Analysis of characteristic matrix for a uniaxially birefringent thin film

As the principal section consistent with the principal plane, electromagnetic propagation in a uniaxially birefingent thin film can be described with a concise 2 x 2 characteristic matrix, in which the refractive indices of the forward and backward propagating extraordinary rays are different and dependent. In this letter, based on Huygen's construction, the refractive indices and effective optical admittances of the forward and backward propagating extraordinary rays are discussed further, and the 2 x 2 characteristic matrix is simplified. Furthermore, the input optical admittance, reflectance and transmittance of assembly is presented, just as an isotropic thin film. The result can be extended to the general case of multilayer uniaxially birefringent thin films with their optic axes in the incident plane. Copyright (c) EPLA, 2007.

Characteristics of high reflection mirror with an SiO2 top layer for multilayer dielectric grating

The high reflection (HR) mirror composed of dielectric stacks with excellent spectrum characteristics and high damage resistant ability is critical for fabricating multilayer dielectric (MLD) grating for pulse compressor. The selection of the SiO2 material as the top layer of the HR mirror for grating fabrication is beneficial for improving the laser-induced damage threshold of MLD grating as well as minimizing the standing-wave effect in the photoresist during the exposure process. Based on an (HLL) H-9 design comprising quarter-waves of HfO2 ( H) and half-waves of SiO2 ( L), we obtain an optimal design of the HR mirror for MLD grating, the SiO2 top layer of which is optimized with a merit function including both the diffraction efficiency of the MLD grating and the electric field enhancement in the grating. Dependence of the performance of the MLD grating on the fabrication error of the dielectric mirror is analysed in detail. The HR mirror is also fabricated by E-beam evaporation, which shows good spectral characteristics at the exposure wavelength of 413 nm and at the operation wavelength of 1053 nm and an average damage threshold of 10 J cm(-2) for a 12 ns pulse.

Analysis of permanent magnets as elasmobranch bycatch reduction devices in hook-and-line and longline trials

Previous studies indicate that elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays) detect the Earth’s geomagnetic field by indirect magnetoreception through electromagnetic induction, using their ampullae of Lorenzini. Applying this concept, we evaluated the capture of elasmobranchs in the presence of permanent magnets in hook-and-line and inshore longline fishing experiments. Hooks with neodymium-iron-boron magnets significantly reduced the capture of elasmobranchs overall in comparison with control and procedural control hooks in the hook-and-line experiment. Catches of Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) and smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were signif icantly reduced with magnetic hook-and-line treatments, whereas catches of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) were not. Longline hooks with barium-ferrite magnets significantly reduced total elasmobranch capture when compared with control hooks. In the longline study, capture of blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) and southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana) was reduced on magnetic hooks, whereas capture of sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) was not affected. Teleosts, such as red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), and the bluefish (Pomatomas saltatrix), showed no hook preference in either hook-and-line or longline studies. These results indicate that permanent magnets, although eliciting species-specific capture trends, warrant further investigation in commercial longline and recreational fisheries, where bycatch mortality is a leading contributor to declines in elasmobranch populations.

Quantum Emulation of Gravitational Waves

Gravitational waves, as predicted by Einstein's general relativity theory, appear as ripples in the fabric of spacetime traveling at the speed of light. We prove that the propagation of small amplitude gravitational waves in a curved spacetime is equivalent to the propagation of a subspace of electromagnetic states. We use this result to propose the use of entangled photons to emulate the evolution of gravitational waves in curved spacetimes by means of experimental electromagnetic setups featuring metamaterials.

hp-Adaptive simulation and inversion of magnetotelluric measurements

xlix, 121 p.

Double layers in gravity theories

Gravitational double layers, unlike their classical electromagnetic counterparts, are thought to be forbidden in gravity theories. It has been recently shown, however, that they are feasible in, for instance, gravity theories with a Lagrangian quadratic in the curvature. This is surprising with many potential consequences and the possibility of new physical behaviours. While a clear interpretation seems elusive, several lines of research are open. I present the field equations for double layers, the new physical quantities arising, and several explicit examples

The center of mass and center of charge of the electron

9th Biennial Conference on Classical and Quantum Relativistic Dynamics of Particles and Fields (IARD)

