Probing the (empirical) quantum structure embedded in the periodic table with an effective Bohr model

The atomic shell structure can be observed by inspecting the experimental periodic properties of the Periodic Table. The (quantum) shell structure emerges from these properties and in this way quantum mechanics can be explicitly shown considering the (semi-)quantitative periodic properties. These periodic properties can be obtained with a simple effective Bohr model. An effective Bohr model with an effective quantum defect (u) was considered as a probe in order to show the quantum structure embedded in the Periodic Table. u(Z) shows a quasi-smoothed dependence of Z, i.e., u(Z) ≈ Z2/5 - 1.

Inhalable particulate matter characterization in a medium-sized urban region in Brazil (São José dos Campos Town) - Part I: Morphology

In this study, the concentration and morphological characteristics of inhalable particulate material (PM10) were evaluated and associated with climatic conditions. The mean annual concentration was 11.0 µg m−3, varying between 0,647 µg m−3 and 36.8 µg m−3. Wind speed has a higher influence on PM10 dispersion, but direction was associated with particle source. During the wet period, wind speed is the main dispersion factor, while speed and direction both are important during the dry period. Based on the morphological characteristics, it is concluded that biogenic particles prevail during the rainy season and terrigenous particles during the dry period, depending on the wind direction and intensity.

Thermal modelling of semiconductor switches in three-level Neutral Point Clamped Medium Voltage DTC-inverter

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the thermal loading of medium voltage three-level NPC inverter’s semiconductor IGCT switches in different operation points. The objective is to reach both a fairly accurate off-line simulation program and also so simple a simulation model that its implementation into an embedded system could be reasonable in practice and a real time use should become feasible. Active loading limitation of the inverter can be realized with a thermal model which is practical in a real time use. Determining of the component heating has been divided into two parts; defining of component losses and establishing the structure of a thermal network. Basics of both parts are clarified. The simulation environment is Matlab-Simulink. Two different models are constructed – a more accurate one and a simplified one. Potential simplifications are clarified with the help of the first one. Simplifications are included in the latter model and the functionalities of both models are compared. When increasing the calculation time step a decreased number of considered components and time constants of the thermal network can be used in the simplified model. Heating of a switching component is dependent on its topological position and inverter’s operation point. The output frequency of the converter defines mainly which one of the switching components is – because of its losses and heating – the performance limiting component of the converter. Comparison of results given by different thermal models demonstrates that with larger time steps, describing of fast occurring switching losses becomes difficult. Generally articles and papers dealing with this subject are written for two-level inverters. Also inverters which apply direct torque control (DTC) are investigated rarely from the heating point of view. Hence, this thesis completes the former material.

Dieselmoottorin esisuunnittelun kehittäminen simuloimalla

Diplomityö tehtiin Wärtsilä Finland Oy:n toimeksiannosta. Työ kohdistui yrityksen suunnittelemien keskinopeudella pyörivien nelitahti dieselmoottoreiden esisuunnittelun kehittämiseen. Esisuunnittelun osuus koko tuotesuunnittelussa on merkittävä, minkä vuoksi esisuunnitteluprosessin tehostaminen vaikuttaa koko tuotesuunnitteluprosessiin ja sen lopputuloksiin. Tällä hetkellä esisuunnitteluprosessi on jakautunut useaan eri vaiheeseen ja eri tiimeille, mikä aiheuttaa ongelmia esisuunnittelun läpiviemisessä. Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia nykyaikaisen kaupallisen simulointiohjelmiston soveltuvuutta kohdeyrityksessä esisuunnitteluprosessin eri vaiheiden yhdistämiseen. Työssä selvitettiin esisuunnittelun alussa käytettäviä suunnitteluparametreja, ja niiden hyödyntämistä suunniteltaessa simulointimallia kaupalliseen ohjelmistoon. Vaatimuksena oli, että ohjelmiston on toimittava parametreilla, jotka jo nyt ovat yrityksessä käytössä. Lisäksi simulointimallin antamat tulokset oli oltava hyödynnettävissä yksiselitteisesti yrityksen myöhemmissä tuotesuunnitteluvaiheissa. Myös mallin luomiseen tarvittavien parametrien määrä tuli pitää mahdollisimman pienenä. Esisuunnittelumallin toteuttamisessa tutkittiin kaupallisen AVL Excite Designer - ohjelmiston soveltuvuutta. Ohjelmisto ei soveltunut täysin tuottamaan halutun muotoisia tuloksia annetuilla parametreilla. Ohjelmiston muokkaaminen vaatimuksia vastaavaksi osoittautui työmäärältään suureksi. Yhtenä ratkaisuna olisi kaupallisen ohjelmiston käyttämisen sijaan suunnitella kyseiseen ongelmaan paremmin soveltuva oma ohjelmisto, jolloin toimivuus ja pitkän tähtäimen käyttövarmuus paranisi.

