spermatozoa was not affected by UV irradiation, while the inner structures including membrane system and karyoplasm denseness of treated spermatozoa were little changed. However, obvious changes were observed in their membrane system, mitochondria, and nucleus if the dosage of irradiation increased to 240 sec: 48,000 erg/mm(2) or 300 sec: 60,000 erg/mm(2). The sperm survival rates did not change at the lower dosages of the UV irradiation (0-180 sec: 0-36,000 erg/mm(2)) but decreased as the irradiation dosage increased. The motility of treated sperm was lower than that of control group in general but did not change with UV irradiation dosage increasing at the certain range of 0-300 sec: 0-60,000 erg/mm(2).

双壳贝类幼虫变态诱导及其机理研究

变态过程是双壳贝类由幼虫向成体转变的一个必不缺少的发育阶段。研究双壳贝类幼虫的变态过程及其机理，对于阐明它们的种群数量变动，促进重要经济双壳贝类增养殖的发展有重要的理论和实践意义。本论文除了用化学物质对几种双壳贝类(海湾扇贝、墨西哥湾扇贝和硬壳蛤)幼虫的变态进行诱导外，主要以激素和神经递质的作用方式为基础，通过直接测定双壳贝类(以海湾扇贝为代表)幼虫体内激素和神经递质、第二信使cAMP等生化物质含量的变化来研究双壳贝类幼虫变态过程中的信息传递途径，从分子生物学和神经生物学角度阐明双壳贝类幼虫变态机理。主要结果如下：1．通过参考国内外大量文献的基础上，较为系统地评述了近二十年来海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态研究的一些进展情况，主要包括诱导因子、附着变态机理模型、人工诱导物的应用和延迟变态四个方面。到目前为止，人们已经发现了许多海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态的诱导物质，主要分为天然诱导物和人工诱导物两大类，一些人工诱导物如GABA、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素已经在经济贝类苗种生产中得到应用。幼虫附着变态机理模型主要有长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着变态的双调控模型、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)幼虫附着变态的上行调节模型以及多毛类Phragmatopoma california幼虫附着变态的脂肪酸调控模型。本论文还评述了海洋无脊椎动物幼虫发生延迟变态的原因以及延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物造成的影响，并提出了解决的方法和今后研究的重点问题。2．在室内用氯化乙酰胆碱、ATP和CaCl_2 3种化学物质对海湾扇贝幼虫的变态进行了诱导实验。结果表明，虽然在个别浓度和处理时间氯化乙酰胆碱和ATP有诱导作用，但总体诱导效果不显著。而10×10~(-3)～40×10~(-3M的CaCl_2在处理12～24h后诱导效果较显著，其诱导效果对处理时间的依赖性较显著，在浓度为40×10~(-3)M和处理时间为24h时诱导效果最好，与对照组相比，变态率提高23.18％。3种诱导物对幼虫死亡率均有显著影响，并且死亡率对浓度和处理时间均有显著的依赖性，浓度越高，处理时间越长，死亡率越高。3．用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricus Say)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明，KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12h～48h范围内均有诱导作用；13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl诱导效果较好，变态率平均提高10％以上。1．O×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M的肾上腺素在处理时间为lh～12h较适宜，此时变态率均提高10％以上。1.0×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1h～24h都较适宜，变态率平均均提高10％以上，最高可提高31．07％。0.01×10~(-4)M～1.O×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h～48h时诱导效果均较好，它们之间的平均变态提高率并没有显著差别，均在12％～13％之间。10×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显，变态率可以提高19.14％，超过12h，变态率明显下降，100×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用，幼虫变态率均为零，而幼虫的死亡率均为100％。4．用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，Serotonin，5-HT)和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)进行了不同浓度不同处理时间对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria L.)幼虫变态诱导实验。结果表明，KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA和5-羟色胺对硬壳蛤幼虫的变态均有诱导作用，而GABA的诱导 作用不显著。KCl的最佳诱导浓度随处理时间不同而有所不同。当处理时间为1～24h时，KCl的最佳诱导浓度为33.56×10~(-3)M，此时幼虫变态率均提高24％以上，当处理时间为48h时，KCl的最佳诱导浓度为20.13～26.85×10~(-3)M，处理时间为72h时，最佳诱导浓度为13.42×10~(-3)M。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的诱导作用与浓度和处理时间均有关。肾上腺素的最佳处理浓度为100×10~(-6)M，最佳处理时间均为8h，此时幼虫变态率提高最大，为36.97％。当去甲肾上腺素的诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M，处理时间为8h～16h时，幼虫变态提高率较高，均大于18％，死亡提高率均低于30％，当去甲肾上腺索诱导浓度为500×10~(-6)M时，虽然在8h～16h的处理时间范围内，幼虫变态提高率也较高，均大于18％，但当处理时间超过8h，在16～48h范围内，幼 虫死亡提高率明显升高，均大于50％。