Uso das técnicas de microbalança de cristal de quartzo e espectroscopia fotoacústica para estudo e monitoramento do processo de fotocura de resinas odontológicas

As resinas fotocuradas são amplamente utilizadas em odontologia. Este processo de cura é assistido pela luz visível que promove ligações químicas que as endurecem. Nesta dissertação, as resinas odontológicas fotocuradas comerciais das marcas Opallis Flow A1, A2, AO 3,5, T, Opallis DA2, Natural Flow e Ebecryl 3720-TP25 foram caracterizadas empregando as técnicas de microbalança de cristal de quartzo (QCM) e espectroscopia fotoacústica (PAS) à temperatura ambiente. A espectroscopia fotoacústica foi utilizada para avaliar a região do espectro eletromagnético responsável pela fotocura das resinas odontológicas. Desta forma, conhecendo-se o comprimento de onda da absorção da resina, possibilitou realizar o processo de fotocura. Adicionalmente, foi possível monitorar o processo de fotocura com a técnica de microbalança. A frequência de ressonância do cristal da microbalança se modifica com a fotocura das resinas estudadas. Deste modo, foi possível estimar por QCM, o tempo de cura para os comprimentos de ondas caracterizados por PAS.

Evolução Quaternária da Baixada de Jacarepaguá a partir de perfis GPR

O trabalho presente tem como enfoque o estudo da evolução quaternária da Baixada de Jacarepaguá situada no estado do Rio de Janeiro através do uso do método GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar). Os numerosos estudos feitos na Baixada de Jacarepaguá, baseados nas curvas de variação do nível do mar em diferentes setores da costa Brasileira (MARTIN et al. 1985) e datações ao radiocarbono contribuíram na elaboração de um modelo evolutivo no Pleistoceno e no Holoceno. Esse modelo mostra em primeiro lugar episódios transgressivos em 7000-5100 anos BP, 3900-3600 anos BP e 2700-2500 anos BP e episódios regressivos a 5100-3900 anos BP, 3600-2700 anos BP e depois de 2500 anos BP. Esses episódios de variações do nível relativo do mar tiveram por consequência a constante evolução da Baixada de Jacarepaguá do estado de ilha-barreira com uma e depois duas barreiras (interna e externa), fruto da inundação da planície por invasão marinha em episódios transgressivos, a um estado de planície costeira emersa em episódios regressivos com barreira progradante direção ao mar e processos erosivos associados. Esse modelo evolutivo não inclui dados processados obtidos com o GPR, método que permite por impulsos eletromagnéticos de alta freqüência gerar um perfil de refletores baseado nas descontinuidades elétricas na subsuperficie. Os perfis levantados e processados nesse trabalho permitiram confirmar esse modelo evolutivo, mostrando uma sucessão de migração do perfil de praia e geometria sedimentar associada em resposta as numerosas variações eustática local.

Estudo de fluxos numéricos para modelos magneto-hidrodinâmicos utilizando o código Flash

A teoria magneto-hidrodinâmicos permite a estruturação de modelos computacionais, designados modelos MHDs, que são uma extensão da dinâmica dos fluidos para lidar com fluidos eletricamente carregados, tais como os plasmas, em que se precisa considerar os efeitos de forças eletromagnéticas. Tais modelos são especialmente úteis quando o movimento exato de uma partícula não é de interesse, sendo que as equações descrevem as evoluções de quantidades macroscópicas. Várias formas de modelos MHD têm sido amplamente utilizadas na Física Espacial para descrever muitos tipos diferentes de fenômenos de plasma, tais como reconexão magnética e interações de ventos estelares com diferentes objetos celestiais. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é analisar o comportamento de diversos fluxos numéricos em uma discretização de volumes finitos de um modelo numérico de MHD usando um esquema de malha entrelaçada sem separação direcional considerando alguns casos testes. Para as simulações, utiliza-se o código Flash, desenvolvido pela Universidade de Chicago, por ser um código de amplo interesse nas simulações astrofísicas e de fenômenos no espaço próximo à Terra. A metodologia consiste na inclusão de um fluxo numérico, permitindo melhoria com respeito ao esquema HLL.