A Semi-Selective agar medium to detect the presence of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum in naturally infected cotton seed

A semi-selective agar medium was developed for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seed. The basic medium was peptone-sucrose-agar (PSA). Criteria for the semi-selective medium were the typical colony characters of Xam and its pathogenicity on cotton. Several systemic fungicides and antibiotics in different concentrations were tested alone or in combination with others. The final composition of the semi-selective agar medium was established after several attempts in order to inhibit most of the fungal and bacterial saprophytes and favour the development of Xam. It contained PSA + cyclohexamide, cephalexin, pencycuron, triadimenol and tolylfluanid. The bacteria were recovered from naturally infected seeds by the direct plating of 2,000 surface disinfected seeds on the semi-selective medium. The recovery of the pathogen from naturally infected leaf tissues and in dilution plating, on semi-selective medium and on nutrient agar, were comparable. Among the three detection methods tested, the semi-selective medium was found to be the most reliable and quantifiable. Degree of severity of angular leaf spot in the field was not always correlated with the level of infection in the seed. This is the first report of a semi-selective agar medium to detect the presence of Xam in naturally infected cotton seed.

Fatigue analysis of brackets with and without scallop for bridge and other deck structure using effective notch stress.

Due to functional requirement of a structural detail brackets with and without scallop are frequently used in bridges, decks, ships and offshore structure. Scallops are designed to serve as passage way for fluids, to reduce weld length and plate distortions. Moreover, scallops are used to avoid intersection of two or more welds for the fact that there is the presence of inventible inherent initial crack except for full penetrated weld and the formation of multi-axial stress state at the weld intersection. Welding all around the scallop corner increase the possibility of brittle fracture even for the case the bracket is not loaded by primary load. Avoiding of scallop will establish an initial crack in the corner if bracket is welded by fillet welds. If the two weld run pass had crossed, this would have given a 3D residual stress situation. Therefore the presences and absence of scallop necessitates the 3D FEA fatigue resistance of both types of brackets using effective notch stress approach ( ). FEMAP 10.1 with NX NASTRAN was used for the 3D FEA. The first and main objective of this research was to investigate and compare the fatigue resistance of brackets with and without scallop. The secondary goal was the fatigue design of scallops in case they cannot be avoided for some reason. The fatigue resistance for both types of brackets was determined based on approach using 1 mm fictitiously rounded radius based on IIW recommendation. Identical geometrical, boundary and loading conditions were used for the determination and comparison of fatigue resistance of both types of brackets using linear 3D FEA. Moreover the size effect of bracket length was also studied using 2D SHELL element FEA. In the case of brackets with scallop the flange plate weld toe at the corner of the scallop was found to exhibit the highest and made the flange plate weld toe critical for fatigue failure. Whereas weld root and weld toe at the weld intersections were the highly stressed location for brackets without scallop. Thus weld toe for brackets with scallop, and weld root and weld toe for brackets without scallop were found to be the critical area for fatigue failure. Employing identical parameters on both types of brackets, brackets without scallop had the highest except for full penetrated weld. Furthermore the fatigue resistance of brackets without scallop was highly affected by the lack of weld penetration length and it was found out that decreased as the weld penetration was increased. Despite the fact that the very presence of scallop reduces the stiffness and also same time induce stress concentration, based on the 3D FEA it is worth concluding that using scallop provided better fatigue resistance when both types of brackets were fillet welded. However brackets without scallop had the highest fatigue resistance when full penetration weld was used. This thesis also showed that weld toe for brackets with scallop was the only highly stressed area unlike brackets without scallop in which both weld toe and weld root were the critical locations for fatigue failure when different types of boundary conditions were used. Weld throat thickness, plate thickness, scallop radius, lack of weld penetration length, boundary condition and weld quality affected the fatigue resistance of both types of brackets. And as a result, bracket design procedure, especially welding quality and post weld treatment techniques significantly affect the fatigue resistance of both type of brackets.