L-DOPA的适宜诱导浓度为10×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M，适宜处理时间为8～24h，此时幼虫变态率均提高30％以上，最高可提高79.43％。5-羟色胺的诱导作用较强，其适宜诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M—1000×10~(-6)M，适宜处理时间为0.5～24h，此时幼虫变态率提高均在30％以上，当处理时间为8h时，最佳诱导浓度为1000×10~(-6)M，此时幼虫变态率提高57.5％，当处理时间为24h时，最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M，此时幼虫变态率提高69.29％。GABA的诱导作用较弱，最佳诱导浓度随处理时间的不同而有所不同。处理时间为24h和48h时，最佳诱导浓度为0.1×10~(-6)M；处理时间为0.5～16h时，最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M。5．KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺、GABA、茶碱和咖啡因8种诱导物对不同发育阶段海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用是不同的。13．42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12天幼虫的变态有抑制作用，变态提高率为负值；之后当幼虫发育至第13和14天时，两浓度的KCl能够明显诱导幼虫变态，变态提高率均高于20％，而对于第16天的幼虫诱导作用有所减弱，变态提高率有所降低；26.85×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12和13天幼虫的变态均有抑制作用，变态提高率为负值，对第14和16天幼虫的变态却有明显的持续的诱导作用，变态提高率分别为22.98％和37.5％。神经递质肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺和GABA的诱导作用规律基本相似，即对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫的变态有明显的抑制作用，变态提高率均为负值，而对第14天幼虫的诱导作用较显著。茶碱和咖啡因作为影响细胞内cAMP的物质，它们的诱导作用规律与神经递质有所不同。它们对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导效果最好。6．测定了不同发育阶段及人工诱导后海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量的变化规律。结果表明，海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺索含量在变态前和变态后没有明显变化，变态前为2352(pg／mg湿重)，变态后为2770(pg／mg湿重)。多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量在变态前随幼虫的发育而增加，变态前(第13天)急剧增加，第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫分别增加了2.8倍和5.7倍，变态后急剧下降，变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫分别降低了25.1倍和16.4倍。海湾扇贝幼虫体内DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比在变态前和变态后变化比较剧烈。DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比在变态前(第13天)急剧增加，第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫增加了3.O倍(DA：NE比)和5.0倍(5-HT:NE比)；变态后急剧降低，变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫降低了29.8倍(DA：NE比)和19.5倍(5-HT：NE比)。海湾扇贝幼虫经KCl和氯化钙诱导24h后，体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺以及DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比均有所降低。本实验的结果表明，多巴胺和5-羟色胺可能启动了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。7．茶碱和咖啡因对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫的变态均有明显诱导作用。它们的诱导作用均对浓度的依赖性较强，对处理时间的依赖性较弱。10×10~(-4)M的茶碱诱导效果最好，平均变态提高率达33％，其次为1.0×10~(-4)M和100×10~(-4)M的茶碱，平均变态提高率分别为23.15％和21.97％。处理时间对茶碱诱导效果影响不显著，在1～24h范围内，平均变态提高率在19.07～26.1％之间变动。10×10~(-4)M的咖啡因诱导效果最佳，4个处理时间的平均变态提高率为36.01％，其次为100×10~(-4)M，平均变态提高率为26.43％。处理时间对茶碱的诱导效果影响不大，在1～24h范围内，平均变态提高率在19.65～22.02％之间变动。8．采用直接测定cAMP的方法来研究cAMP是否参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。结果表明，cAMP参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。海湾扇贝幼虫体内cAMP含量随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。在D形幼虫期最低，为73 pmol／(mg蛋白质)；当到达壳顶期幼虫时cAMP含量明显增加，比D形幼虫期提高了12.7倍。从壳顶期幼虫到眼点幼虫(100％，第13天)cAMP含量增加速度较慢，各发育阶段分别比前一发育阶段增加了0.4倍、0.3倍和0.2倍。但当幼虫变态后，体内cAMP含量又急剧增加，幼苗体内cAMP含量比眼点幼虫(100％，第13天)增加了6.1倍。当用KCl、肾上腺索和L-DOPA诱导后，幼虫体内cAMP含量明显增加，分别比对照组提高了7.8倍、1.5倍和10.7倍，说明cAMP参与了这3种诱导物诱导海湾扇贝幼虫变态的过程。9．在前面实验结果和参考有关文献的基础上，初步提出了以海湾扇贝为代表的双壳贝类幼虫变态机理模型：幼虫变态分为两个过程：启动过程和后续过程。当幼虫发育到一定阶段，在外界刺激因子的作用下，体内分泌多巴胺和5-羟色胺，多巴胺和5-羟色胺通过某种信号转导途径(如以DG和IP_3为第二信使)启动变态过程，变态过程启动后，又激活以cAMP为第二信使的信号转导途径(暂时称为后续过程)，两者共同完成了幼虫的变态过程。