Modeling and electrical measurement of transport AC loss in HTS-based superconducting coils for electric machines

AC loss can be a significant problem for any applications that utilize or produce an AC current or magnetic field, such as an electric machine. The authors are currently investigating the electromagnetic properties of high temperature superconductors with a particular focus on the AC loss in coils made from YBCO superconductors. In this paper, a 2D finite element model based on the H formulation is introduced. The model is then used to calculate the transport AC loss using both a bulk approximation and modeling the individual turns in a racetrack-shaped coil. The coil model is based on the superconducting stator coils used in the University of Cambridge EPEC Superconductivity Group's superconducting permanent magnet synchronous motor design. The transport AC loss of a stator coil is measured using an electrical method based on inductive compensation using a variable mutual inductance. The simulated results are compared with the experimental results, verifying the validity of the model, and ways to improve the accuracy of the model are discussed. © 2010 IEEE.

Calculating transport AC losses in stacks of high temperature superconductor coated conductors with magnetic substrates using FEM

In this paper, the authors investigate the electromagnetic properties of stacks of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors with a particular focus on calculating the total transport AC loss. The cross-section of superconducting cables and coils is often modeled as a two-dimensional stack of coated conductors, and these stacks can be used to estimate the AC loss of a practical device. This paper uses a symmetric two dimensional (2D) finite element model based on the H formulation, and a detailed investigation into the effects of a magnetic substrate on the transport AC loss of a stack is presented. The number of coated conductors in each stack is varied from 1 to 150, and three types of substrate are compared: non-magnetic weakly magnetic and strongly magnetic. The non-magnetic substrate model is comparable with results from existing models for the limiting cases of a single tape (Norris) and an infinite stack (Clem). The presence of a magnetic substrate increases the total AC loss of the stack, due to an increased localized magnetic flux density, and the stronger the magnetic material, the further the flux penetrates into the stack overall. The AC loss is calculated for certain tapes within the stack, and the differences and similarities between the losses throughout the stack are explained using the magnetic flux penetration and current density distributions in those tapes. The ferromagnetic loss of the substrate itself is found to be negligible in most cases, except for small magnitudes of current. Applying these findings to practical applications, where AC transport current is involved, superconducting coils should be wound where possible using coated conductors with a non-magnetic substrate to reduce the total AC loss in the coil. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The analysis of stochastic EMC problems using the concept of diffuse field reciprocity

There has been much progress in recent years in the analysis of complex random vibro-acoustic systems, and general analysis methods have been developed which are based on the properties of diffuse wave fields. It is shown in the present paper that such methods can also be applied to high frequency EMC problems, avoiding the need for costly full wave solutions to Maxwell's equations in complex cavities. The theory behind the approach is outlined and then applied to the relatively simple case of a wiring system which is subject to reverberant electromagnetic wave excitation. © 2011 IEEE.

Optical trapping of carbon nanotubes and graphene

We study optical trapping of nanotubes and graphene. We extract the distribution of both centre-of-mass and angular fuctuations from three-dimensional tracking of these optically trapped carbon nanostructures. The optical force and torque constants are measured from auto and cross-correlation of the tracking signals. We demonstrate that nanotubes enable nanometer spatial, and femto-Newton force resolution in photonic force microscopy by accurately measuring the radiation pressure in a double frequency optical tweezers. Finally, we integrate optical trapping with Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy demonstrating the use of a Raman and photoluminescence tweezers by investigating the spectroscopy of nanotubes and graphene fakes in solution. Experimental results are compared with calculations based on electromagnetic scattering theory. © 2011 by the Author(s); licensee Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, Messina, Italy.

Graphene field-effect transistors as room-temperature terahertz detectors

The unique optoelectronic properties of graphene make it an ideal platform for a variety of photonic applications, including fast photodetectors, transparent electrodes in displays and photovoltaic modules, optical modulators, plasmonic devices, microcavities, and ultra-fast lasers. Owing to its high carrier mobility, gapless spectrum and frequency-independent absorption, graphene is a very promising material for the development of detectors and modulators operating in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum (wavelengths in the hundreds of micrometres), still severely lacking in terms of solid-state devices. Here we demonstrate terahertz detectors based on antenna-coupled graphene field-effect transistors. These exploit the nonlinear response to the oscillating radiation field at the gate electrode, with contributions of thermoelectric and photoconductive origin. We demonstrate room temperature operation at 0.3 THz, showing that our devices can already be used in realistic settings, enabling large-area, fast imaging of macroscopic samples. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.