Influence of the medium (strongly acid or basic) over the electrochemical properties of the nitrate selective electrode

A nitrate selective electrode was prepared for use in an aggresive medium (high acidic or basic concentration). It is demonstrated that the depending E graph with respect to pNO3- has not a Nernstian response in concentration acidic range upper 0.1 mol/L H2SO4. The observed behaviour is supposed to be due to the formation of a dimeric anion HN2O6-.

Electron transfer by singlet excited state of porphyn and electron acceptor affinity in rigid medium: photoacoustic phase angle analysis

Photoacoustic spectroscopy provides information about both amplitude and phase of the response of a system to an optical excitation process. This paper presents the studies of the phase in the electron transfer process between octaethylporphyn (OEP) and quinone molecules dispersed in a polymeric matrix. It was observed a tendency in the phase behavior to small values only in the spectral region near to 620 nm, while for shorter wavelength did not show any tendency. These measurements suggested that the electron transfer to acceptor occurred with the participation of octaethylporphyn singlet excited state.

Sustaining competitive advantage in changing environment: Case small and medium sized sawmills

The aim of this study is to examine how small and medium sized (SME) sawmills sustain their competitive advantage in the changing environment. Firstly, this study researches what changes affect SME sawmills’ competitiveness and what factors construct their competitive advantage. Secondly, this study examines how SME sawmills sustain their competitive advantage in the future and how agile and flexible they are. The theoretical part of this study represents the existing literature related to changes and competitive advantage in changing situations. The empirical part was executed as a qualitative research and it consists of thematic interviews with two SME sawmills. The results of the study indicate that several change factors affect the competitiveness of SME sawmills and therefore it is crucial to be alert on them. SME sawmills sustain their competitive advantage in the future by specialization and by being agile.

Spectrophotometric determination of diclofenac in pharmaceutical preparations assisted by microwave oven

In this work, an effective and low-cost method for the determination of sodium or potassium diclofenac is proposed in its pure form and in their pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the reaction between diclofenac and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (p-chloranil), in methanol medium. This reaction was accelerated by irradiating of reactional mixture with microwave energy (1100 W) during 27 seconds, producing a charge transfer complex with a maximum absorption at 535 nm. The optimal reaction conditions values such as reagent concentration, heating time and stability of the reaction product were determined. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range from of 1.25x10-4 to 2.00x10-3 mol l-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993 and molar absorptivity of 0.49 x10³ l mol-1 cm-1. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.35x10-5 mol l-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 4.49x10-5 mol l-1. In the presence of the common excipients, such as glucose, lactose, talc, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium sulphite, titanium dioxide, polyethyleneglycol, polyvinylpirrolidone, mannitol and benzilic alcohol no interferences were observed. The analytical results obtained by applying the proposed method compare very favorably with those given by the United States Pharmacopeia standard procedure. Recoveries of diclofenac from various pharmaceutical preparations were within 95.9% to 103.3%, with standard deviations ranging from 0.2% to 1.8%.

