961 resultados para Hazardous child labour


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This paper reflects on the enduring value of Jane Jacobs’ Life and Death of American Cities in the context of Child-Friendly Cities. This is explored through a project in Belfast which has engaged primary school children in how they understand their local environment. This shows that while children can effectively contribute to policy debates, there is a need to express this in a way that can be more effectively assimilated into planning debates. The paper reflects on this experience, suggesting that ‘Generation Jacobs’ could be used as a rhetorical device to frame children’s needs in a way that can be better understood by the planning profession.

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In their recent book, The Legal Construction of Personal Work Relations, Mark Freedland and Nicola Kountouris present an ambitious study of the personal scope of (what they would not want to call) ‘employment’ law. The book does this within a broader argument that calls for the reconceptualization of labour law as a whole, and it is this broader argument on which I shall focus in this chapter. Their aim, in urging us to see labour law through the lens of ‘dignity’ is to bring labour law and human rights law into closer alignment than has sometimes been the case in the past. Increasingly, dignity is seen as providing a, sometimes the, foundation of human rights law, particularly in Europe. I shall suggest that whilst the aim of constructing a new set of foundations for labour law is a worthy and increasingly urgent task, the concepts on which Freedland and Kountouris seek to build their project pose significant difficulties. In particular, their espousal of ‘dignity’ presents problems that must be addressed if their reconceptualization is not to prove a blind alley.

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Child undernutrition, a form of malnutrition, is a major public health burden in developing countries. Supplementation interventions targeting the major micronutrient deficiencies have only reduced the burden of child undernutrition to a certain extent, indicating that there are other underlying determinants that need addressed. Aflatoxin exposure, which is also highly prevalent in developing countries, may be considered to be an aggravating factor for child undernutrition. Increasing evidence suggests that aflatoxin exposure can occur in any stage of life including in utero through a trans-placental pathway and in early childhood (through contaminated weaning food and family food). Early life exposure to aflatoxin is associated with adverse effects on low birth weight, stunting, immune suppression and liver function damage. The mechanisms underlying impaired growth and aflatoxin exposure are still unclear but intestinal function damage, reduced immune function and alteration in the insulin-like growth factor axis caused by liver damage, are suggested hypotheses. Given the fact that both aflatoxin and child undernutrition are common in sub-Saharan Africa, effective interventions aimed at reducing undernutrition cannot be satisfactorily achieved until the interactive relationship between aflatoxin and child undernutrition is clearly understood, and an aflatoxin mitigation strategy has taken effect in those vulnerable mothers and children.

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Child welfare professionals regularly make crucial decisions that have a significant impact on children and their families. The present study presents the Judgments and Decision Processes in Context model (JUDPIC) and uses it to examine the relationships between three indepndent domains: case characteristic (mother’s wish with regard to removal), practitioner characteristic (child welfare attitudes), and protective system context (four countries: Israel, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland and Spain); and three dependent factors: substantiation of maltreatment, risk assessment, and intervention recommendation.
The sample consisted of 828 practitioners from four countries. Participants were presented with a vignette of a case of alleged child maltreatment and were asked to determine whether maltreatment was substantiated, assess risk and recommend an intervention using structured instruments. Participants’ child welfare attitudes were assessed.
The case characteristic of mother’s wish with regard to removal had no impact on judgments and decisions. In contrast, practitioners’ child welfare attitudes were associated with substantiation, risk assessments and recommendations. There were significant country differences on most measures.
The findings support most of the predictions derived from the JUDPIC model. The significant differences between practitioners from different countries underscore the importance of context in child protection decision making. Training should enhance practitioners’ awareness of the impact that their attitudes and the context in which they are embedded have on their judgments and decisions.

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This paper considers a general equilibrium theory of a competitive market economy with an endogenous social division of labour. The theory is founded on the notion of a “consumer- producer”, who consumes as well as produces commodities. In this approach, the emergence of a meaningful social division of labour is guided by the property of increasing returns to specialisation and the process of trade among fully specialised individuals. All decisions of individual consumer-producers are based on a set of perfectly competitive market prices of the commodities in the economy.
We show that a perfectly competitive price mechanism supports a dichotomy of production and consumption at the level of the individual consumer-producer. In this context we show existence of competitive equilibria and characterise these equilibria under increasing returns to specialisation: Under certain well-described conditions, markets are equilibrated through adjustment of the social division of labour; therefore prices are fully determined by the supply side of the economy.

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A 3-year old child with juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia received a T cell-depleted BMT from a male unrelated donor. There was early graft failure associated with increasing splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Splenectomy was performed 53 days post-transplant and was followed by autologous marrow recovery with return of leukaemia. A second unrelated donor BMT was performed 9 months later using T cell-replete marrow from a similarly matched female donor. Grade 2 GVHD involving the skin and gut responded to treatment with steroids. Chimaerism was assessed using Y-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microsatellites. Samples taken at the time of splenectomy showed no donor marrow engraftment but there was significant engraftment in the spleen. Following the second transplant, donor-type haematopoiesis was documented using a panel of microsatellite probes. The patient remains well 6 months after transplant. Splenectomy should be considered prior to transplant in patients with significant splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Partial chimaerism in the spleen, but not bone marrow, post-BMT, has not previously been documented. PCR technology is a useful and highly sensitive way to assess chimaerism post-BMT and is informative in sex-matched cases, whilst the small amount of material required is advantageous in paediatric patients.