甲壳单糖、寡糖、低聚糖制备方法的优化与比较研究

该文通过大量实验,确定了制备单糖、寡糖及低聚糖的最佳生产工艺,并对几种制备方法做了比较研究.该文采用氧化降解和微波降解等不同技术对甲壳低聚糖的制备工艺进行了研究.H<,2>O<,2>作为氧化剂,在酸性条件下,采用4因素3水平进行正交实验,得到了制备分子量2000以下的寡糖的最佳条件.微波降解制备低聚糖目前尚未见报道,经过该实验证明此方法可降低能耗,减小污染,节省时间和原料,是一个具有产业化前景和市场潜力的好方法.通过以不同的壳聚糖为原料,探讨了在微波场作用下纯溶剂及盐效应对分子量变化的影响,最终产物的分子量均在1×10<'5>～10×10<'5>之间.根据IR光谱,壳聚糖降解前后主要峰的位置都无变化,只是随壳聚糖相对分子质量的降低各峰峰强有所变化,证明了壳聚糖氧化降解及微波降解制备寡糖、低聚糖是以开裂壳聚糖的β-1.4糖苷键来进行.该项研究对更好的开发利用甲壳质资源,促进中国海洋生物制品的发展具有十分重要的意义.

冲绳海槽晚第四纪沉积特征及其物源和环境意义

本文通过对冲绳海槽北端和南部两个海区沉积物样品的粒度、矿物和元素组成与分布特征的研究，探讨了冲绳海槽沉积物的来源，给出了一定元素组合的物源意义。通过对冲绳海槽两个柱状沉积物的粒度、矿物、元素在地层中的分布特征的研究，结合浮游有孔虫氧同位素地层划分，探讨了冲绳海槽晚第四纪沉积记录的古环境意义。 冲绳海槽陆架和陆坡沉积物明显具有陆架残留沉积的特征，沉积物主要由陆源碎屑矿物、生物碎屑、粘土矿物和少量自生矿物组成。在冲绳海槽北端，陆架和陆坡砂质区沉积物的主要来源是冰期低海面时古黄河的残留沉积，在现代沉积环境下受到海洋生物和自生沉积作用的改造；济州岛南部的细粒沉积区的物源主要是周围陆架残留沉积，在黄海暖流和黄海沿岸流的综合作用下，残留沉积中的细粒组分再沉积形成的。冲绳海槽北端海槽区沉积物主要是火山活动的产物，火山玻璃和火山型的辉石、紫苏辉石和磁铁矿明显富集。冲绳海槽南部沉积物的主要物源是长江沉积物，此外还有大量的海相生物沉积和自生沉积。对元素分布特征的研究表明，冲绳海槽陆架区富含陆源粗碎屑组分SiO_2和生源碎屑组分CaO和Sr，生物沉积对陆源沉积明显具有稀释作用。陆坡区由于受黑潮暖流的影响，往往富集Fe_2O_3和P_2O_5。在海槽区，陆源细粒组分以及与细粒组分相关的元素A1_2O_3、K_2O、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni和Cr等明显富集。利用R型因子分析的方法确定了两个研究区元素组合，结合沉积物的矿物组成给出不同元素组合的物源意义。对冲绳海槽北部(Y127孔)和南部(E017孔)两个柱状沉积物的浮游由孔虫的δ~(18)O进行了分析，将其与本区具有高分辨率的柱状样氧同位素曲线对比进行，结果表明，δ~(18)O值较敏感地记录了冲绳海槽晚第四纪以来的古环境变化。δ~(18)O的高值往往与冷期相对应，δ~(18)O的低值与暖期相对应。冲绳海槽在12ka BP左右开始了逐渐转暖的过程，在10ka BP左右(YD事件)发生了短暂的降温过程，但降温幅度很小。根据沉积物化学组成在地层中的变化规律，大部分元素较敏感地记录了全新世气候转暖事件，但是对于千年尺度的YD事件，多数元素对此没有明显的响应。冲绳海槽火山活动对沉积物的组成和沉积环境的塑造起到了至关重要的作用。根据氧同位素地层划分，在冲绳海槽北部12ka BP曾有火山活动的纪录，距今约8ka BP以来，冲绳海槽有两次较大规模火山活动的记录。火山活动往往会在短期引起气候的变冷，从而造成海区生态环境的破坏，生物沉积作用减弱。但从长期变化来看，可能是气候变暖的因素之一。火山层的主要特征为沉积物主要由粉砂组成，平均粒径明显高于周围层位，在矿物组成上表现为蒙皂石、火山玻璃和火山型的辉石、紫苏辉石和磁铁矿的含量较高，在化学组成上表现为Na_2O与Zr的同高于周围层位，而陆源性较强的元素TFe_2O_3和K_2O，以及生源组分CaCO_3和Sr的含量普遍低于周围非火山层。

塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）对双壳的影响研究

本文选取麻痹性贝毒产毒藻塔玛亚历山大（Alexandrium tamarense）以及双壳类为研究对象，进行了塔玛亚历山大藻对双壳类生命活动的影响，麻痹性贝毒在紫贻贝体内累积、转化与排出动力学过程的初步研究。实验证实，塔玛亚历山大藻能对栉孔扇贝受精卵至早期D型幼虫的整个发育阶段产生不利影响，抑制受精卵的孵化。经多方验证，我们推测这一抑制作用主要是由塔玛亚历山大藻藻细胞表面物质引起的。通过塔玛亚历大藻对栉孔扇贝和墨西哥湾贝早期发育的影响研究发现：产毒藻对其受精卵、早期D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、仔贝都有明显的影响。（1）两株塔玛亚历山大藻（ATHK、ATCI02）都能抑制栉孔扇贝受精卵的孵化，EC50分别是（1010、1580cells/mL）。指数生长期的藻作用最强，并发现毒性作用可能来源于细胞表面一种不同于PSP的毒性物质。（2）ATHK对D形幼虫有致死作用，死亡率随作用时间的延长和藻密度的增加而增加。栉孔扇贝的早期D形幼虫暴露于细胞密度为10，000/cells/mL的ATHK中14天，死亡就率达100％；在实验密度10，000cells/mL的48小时急性致毒实验中，墨西哥湾扇贝的早期D形幼虫的游泳能力受到了一定程度的抑制。（3）实验条件下未发现ATHK对墨西哥湾扇贝眼点幼虫的变态、存活产生明显影响，但变态后稚贝的个体大小与对照组相比有明显差异，表明有毒藻对变态过程幼体的生长有影响。（4）在1小时、5小时的急性致毒实验中ATHK对墨西哥湾扇贝仔贝（壳高：5mm）的爬升能力产生了明显的抑制（1hEC50 ＝ 1，000cells/mL）。作用5小时后仔贝的附着率与对照组相比显著降低。两次48小时急性实验的结果都显示高密度的塔玛亚历山大藻（ATHK）能抑制紫贻贝成体的滤水率，平均EC50为6000cells/mL。以（产麻痹性贝毒）的塔玛亚历山大藻（ATHK）投喂紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis），研究了麻痹性贝毒在紫贻贝体内的累积、转化与排出规律。结果表明，在八天的累积实验阶段，紫贻贝消化腺和肌肉组织中的毒素含量均随实验时间的延长而逐渐增加；累积实验结束时，平均每只贝体内的毒素量为13.40nmol，累积率为12.45％（以每只贝的总染毒量为107.67nmol计），毒性水平为12.24μgSTXeq／100g，还未达到国际上公认的贝类食用卫生标准（80μgSTXeq／100g）；贻贝消化腺的累积能力远远高于肌肉组织，累积实验结束时，消化腺中的毒素含量为13.07nmol，累积率为12.14％，而肌肉组织中的毒素量只有0.33nmol，累积率只有0.31％。消化腺中累积的毒素占贝体内毒素总量的97.5％。在八天的排出实验阶段贝体内的毒素总量有下降的趋势，只有进一步延长自净的时间，才能得到更明了的排出规律。