Heikkojen signaalien hyödyntäminen PK-yrityksissä, tapaustutkimus osaamiskeskuksen toimintamalli

Diplomityössä tutkitaan heikkojen signaalien hyödyntämistä pienissä ja keskisuurissa yrityksissä (pk-yritykset). Tutkimuksen pääkysymys on, miten pk-yritykset voivat hyödyntää kansallisten toimijoiden, kuten FinNode Venäjän ja Finpron, tuottamia heikkoja signaaleita päätöksenteossaan. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään heikkoja signaaleja ja ulkoista liiketoimintatietoa. Käsittely pohjautuu kirjallisuudessa esitettyihin keinoihin ja menetelmiin, jotka liittyvät heikkojen signaalien havainnointiin, lähteisiin, keräämiseen ja hyödyntämiseen. Ulkoisen liiketoimintatiedon perustana on informaatioketju ja uuden tiedon luomisen yhteys ulkoisen liiketoimintatiedon hyödyntämiseen. Kirjallisuusmallien avulla on käsitelty myös haasteita, jotka ilmenevät heikkojen signaalien hyödyntämisessä, ja miten ulkoisen liiketoimintatiedon hankinnassa käytettävää prosessia pystytään hyödyntämään osana heikkojen signaalien seulontaa ja analysointia. Diplomityön tutkimusosassa kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla pk-yrityksiltä ja kansallisilta innovaatiojärjestelmän toimijoilta tietoa. Yrityksiltä saatiin tietoa ulkoisen liiketoimintatiedon ja heikkojen signaalien keräämisestä ja hyödyntämisestä. Kansallisilta innovaatiojärjestelmän toimijoilta kerättiin tietoa rakennetusta ennakointijärjestelmästä ja sen hyödynnettävyydestä pk-yrityksissä sekä osaamiskeskusohjelman roolista tiedon välittäjänä. Kirjallisuus ja haastattelut yhdistämällä tutkimuksessa syntyi toimintamalli Kaakkois-Suomen osaamiskeskukselle. Toimintamallin avulla pk-yritykset voivat hyödyntää kansallisen innovaatiojärjestelmän toimijoiden keräämää, liiketoiminnalleen tärkeää signaalitietoa strategiaprosessissaan. Suomen innovaatiojärjestelmä on toimiva ennakoinnin osalta, kun taas pk-yrityksissä ei useinkaan suunnata resursseja ennakointiin ja heikkojen signaalien keräämiseen. Ajankohta toimintamallin käyttöönotolle vaikuttaa tutkimuksen pohjalta sopivalta, sillä järjestelmää on rakennettu ja testattu jo muutamien vuosien ajan.

Electrochemical evidence of sulfinic acid derivative as an intermediate in the reduction of aromatic sulfonyl chloride in an aprotic medium

The electrochemical reduction of p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (NBSCl) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution is used here as a model to investigate the role of sulfinic acid derivative in this compound's global reduction process. Cyclic voltammetric experiments reveal the production of sulfinic acid derivative, which is important in chemical reactions involving the original compound and other intermediates. This paper also discusses the probable mechanisms of the reduction.

Sensitive spectrophotometric determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals using ceric ammonium sulphate based on redox and complex formation reactions

Two simple sensitive and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of lansoprazole (LPZ) in bulk drug and in capsules using ceric ammonium sulphate (CAS), iron (II), orthophenanthroline and thiocyanate as reagents. In both methods, an acidic solution of lansoprazole is treated with a measured excess of CAS followed by the determination of unreacted oxidant by two procedures involving different reaction schemes. The first method involves the reduction of residual oxidant by a known amount of iron(II), and the unreacted iron(II) is complexed with orthophenanthroline at a raised pH, and the absorbance of the resulting complex measured at 510 nm (method A). In the second method, the unreacted CAS is reduced by excess of iron (II), and the resulting iron (III) is complexed with thiocyanate in the acid medium and the absorbance of the complex measured at 470 nm (method B). In both methods, the amount CAS reacted corresponds to the amount of LPZ. In method A, the absorbance is found to increase linearly with the concentration of LPZ where as in method B a linear decrease in absorbance occurs. The systems obey Beer's law for 2.5-30 and 2.5-25 µg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding molar absorptivity values are 8.1×10³ and 1.5×10(4) L mol-1cm-1 . The methods were successfully applied to the determination of LPZ in capsules and the results tallied well with the label claim. No interference was observed from the concomitant substances normally added to capsules.