Política industrial y fomento de la competitividad

Incluye Bibliografía

Una síntesis de la propuesta de la CEPAL

Incluye Bibliografía

La interacción entre los estilos de desarrollo y el medio ambiente en América Latina

Incluye Bibliografía

Política económica, instituciones y desarrollo productivo en América Latina

Incluye Bibliografía

Desarrollo e integración regional: ¿otra oportunidad para una promesa incumplida?

Incluye Bibliografía

The interaction between styles of development and the environment in Latin America

Includes bibliography

The production structure and the dynamics of development

Includes bibliography

Comparative analysis of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation on different substrates

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation on different substrates. Methods: Cell culture plates containing growth medium and E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) were used to grow biofilm on bovine dentin, gutta-percha, hydroxyapatite, or bovine bone. Substrates were incubated at 37°C for 14 or 21 days, and the medium was changed every 48 hours. After the growth induction periods, specimens (n = 5 per group and per induction period) were stained by using Live/Dead, and the images were analyzed under a confocal microscope. The total biovolume (μm3), live bacteria biovolume (μm3), and substrate coverage (%) were quantified by using the BioImage-L software. Results obtained were analyzed by nonparametric tests (P =.05). Results: Biofilm formation was observed in all groups. Gutta-percha had the lowest total biovolume at 14 days (P <.05) and hydroxyapatite the highest at 21 days (P <.05). No significant difference was observed in green biovolume at 14 days. At 21 days, however, hydroxyapatite had the highest volume (P <.05). The percentages of coverage were similar among all substrates at 21 days (P >.05), but at 14 days, bovine bone presented the highest coverage (P <.05). Conclusions: E. faecalis was capable of forming biofilm on all substrates during both growth periods; hydroxyapatite presented the highest rates of biofilm formation. The type of substrate influenced the biofilm characteristics, according to the parameters evaluated. © 2013 American Association of Endodontists.

Estructura productiva y dinámica del desarrollo

Incluye Bibliografía

Growing labour absorption with persistent underemployment

Includes bibliography

Past, present and future of the international economic crisis

Includes bibliography

Changes in employment and the crisis

Includes bibliography

Reactivation and development: the great commitment of Latin America and the Caribbean

Analiza la crisis economica, su origen, evolucion y perspectivas, y sostiene que es imperativo promover primero la recuperacion y luego el crecimiento sostenido de las economias, para lo cual son condiciones necesarias la aplicacion de politicas internas adecuadas, un ambiente externo favorable y una activa cooperacion internacional y regional.

External desequilibrium in the economic development of Latin America: the case of Mexico

Includes bibliography

Structure control of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) in layer-by-layer films by deposition on a charged poly(o-methoxyaniline) cushion

In this paper, we demonstrate that the intrinsic electric field created by a poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) cushion layer hinders the changes in molecular conformation of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) in layer-by-layer with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBS). This was modeled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations where an energy barrier hampered molecular movements of PPV segments when they were subjected to an electric field comparable to that caused by a charged POMA layer. With restricted changes in molecular conformation, the PPV film exhibited Franck-Condon transitions and the photoexcitation spectra resembled the absorption spectra, in contrast to PPV/DBS films deposited directly on glass, with no POMA cushion. Other effects from the POMA cushion were the reduced number of structural defects, confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, and an enhanced PPV emission at high temperatures (300 K) in comparison with the films on bare glass. The positive effects from the POMA cushion may be exploited for enhanced opto-electronic devices, especially as the intrinsic electric field may assist in separating photoexcited electron-hole pairs in photovoltaic devices. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.